Case: 12-40997             Document: 00512613794   Page: 1       Date Filed: 04/30/2014




           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT


                                                                   United States Court of Appeals
                                          No. 12-40997                      Fifth Circuit

                                                                        FILED
                                                                       April 30, 2014
In the Matter of: ASARCO, L.L.C.,
                                                                      Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                           Clerk
                  Debtor
------------------------------

ASARCO, L.L.C.,

                                                         Appellant
v.

JORDAN HYDEN WOMBLE CULBRETH & HOLZER, P.C.,

                                                         Appellee

*****************************
                            Consolidated With
                     Case Nos. 12-40998 & 13-40409

In the Matter of: ASARCO, L.L.C.,

                 Debtor
------------------------------

ASARCO, L.L.C.,

                                                         Appellant
v.

BAKER BOTTS, L. L. P.,

                                                         Appellee
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                           Nos. 12-40998 & 13-40409


                Appeals from the United States District Court
                     for the Southern District of Texas


Before STEWART, Chief Judge, and HIGGINBOTHAM and JONES, Circuit
Judges.

EDITH H. JONES, Circuit Judge:
      Baker Botts and Jordan, Hyden, Womble, Culbreth & Holzer, P.C.
(“Jordan Hyden”) served as debtor’s counsel to ASARCO LLC (“ASARCO”)
during its Chapter 11 bankruptcy and helped ASARCO confirm a reorganization
plan that paid all of its creditors in full. The firms were well compensated
pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 330(a) for their fees and expenses for representing
ASARCO. What remains to be decided, however, are two fee-related issues:
whether the bankruptcy court abused its discretion in authorizing a 20%
premium to Baker Botts and 10% premium to Jordan Hyden for their unusually
successful fraudulent transfer litigation; and whether the bankruptcy court was
authorized, consistent with 11 U.S.C. § 330, to award attorneys’ fees to the firms
for defending their fee applications in court. We affirm the awards of fee
enhancements but reverse the awards of fees for litigating the firms’ fee
applications.
                                I. Background
      ASARCO is an integrated copper mining, smelting, and refining company.1
ASARCO entered Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2005 facing cash flow deficiencies,
various environmental liabilities, and tax and labor problems. Two years before
ASARCO commenced its bankruptcy case, its Parent company directed ASARCO


      1
           ASARCO LLC is owned by ASARCO Incorporated, which is owned by Americas
Mining Corporation, which is in turn owned by Grupo Mexico (collectively, ASARCO’s
“Parent”).

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to transfer a controlling interest in Southern Copper Corporation (“SCC”) to the
Parent despite ASARCO’s financial distress.
      Baker Botts and Jordan Hyden successfully prosecuted complex fraudulent
transfer claims to recover ASARCO’s controlling interest in SCC (the “SCC
Litigation”). The judgment against ASARCO’s Parent, valued at between $7 and
$10 billion, was the largest fraudulent transfer judgment in Chapter 11 history.
After 52 months in bankruptcy, ASARCO emerged pursuant to a plan of
reorganization in late 2009 (funded by its Parent as a result of the SCC
Litigation) with little debt, $1.4 billion in cash, and the successful resolution of
its environmental, asbestos and toxic tort claims.
      In their final fee applications, Baker Botts and Jordan Hyden sought
lodestar fees, expenses, a 20% fee enhancement for the entire case, and fees and
expenses for preparing and litigating their final fee applications. ASARCO, now
once again controlled by its Parent, challenged the fees on a large scale (a
challenge that included a discovery request covering every document Baker
Botts produced during the 52-month bankruptcy, resulting in the production of
2,350 boxes of hard copy documents and 189 GB of electronic data).2 None of the
objections to Bakers Botts’s core fees were joined by the United States Trustee.
      After a six-day fee trial, the bankruptcy court rejected all of ASARCO’s
objections to the core fee request and awarded more than $113 million to Baker
Botts and $7 million to Jordan Hyden for core fees and expenses. Approving
percentage fee enhancements only for the work they performed on the SCC
Litigation (rather than, as requested, on the entire case), the court awarded
Baker Botts an additional $4.1 million and Jordan Hyden over $125,000. The
court’s calculation was based on “rare and exceptional” performance and results
in the adversary proceeding and a finding that the standard rates charged by

      2
          ASARCO did not challenge Jordan Hyden’s core fee application.

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Baker Botts were approximately 20% below the appropriate market rate.
Finally, the court authorized fees and expenses for the firms’ litigation in
defense of their attorneys’ fee claims, resulting in another $5 million (plus
expenses) to Baker Botts and over $15,000 to Jordan Hyden.
      On appeal to the district court, ASARCO abandoned its objections to the
Baker Botts core fee award. The same judge who had presided over the SCC
Litigation heard the appeal. The district court affirmed the fee enhancements,
stating that “there is an abundance of evidence which supports [the bankruptcy]
court’s enhancement award . . . . A seven billion dollar judgment, which is
recoverable, which saves a company, and funds a 100% recovery for all concerned
is a once in a lifetime result.” The district court agreed that Baker Botts’s and
Jordan Hyden’s fees to defend their core fees were compensable, and it did not
disturb the bankruptcy court’s authorization to seek an award of appellate fees
for the same purpose. Because the court also held that attorneys’ fees were
improperly awarded for Baker Botts’s pursuit of its fee enhancement,3 it
remanded to the bankruptcy court to determine whether any of the firm’s
$5 million defense-fee award related to the enhancement.
      On remand, the bankruptcy court concluded that all of the defense-fee
award compensated Baker Botts for defending core fees incurred in connection
with the case. On appeal, the district court affirmed the final award. The
district court also held that the firms’ appellate fees was permissible but
premature. ASARCO has appealed.
                               II. Standard of Review
      A bankruptcy court has “broad discretion” to determine reasonable
attorneys’ fees, as the “bankruptcy court is more familiar with the actual
services performed and has a far better means of knowing what is just and

      3
          Baker Botts did not appeal this ruling.

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reasonable than an appellate court can have.” In re Lawler, 

, 1211
(5th Cir. 1987) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Accordingly, we
disturb a fee award only if the bankruptcy court abused its discretion. 

of discretion occurs where the bankruptcy court (1) applies an improper
legal standard or follows improper procedures in calculating the fee award, or
(2) rests its decision on findings of fact that are clearly erroneous.” In re Cahill,

, 539 (5th Cir. 2005) (citation omitted). Under the clear error
standard, we disturb factual findings only if “left with a firm and definite
conviction that the bankruptcy court made a mistake.” 

(internal
quotation marks and citation omitted).
      We review a “district court’s decision by applying the same standard of
review to the bankruptcy court’s conclusions of law and findings of fact that the
district court applied.” 

(citation omitted).
                                 III. Discussion
                             A. Fee Enhancement
      Section 330(a)(3) of the Bankruptcy Code provides a non-exclusive list of
factors that bear on a court’s determination of the reasonable compensation for
actual, necessary services and expenses rendered by attorneys and other court-
supervised bankruptcy professionals. See 11 U.S.C. § 330(a)(1)(A). