MEMORANDUM OPINION

JOHN E. HOFFMAN, JR., Bankruptcy Judge.

I. Introduction

Quality Car and Truck Leasing, Inc. ("Quality") lawfully repossessed ten coal trucks and ten trailers ("Equipment") from TLB Equipment, LLC ("TLB"), and two weeks later TLB commenced a Chapter 11 bankruptcy case. Unaware of the commencement of the case, Quality sold the Equipment to Carl Kirk Trucking, Inc. ("Kirk Trucking"). Nearly two months later, TLB filed a motion for turnover of the Equipment. Quality objected to the motion, arguing that TLB's request for turnover should have been made by adversary proceeding and that Quality lacked notice of the bankruptcy at the time of the sale. Quality was, of course, correct that an adversary proceeding was required. See Fed. R. Bankr.P. 7001.1 As it turns out, it was also right about the lack of notice.

In fact, Quality lacked not only notice, but also knowledge of the commencement of TLB's case at the time of the sale. Accordingly, there was no basis for a turnover action against Quality. See 11 U.S.C. § 542(c).2 Nonetheless, TLB brought a turnover action against Quality, and the parties entered into an agreed order ("First Agreed Order") (Doc. 35),3 which stated that "it is anticipated that [TLB] may commence an adversary proceeding," First Agreed Order ¶ 4, presumably for the purpose of recovering the alleged damages, attorneys' fees and other claims that TLB would not be "prejudiced or otherwise precluded from seeking...." Id. ¶ 3. The First Agreed Order also provided that Quality would return the Equipment to TLB within seven days of its entry, see id. ¶ 1, and that TLB would "provide proof of insurance to [Quality] prior to operation of [the Equipment] from place of pickup by [TLB] or delivery by [Quality]." Id. ¶ 8. TLB then commenced this adversary proceeding against Quality. In its complaint, TLB not only sought damages, but also requested that the Court set aside the sale to Kirk Trucking and order Quality to return the Equipment.

TLB did not provide Quality with proof of insurance. Yet, notwithstanding its failure to do so, TLB filed a motion requesting that the Court hold Quality in contempt for its non-return of the Equipment. The parties then entered into a supplemental agreed order ("Second Agreed Order") (Doc. 55) under which Quality was to relocate the Equipment to its place of business for inspection by TLB and TLB was to have until a date certain "to provide evidence of insurance, in the form of a binder or issued policy," Second Agreed Order ¶ 4, or else the automatic stay would be terminated with respect to the Equipment. Id. ¶ 5.

TLB again failed to provide Quality with evidence of insurance, and as a result the Court entered an order terminating the automatic stay with respect to the Equipment, with the parties preserving their rights in the adversary proceeding. TLB subsequently filed an amended complaint ("Amended Complaint") (Adv. Doc. 15) in which it no longer requested that the Court set aside the sale or order the return of the Equipment, but rather sought actual and punitive damages for Quality's alleged violations of the automatic stay and the First Agreed Order.

The Court held a trial over two days, during which it heard the testimony of multiple witnesses for both parties and received numerous documents into evidence.4 Following the trial, the parties submitted proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law. In its proposed findings and conclusions ("TLB Findings and Conclusions") (Adv. Doc. 71), TLB requests — in addition to the relief requested in its amended complaint — that the Court find that Quality violated the automatic stay when it allegedly applied certain funds it received postpetition to satisfy a prepetition claim of Quality against TLB. In total, TLB seeks $788,640, plus attorneys' fees and costs. The measure of damages is the equity in the Equipment that TLB argues it would have accumulated had the Equipment been returned and the debt to Quality fully satisfied.

As explained in more detail below, the Court concludes that TLB is not entitled to any recovery. First, Quality had neither notice nor knowledge of the commencement of TLB's case at the time of the sale of the Equipment to Kirk Trucking, meaning that Quality cannot be held liable for a violation of the automatic stay on account of the sale. Second, because TLB never satisfied the precondition for the return of the Equipment set forth in the First Agreed Order — the provision of evidence of insurance — Quality did not violate the First Agreed Order by not returning the Equipment. Third, the debt for which Quality received payment postpetition was not TLB's, but instead was the debt of Tommy Belville Trucking, Inc. ("Belville Trucking"), an affiliated entity that has not commenced a bankruptcy case. Finally, TLB failed to show that the payments owed to Quality would have been made even if TLB had regained possession of the Equipment and thus failed to demonstrate that it would have developed any equity in the Equipment.

II. Jurisdiction

The Court has jurisdiction to hear and determine this adversary proceeding pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 157 and 1334(b) and the general order of reference entered in this district. This is a core proceeding. 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(E).

III. Findings of Fact

Based on the stipulations of the parties and the evidence adduced at trial, including the documentary evidence and the testimony presented, and having considered the demeanor and credibility of the witnesses, the Court makes the findings of fact set forth below.

A. Events Leading to Quality's Repossession and Sale of the Equipment

The story of TLB begins with Thomas Lee Belville ("Mr. Belville"), an individual whose initials form part of the company's name.5 For many years, Mr. Belville operated a small coal hauling business as a sole proprietor. See Tr. at 17:2-12; 238:5-6; 492:7-14. Seeking to expand his business beyond the few trucks he owned, Mr. Belville formed and became the sole shareholder of Belville Trucking in 2005.6 See Tr. at 110:7-111:2; 238:9-10. That same year, Belville Trucking began to obtain additional trailers, financing the purchase through Quality. See Tr. at 18:2-7; 333:10-19. Quality is in the business of financing the purchase of commercial equipment and — using the fictitious name "Quality Finance" — financing commercial insurance premiums. See Joint Stipulations of Fact ("General Joint Stipulations") (Adv. Doc. 55) ¶¶ 4-5.7

By early 2007, Belville Trucking was four months in arrears on payments owing to Quality under the 2005 financing agreements, and also owed debts to at least one other lender. See Tr. at 334:18-20; 336:7-9; 342:13-15. In April 2007, Quality agreed to refinance its loans with Belville Trucking and the other lender(s) by providing new loans ("Loans") secured by the Equipment. See General Joint Stipulations ¶ 7-8; Tr. at 338:18-339:5.8 Mr. Belville formed and became the sole member of a separate corporate entity, TLB, and Belville Trucking transferred title to the Equipment to TLB. See Tr. at 238:5-25; 334:22-335:2. Thus, Belville Trucking became the entity that used the Equipment to generate income through coal hauling contracts, see Tr. at 110:7-111:2, while TLB was the entity that owned the Equipment.9 See Tr. at 238:1-239:16. Around the time of the refinancing, Ms. Angell contacted Brenda Thompson ("Ms. Thompson"), Quality's Vice President, to inquire whether it would be acceptable to Quality if Belville Trucking were to transfer the Equipment to TLB, and Ms. Thompson responded that it would be so long as the security agreement was also signed on behalf of TLB. See Tr. at 334:18-335:2. Thus, both TLB and Belville Trucking, as well as Mr. Belville, were borrowers under the Loans. See Quality Ex. E-V; X-Y.

Beginning with the first month after the refinancing, the account again became delinquent. See Tr. at 342:15-19. Ms. Thompson sent default notices and default letters, but did not receive any response. See Tr. at 342:16-343:17. In addition, Quality's attorney sent a default letter, but the account still was not brought current. See Tr. at 343:20-25. Early in 2008, Quality sent a collection agent to TLB's place of business to repossess the Equipment. See Tr. at 343:24-344:6. Quality, however, had not obtained an order for repossession, and Mr. Belville did not consent to the repossession, meaning that Quality could not have repossessed the Equipment without breaching the peace, so the Equipment remained in TLB's possession. See Tr. at 344:6-12. During a subsequent meeting between Mr. Belville and representatives of Quality in March 2008, Mr. Belville agreed to have Rick Howell, for whom Belville Trucking was providing hauling services, pay $13,000 per week to Quality to bring the account current. See Tr. at 345:3-23. Quality, however, never received the promised weekly payments. See Tr. at 346:9-11.

Due to the continued default on the Loans, Quality commenced a replevin action against TLB in order to obtain possession of the Equipment. The replevin action was filed in the Kanawha County Circuit Court in West Virginia ("Kanawha County Court"), see Tr. at 346:15-25,10 and, on April 4, 2008, Quality obtained an order of replevin from the Kanawha County Court granting Quality possession of the Equipment. See General Joint Stipulations ¶ 25; Quality Ex. BB. On April 15, 2008, with a copy of the order in hand and with the assistance of a deputy sheriff, Quality, acting through Ms. Thompson and ten drivers, repossessed the Equipment in Kanawha County, West Virginia and returned the Equipment to Quality's lot in Portsmouth, Ohio. See Tr. at 347:22-349:24.11 On April 15, 2008, Quality issued notices of its intent to conduct a sale of the Equipment on April 30, 2008, if the Equipment was not redeemed before then. See General Joint Stipulations ¶ 27; Tr. at 351:5-352:1; Quality Ex. Z. Quality did not receive a response to those notices from Mr. Belville on TLB's behalf. See Tr. at 352:2-5. Quality also issued notices of public sale that were published in the Portsmouth Daily Times. See Tr. at 352:10-353:2; Quality Ex. CC. Mr. Belville did not respond to those notices, see Tr. at 353:6-8, nor was there any other communication between Mr. Belville and Ms. Thompson between the repossession date and April 30, 2008, the date of the announced public sale. Tr. at 353:9-13. In addition to providing notice of the public sale, Quality solicited bids from several equipment dealerships and trucking companies. See Tr. at 356:10-18; 358:4-22. Kirk Trucking and Danco Trucking ("Danco") submitted bids. See Tr. at 359:2-7. Kirk Trucking's and Danco's initial bids were $1,100,000 and $1,275,000, respectively. See Tr. at 360:2-9. Ms. Thompson declined both bids because she believed the Equipment's value was higher than the bids. See Tr. at 360:14-23. Kirk Trucking responded with a new bid of $1,350,000. See Tr. at 361:2-4.

On April 25, 2008, Quality obtained repossession certificates of title to the Equipment from the Ohio state motor vehicle registration authorities. See General Joint Stipulations ¶ 28. On April 30, 2008, Ms. Thompson, on behalf of Quality, accepted Kirk Trucking's second bid. See Tr. at 361:2-4; Quality Ex. JJ. Two days later, on May 2, 2008, the transaction was memorialized through purchase orders signed by Ms. Thompson on behalf of Quality and Carl Kirk on behalf of Kirk Trucking. See Tr. at 363:1-10; 364:13-365:14; Quality Ex. PP. On May 6, 2008, Ohio certificates of title with respect to the Equipment were issued to Kirk Trucking. See Tr. II at 365:15-366:7.12

B. Quality's Lack of Notice and Knowledge of the Case at the Time of the Sale

Quality's practice is to search the Public Access to Court Electronic Records database ("PACER") prior to a sale of repossessed equipment in order to determine whether its borrower has commenced a bankruptcy case. See Tr. at 353:23-354:3. On April 25, 2008, an employee of Quality other than Ms. Thompson searched PACER for information regarding a bankruptcy filing that would have stayed the sale to Kirk Trucking. See Tr. at 354:21-355:3. That search and others that Quality later conducted, see Tr. at 355:4-11, did not reveal TLB's bankruptcy filing, because the employee searched only under the names of Mr. Belville and Belville Trucking. See Tr. at 383:3-384:24. Ms. Thompson explained that the employee who conducted the PACER search did so using the names associated with the account in Quality's computer system, and TLB's name was not in the computer system given that it was added to the account only in connection with the refinancing. According to Ms. Thompson: "[I]n our computer system there's only room for so many names and so I prepared the loan document and then I had to go back and type TLB Equipment on there. So when you go into our computer TLB does not come up, it's Tommy Belville Trucking and Tommy Belville." Tr. at 384:1-6. As already discussed, TLB's petition was filed with the notation "DBA Tommy Bellville [sic] Trucking, Inc." This was insufficient to commence a bankruptcy case for Belville Trucking, but if the name of the company had not been misspelled on the petition as "Tommy Bellville Trucking, Inc.," then Quality's search of Tommy Belville Trucking, Inc. may have revealed TLB's bankruptcy. But because the name was misspelled, Quality's search did not reveal TLB's case. Based on the foregoing, the Court finds that Quality did not have notice or knowledge of the commencement of TLB's case at the time of the sale to Kirk Trucking based on Quality's own efforts to determine whether a bankruptcy filing would have stayed the sale.13

No evidence was introduced at the trial intimating that Mr. Belville himself attempted to provide notice of TLB's bankruptcy filing to Ms. Thompson or anyone else at Quality after the Petition Date. Furthermore, Quality did not have notice or knowledge of the commencement of TLB's case at the time of the sale based on any effort made by TLB's attorneys. No evidence was presented establishing that TLB's bankruptcy counsel, Mr. Price, provided notice to Quality of TLB's bankruptcy before the sale to Kirk Trucking.

TLB also retained an attorney licensed in both Ohio and West Virginia, Amy Levine ("Ms. Levine"), to perform legal services in West Virginia. See Tr. at 173:12-19. Ms. Levine testified that she telephoned the office of Quality's West Virginia replevin counsel, Thomas H. Vanderford ("Mr. Vanderford"), on the Petition Date. See Tr. at 174:12-13. According to Ms. Levine, she was unable to reach Mr. Vanderford because he was out of the office. See Tr. at 175:3-5; TLB Ex. 12 at 2. Ms. Levine had no contemporaneous records of the message she left. See Tr. at 178:19-23. Based on Ms. Levine's recollection of a conversation that occurred approximately three years prior to her testimony at trial, she believed that "we informed whoever answered the phone, his secretary, his paralegal, whoever, that we were trying to get hold of Mr. Vanderford to inform him that TLB Equipment had in fact filed bankruptcy and that we would be sending [a fax regarding the bankruptcy filing] over to their office." Tr. at 174:19-25 (emphasis added). Ms. Levine's own telephone log, however, states that she had a telephone call with Mr. Price at 11:28 a.m. on the Petition Date, and the log includes the following note: "Spoke with [G]ary to inform him that I could not reach WV attorney due to that attorney being out of office all week. Gary going to type client CYA letter and file if client will come sign today." TLB Ex. 12 at 1. In fact, TLB filed its bankruptcy petition later that day at 3:54 p.m.14 In other words, Ms. Levine's own records show that she placed the call to Mr. Vanderford's office before TLB filed its bankruptcy case. This is consistent with Mr. Vanderford's testimony that Ms. Levine's call to his office was placed the day before the Petition Date, on April 28, 2008 at 4:51 p.m. See Tr. at 222:11-25.

Mr. Vanderford also testified that he was out of the office on vacation when the call came in, Tr. at 222:17-19; that his secretary/receptionist sent him an email regarding the call, Tr. at 223:24-25; that he received the email when he returned to the office on May 5, 2008, Tr. at 223:25-224:3; and that the email informed him that Ms. Levine had stated that she had been retained by Mr. Belville and TLB regarding the lawsuit in the Kanawha County Court, Tr. at 224:7-17, but that the email said nothing about a bankruptcy case. See Tr. at 231:5-24. On May 5, Mr. Vanderford returned Ms. Levine's call but did not reach her. See Tr. at 177:17-21; 224:25-225:2; TLB Ex. 12 at 2. He left her a message — which according to Ms. Levine's records stated that he was out of town the week before and was returning her call regarding the Belville matter. See TLB Ex. 12 at 2. Ms. Levine and Mr. Vanderford never actually spoke to one another. See Tr. at 177:22-25; 225:3-5. Given that Ms. Levine's testimony was based solely on her recollection of a telephone call she made approximately three years earlier and that Mr. Vanderford's testimony was based on an email sent contemporaneously with the event, the Court finds that the message from Ms. Levine did not mention TLB's bankruptcy. In addition, the Court finds that Ms. Levine made the call before TLB actually commenced its bankruptcy case.15

Ms. Levine also testified that she sent a notice of TLB's bankruptcy filing and the automatic stay ("Stay Notice") to the Kanawha County Court and mailed and faxed the Stay Notice to Mr. Vanderford on the Petition Date. See Tr. at 174:5-14. Ms. Levine's certificate of service filed with the Kanawha County Court stated that a copy of the Stay Notice "was served upon Thomas H. Vanderford ... P.O. Box 2786, Charleston, WV 25330, via Facsimile and Ordinary, U.S. Mail, postage pre-paid, this 29th day of April 2008." TLB Ex. 13. Mr. Vanderford testified that he never received the Stay Notice by mail, see Tr. at 227:17-228:4, and that he did not receive the Stay Notice from Ms. Levine's office by fax until May 8, 2008. See Tr. at 225:22-226:15. See also General Joint Stipulations ¶ 33. Mr. Vanderford's testimony regarding the non-receipt by mail was supported by his description of the procedure for handling mail while he was out of the office. See Tr. at 227:21-228:4. Likewise, Mr. Vanderford's testimony regarding non-receipt of the fax that Ms. Levine's office allegedly sent on April 29, 2008 was bolstered by his description of the procedure at his office under which faxes are received over the office email system and his testimony regarding his investigation into whether the April 29 fax was caught in the firm's spam filter or received at a fax number other than his own; the investigation determined that the fax had not been received. See Tr. at 226:16-227:15; 229:19-230:6. Furthermore, Mr. Vanderford's fax number was not included in Ms. Levine's certificate of service, see TLB Ex. 13; someone other than Ms. Levine purportedly sent the fax, see Tr. at 177:4-8, and Ms. Levine's office maintained no records confirming whether faxes it sent were actually received. See Tr. at 176:8-13. Based on the foregoing, the Court finds that Mr. Vanderford did not receive the Stay Notice by fax until May 8, 2008 and never received the Stay Notice by mail.16

On May 5, 2008, the Stay Notice was file-stamped by the Kanawha County Court. See General Joint Stipulations ¶ 31; Quality Ex. RR. There is no evidence, however, that Quality or its attorneys or other representatives received the Stay Notice on that date.

On May 7, 2008, Quality received a copy of the Bankruptcy Court's Notice of Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Case, Meeting of Creditors, & Deadlines ("Section 341 Notice"). See General Joint Stipulations ¶ 32. Ms. Thompson testified that this was the first time she received notification of TLB's bankruptcy. See Tr. at 368:13-369:12. As noted above, Ohio certificates of title with respect to the Equipment had already been issued to Kirk Trucking the day before, on May 6, 2008.17

Based on the foregoing, the Court finds that Quality had neither notice nor knowledge of the commencement of TLB's bankruptcy case at the time of the sale to Kirk Trucking.

C. The First Agreed Order

Approximately two months after the Petition Date, TLB filed a motion for turnover of the Equipment (Doc. 25) and a motion for expedited hearing on the turnover motion (Doc. 26), taking the position that its continued inability to use the Equipment would cause irreparable harm to its ability to reorganize. Finding that TLB's considerable delay in seeking turnover undercut its irreparable-harm argument, the Court denied the motion to expedite and set a hearing on the turnover motion for a date after the regular deadline to respond to the turnover motion had expired. See Doc. 27. Quality then filed a response (Doc. 30) to the motion that included an objection on the basis of lack of notice of the bankruptcy. As the Court already found, Quality indeed lacked notice and knowledge of TLB's bankruptcy at the time of the sale to Kirk Trucking. The notice issue was not decided in connection with the turnover motion, however, because the hearing on the motion was cancelled as a result of the First Agreed Order.

Entered on August 8, 2008, the First Agreed Order provided, among other things, that Quality "shall return [the Equipment] within 7 days of the entry of this order" (i.e., by August 15, 2008), First Agreed Order ¶ 1, and that TLB "shall provide proof of insurance to [Quality] prior to operation of [the Equipment] from place of pickup by [TLB] or delivery by [Quality]." Id. ¶ 8. Although the First Agreed Order — which was jointly prepared by TLB and Quality — could have been clearer,18 the Court finds that the most reasonable interpretation of the order is that, as a prerequisite to Quality's obligation to turn over the Equipment, TLB would provide evidence of insurance — such as an insurance binder — by August 15, 2008.19

The Court finds that TLB failed to do so. Mr. Belville attempted to obtain insurance coverage through Brown Insurance Agency ("Brown"), but that company — in a letter that Quality received in August 2008 — declined to bind any coverage on the Equipment at that time, based on (among other things), Brown's belief that the Equipment was being used to haul coal, which is in fact how Belville Trucking had used the Equipment. See Tr. at 155:22-157:3; 373:14-374:7; Quality Ex. BBBB. In fact, TLB never provided Quality with an insurance binder or a policy of insurance for the Equipment after the Petition Date, and as a result the automatic stay as it related to the Equipment was eventually lifted.

Prior to March 29, 2008, the Equipment was covered by physical damage insurance. That insurance lapsed, and TLB contends that Quality was responsible for its non-renewal. The basis for Quality's defense to TLB's claim for violation of the First Agreed Order is that Quality had no obligation to turn over the Equipment until TLB provided evidence of insurance. For the reasons explained above, the Court finds that this is a valid defense. But the efficacy of the defense would be diminished (or eliminated) by a factual showing that Quality wrongfully caused the insurance to lapse or wrongfully failed to reinstate the insurance. Thus, the circumstances that led to the lapse and non-renewal are relevant and will be recounted below.

Rosemount City Insurance Agency, Inc. ("Rosemount") is a general independent insurance agency that, through insurance agent Ralph Cartee ("Mr. Cartee"), began assisting Mr. Belville in obtaining insurance for his trucks while he was still operating as a sole proprietor. See Tr. at 18:2-9; 463:18-20; 489:4-492:16. Although Rosemount is owned by members of the same family that owns Quality (the Glockner family of Portsmouth, Ohio), see General Joint Stipulations ¶ 6, Rosemount, which is not a defendant in this adversary proceeding, is a separate corporate entity. See Tr. at 489:14-490:2.

In 2007, Rosemount assisted Mr. Belville and his companies in obtaining a policy of physical damage insurance ("Physical Damage Insurance") on the Equipment. See Tr. at 129:19-131:21. Mr. Belville and his companies were unable to pay the full amount of the premium required to obtain the Physical Damage Insurance, see Tr. I at 130:18-21, so Quality financed the premium. See General Joint Stipulations ¶ 12. In order to finance an insurance premium, a Quality customer must provide a down payment and sign a premium finance agreement. See Tr. at 475:24-476:6. In connection with the financing of the Physical Damage Insurance, Belville Trucking and Quality entered into a premium finance agreement ("Physical Damage Premium Finance Agreement") in September 2007. See General Joint Stipulations ¶ 15; Tr. at 474:9-12; Quality Ex. AAA. Pursuant to the Physical Damage Premium Finance Agreement, Quality paid the full premium for the entire period of coverage, see Tr. at 462:1-7, in exchange for a down payment and four regular monthly payments by Belville Trucking. See Tr. at 462:5-6; 466:1-6; 475:8-19. Those four payments were made, although each one was late, with the last payment being 30 days past due. See Tr. at 476:10-16.

Even though the payments under the Physical Damage Premium Finance Agreement were made over a four-month period, the Physical Damage Insurance had a six-month term and was set to expire on March 29, 2008. See General Joint Stipulations ¶ 16; Joint Stipulations of Fact Re: Payment Received by Rosemount City Insurance, Inc. ("Insurance Joint Stipulations") (Adv. Doc. 58) ¶ 1.1; Tr. at 476:17-20. In order to finance the premium that would be due upon renewal of the Physical Damage Insurance, Belville Trucking was required to provide another down payment and enter into another premium finance agreement. See Tr. at 476:21-477:22. On March 25, 2008, Rosemount sent a request for renewal of the Physical Damage Insurance and a new premium finance agreement to TLB. See General Joint Stipulations ¶ 20; Tr. at 501:19-505:15. Mr. Cartee and Mr. Belville also had a conversation regarding the need for a down payment and another signed premium finance agreement. See Tr. at 502:9-21. Mr. Belville, however, did not execute a new premium finance agreement or pay the required down payment on behalf of TLB. See Insurance Joint Stipulations ¶ 1.1; Tr. at 501:19-505:15. The Physical Damage Insurance expired on March 29, 2008, and the insurance carrier sent a notice of non-renewal. See Tr. at 366:11-367:7; 505:16-506:17.

At Mr. Belville's request, a company for which Belville Trucking was performing coal hauling services, Medford Trucking, sent $11,231 ("Medford Payment") to Rosemount; the Medford Payment was deposited into Rosemount's account on April 15, 2008. See Insurance Joint Stipulations ¶ 1.3. During the trial, Mr. Belville contended that the Medford Payment was intended to cover and should have covered the down payment necessary to renew the Physical Damage Insurance. See Tr. at 548:16-552:3. After the trial, however, TLB stipulated that the required down payment was not made, see Insurance Joint Stipulations ¶ 1.1, and the evidence presented at the trial was not contrary to that stipulation. Furthermore, even if a down payment had been made, Quality would not have financed TLB's premium for physical damage insurance in light of the failure to execute a new premium finance agreement, see Tr. at 480:1-13; 511:16-512:2, and no evidence was offered establishing that Quality had any contractual obligation to finance TLB's premiums. Based on the foregoing, the Court finds that Mr. Belville and TLB failed to take the steps necessary to renew the Physical Damage Insurance and, conversely, that Quality neither caused the Physical Damage Insurance to lapse nor wrongfully failed to cause it to be reinstated.

D. The Postpetition Application of Funds

In addition to the Physical Damage Insurance, a commercial liability policy ("Liability Insurance") was in place, and, like the premiums for the Physical Damage Insurance, the premiums for the Liability Insurance were financed through Quality under a premium finance agreement ("Liability Premium Finance Agreement"). The documentary evidence clearly showed that the parties to the Liability Premium Finance Agreement were Quality and Belville Trucking; TLB was not a party. See Quality Ex. KKK.20 Payments under the Liability Premium Finance Agreement were typically late, and the Liability Insurance was cancelled and reinstated more than once. See Tr. at 469:2-5. Due to the non-payment of amounts owing under the Liability Premium Financing Agreement and the resulting nonpayment of premiums under the policy, the Liability Insurance was eventually cancelled for the last time, by a notice mailed by the insurance carrier. See Quality Ex. NNN; Insurance Joint Stipulations ¶ 1.6. On May 21, 2008 Rosemount received a refund in the amount of $15,557 for the unearned premium under the Liability Insurance. See Insurance Joint Stipulations ¶ 1.6. Of this amount, Rosemount paid $11,077.26 to Quality to satisfy amounts owing under the Liability Premium Finance Agreement. See Insurance Joint Stipulations ¶ 1.6.

E. Equity in the Equipment

Based on the foregoing, the Court finds that TLB and its affiliated entities were frequently in default on their financing with Quality, which ultimately resulted in the repossession of the Equipment, and that they failed to properly maintain physical damage and liability insurance. TLB's theory of damages is that it could have effectuated a turnaround and would have developed equity in the Equipment had the Equipment been turned over at the outset of the bankruptcy case. Based on the evidence discussed below, however, the Court finds that even if TLB had provided Quality effective notice of its bankruptcy case, and even if the Equipment had been returned to TLB soon after the Petition Date, the payments necessary for TLB to obtain equity in the Equipment would not have been made.21

To establish the amount of equity it contends it would have had in the Equipment, TLB called Ms. Angell as an expert witness. According to Ms. Angell, the amount owing to Quality for the year 2008 and in each subsequent year until the debt was paid in full was approximately $480,000. See Tr. at 309:15-310:1; TLB Ex. 16 at 3. But according to Ms. Angell's own expert report, only $454,171.29 would have been available to make the required payments to Quality. See TLB Ex. 16, attachment 6. This means that, under Ms. Angell's own projections, TLB would have been $25,829 short on the payments owed to Quality in 2008. See TLB Ex. 16 at 3 ("[T]he total installment payments on the Agreements for the year 2008 were approximately $480,000.00, which demonstrates that there would have been a shortfall in the amount of $25,829.00 in cash flow...."). The shortfall would have been the same for 2009. See TLB Ex. 16, attachment 6. Ms. Angell took the position that the shortfall could have been satisfied through various restructuring efforts. See TLB Ex. 16 at 3 ("Although the total installment payments on the Agreements for the year 2008 were approximately $480,000.00, which demonstrates that there would have been a shortfall in the amount of $25,829.00 in cash flow, this problem would have been cured in [sic] through the reorganization of TLB doing business as Tommy Belville Trucking in the Chapter 11 Bankruptcy.").22 The evidence presented at trial, however, did not support Ms. Angell's view that TLB and its affiliated entity — Belville Trucking — would have been able to effectuate a turnaround that would have allowed the payments to be made to Quality going forward.

To support her opinion that TLB would have been able to make the necessary debt payments to Quality through the operation of the Equipment by Belville Trucking, Ms. Angell testified that a fuel surcharge went into effect for other coal haulers working for Medford Trucking in May 2008. According to Ms. Angell's report, if TLB had received this surcharge, it would have grossed an additional $13,860 per week, which would have "completely healed our TLB." TLB Ex. 16 at 4. Ms. Angell, however, was unable to provide any evidence that TLB would in fact have obtained such a fuel surcharge. See Tr. at 253:6-254:8; 317:10-318:18; 325:1-8. Furthermore, Ms. Angell's projected annual insurance expense of $39,085.71 for property and liability insurance for 2008, 2009 and 2010, See TLB Ex. 16, attachment 6, is too low. The Physical Damage Insurance had a six-month policy premium of $34,322. See Quality Ex. GGG. Thus, the yearly insurance cost for Physical Damage Insurance alone would be approximately $68,644. For the period September 2007 to September 2008, the premium for the Liability Insurance was $42,047. See Quality Ex. JJJ. Combined, the annual insurance costs for Physical Damage Insurance and Liability Insurance would total $110,691. Thus, Ms. Angell's projected annual insurance expense of $39,085.71 for insurance appears to be substantially understated, and the underestimation of insurance expenses resulted in an inaccurate — and unduly optimistic — prediction of TLB's future financial performance.

IV. Legal Analysis

A. Quality Is Not Liable for a Violation of the Automatic Stay

1. Sale of the Equipment

TLB's right to redeem and thus obtain possession of the Equipment became property of its bankruptcy estate on the Petition Date. See TranSouth Fin. Corp. v. Sharon (In re Sharon), 234 B.R. 676, 681-82 (6th Cir. BAP 1999).23 And the Bankruptcy Code imposes an automatic stay of, among other things, "any act to obtain possession of property of the estate or of property from the estate or to exercise control over property of the estate." 11 U.S.C. § 362(a)(3). Thus, TLB contends that it is entitled to damages from Quality for its sale of the Equipment to Kirk Trucking after the Petition Date. As explained below, however, an entity — like Quality — that has neither notice nor knowledge of the commencement of a debtor's case at the time of the stay violation cannot be held liable for damages.

A provision added to the Bankruptcy Code by the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005 ("BAPCPA") states as follows:

11 U.S.C. § 342(g)(2).24 As the Court found above, Quality did not have effective notice of TLB's bankruptcy until it received a copy of the Section 341 Notice on May 7, 2008 — after the sale to Kirk Trucking had been finalized. Under these circumstances, the Court could not impose a "monetary penalty" under § 362(k). See 5th Ave. Real Estate Dev., Inc. v. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc. (In re 5th Ave. Real Estate Dev., Inc.), 2008 WL 4371336 (Bankr.S.D.Fla. Sept. 19, 2008). This is because § 342(g)(2) expressly states that its prohibition on monetary penalties prior to effective notice of the order for relief "includ[es] a monetary penalty imposed under section 362(k)[.]" The language of § 342(g)(2) arguably is broad enough to cover monetary penalties for contempt under § 105(a), which is the relief that would be available to TLB (if it were entitled to any recovery) given that TLB is not an individual.25 The Court, however, need not decide whether § 342(g)(2) should be construed so expansively, because TLB is not entitled to damages for contempt in any event. The Court's source of authority to levy sanctions for a violation of the automatic stay that injures a corporate entity is its general equitable powers under § 105(a) of the Code, which provides that the Court "may issue any order, process, or judgment that is necessary or appropriate to carry out the provisions of this title." 11 U.S.C. § 105(a). The party alleging contempt must show that the defendant had knowledge that the stay was in effect and nonetheless took an action in violation of the stay. Some courts have held that constructive knowledge can give rise to a finding of contempt, see Elder-Beerman Stores Corp., 197 B.R. at 633, while others have required actual knowledge. See Gunter, 389 B.R. at 72.

Sixth Circuit case law holds that "[a] litigant may be held in contempt if his adversary shows by clear and convincing evidence that he violate[d] a definite and specific order of the court requiring him to perform or refrain from performing a particular act or acts with knowledge of the court's order." N.L.R.B. v. Cincinnati Bronze, Inc., 829 F.2d 585, 591 (6th Cir. 1987) (internal quotation marks omitted). "[T]he automatic stay is exactly the kind of `definite and specific order of the court' contemplated by the Sixth Circuit." Elder-Beerman Stores, 197 B.R. at 633.

Based on its findings of fact set forth above, the Court concludes that TLB has not established by clear and convincing evidence — or even, for that matter, by a preponderance of the evidence — that Quality violated the automatic stay with notice or knowledge (either actual or constructive) of the existence of the stay. The Court, therefore, could not enter a monetary judgment in favor of TLB on account of the sale to Kirk Trucking even if Quality had proven that it had suffered any damages.

2. Application of Funds to Claim Against Belville Trucking

The Bankruptcy Code also imposes an automatic stay of "any act to collect, assess, or recover a claim against a debtor that arose before the commencement of the case...." 11 U.S.C. § 362(a)(6). TLB contends that Quality violated this provision of the automatic stay by applying funds received from Rosemount to amounts owing under the Liability Premium Finance Agreement. See TLB Findings and Conclusions at 31.

"Section 362(a)(6) ... affords protection to the debtor only and does not extend to third parties." Universal AmCan, Ltd. v. Nw. Steel & Wire Co., 2002 WL 88924, at *1 (N.D.Ill. Jan. 22, 2002). As the Court found above, the parties to the Liability Premium Finance Agreement were Quality and Belville Trucking; TLB was not a party to that agreement. Accordingly, the debt to which Quality applied funds was not TLB's, but instead was the debt of Belville Trucking, which is not a bankruptcy debtor. Furthermore, no evidence was presented showing that the funds in question belonged to TLB — rather than Belville Trucking — and thus were property of TLB's bankruptcy estate. The Court, therefore, concludes that TLB failed to establish that Quality violated the automatic stay when it applied the funds it received from Rosemount to Quality's claim against Belville Trucking.

B. Quality Did Not Violate the First Agreed Order

"An agreed order, like a consent decree, is in the nature of a contract, and the interpretation of its terms presents a question of contract interpretation." City of Covington v. Covington Landing Ltd. P'ship, 71 F.3d 1221, 1227 (6th Cir. 1995). The Court need not decide whether federal common law or Ohio law governing contract interpretation applies here, because the result under each is the same. The goal under both federal and Ohio law is to ascertain the parties' intent. See FDIC v. AmTrust Fin. Corp. (In re AmTrust Fin. Corp.), 694 F.3d 741, 749-50 (6th Cir.2012) ("The goal of contract interpretation under the federal common law is to effect the intent of the parties.") (footnote omitted); Cincinnati Ins. Co. v. CPS Holdings, Inc., 115 Ohio St.3d 306, 875 N.E.2d 31, 33 (2007) ("When confronted with an issue of contractual interpretation, the role of a court is to give effect to the intent of the parties to the agreement." (internal quotation marks omitted)). Under both federal common law and Ohio law, where a contractual provision is subject to two reasonable interpretations, the provision is ambiguous, and the court may look to the terms of the contract as well as additional evidence that reflects the intent of the parties. See AmTrust Fin. Corp., 694 F.3d at 750 ("To determine [the parties'] intent, the law incorporates the traditional methods of contract interpretation. Where a contract's meaning is clear on its face, that meaning controls. Where a contractual provision is subject to two reasonable interpretations, however, that provision is deemed ambiguous, and the court may look to extrinsic evidence — additional evidence that reflects the intent of the contracting parties — to help construe it." (citations and internal quotation marks omitted)); Westfield Ins. Co. v. Galatis, 100 Ohio St.3d 216, 797 N.E.2d 1256, 1261 (2003) ("[W]here a contract is ambiguous, a court may consider extrinsic evidence to ascertain the parties' intent."); Look v. H & M Custom Home Builders Co., 2012 WL 2522647, at *3 (Ohio Ct.App. June 29, 2012) (holding that ambiguity exists if the meaning of contractual terms "cannot be deciphered from reading the entire instrument or if the terms are reasonably susceptible to more than one interpretation").

The First Agreed Order provided that TLB "shall provide proof of insurance to [Quality] prior to operation of [the Equipment] from place of pickup by [TLB] or delivery by [Quality]." Id. ¶ 8 (emphasis added). TLB makes much of the language in paragraph 8 of the First Agreed Order to the effect that proof of insurance shall be provided prior to operation of the Equipment from the place of pickup. See TLB Findings and Conclusions at 21-22. But in so doing TLB completely ignores the language of the order stating that proof of insurance shall be provided "prior to ... delivery by [Quality]." First Agreed Order ¶ 8. Based on the language of paragraph 8, the Court concludes that the parties' intent was that Quality would have no obligation to turn over the Equipment until after TLB furnished evidence of Physical Damage Insurance. Furthermore, no extrinsic evidence was presented during the trial that would lead the Court to conclude that the parties had a contrary intent.

As the Court found above, TLB never provided evidence of insurance, and Quality did nothing to cause the lapse or non-reinstatement of the Physical Damage Insurance that had been in place. The Court, therefore, concludes that TLB has not demonstrated that Quality violated the First Agreed Order.

C. TLB Did Not Establish Damages

In this adversary proceeding, TLB seeks compensatory civil contempt damages. "A court may impose a fine, payable to the aggrieved party, as compensation for damages caused by the contemnor's actions," but the "amount of the fine must be based upon evidence of the actual loss suffered by the aggrieved party." Thomasville Furniture Indus. v. Elder-Beerman Stores Corp., 250 B.R. 609, 620 (S.D.Ohio 1998) (citations omitted). Here, TLB not only failed to prove that Quality contemptuously violated the automatic stay, it also failed to present evidence of any actual loss it suffered.

The Court's findings regarding Ms. Angell's financial projections, including those related to the fuel surcharges and the underestimation of insurance expenses, demonstrate that TLB did not carry its burden of showing that the required payments to Quality would have been made. Thus, Quality failed to demonstrate that it would have gained any equity in the Equipment. In the Court's view, TLB's evidence of damages was both speculative and remote. "Damages must be proved, and not just dreamed...." In re Nicole Energy Servs., Inc., 385 B.R. 201, 251 (Bankr.S.D.Ohio 2008) (quoting MindGames, Inc. v. W. Publ'g Co., 218 F.3d 652, 658 (7th Cir.2000)). The Court, therefore, holds that, even if TLB had established Quality's liability for a violation of the automatic stay or the First Agreed Order, TLB would not be entitled to an award of damages for lost equity in the Equipment.26

V. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the Court finds that TLB is not entitled to a judgment, including any judgment for the loss of equity Equipment or for attorneys' fees and costs. Quality is entitled to a judgment in its favor on all counts of the Amended Complaint. The Court will enter a separate judgment in accordance with this memorandum opinion.

IT SO ORDERED.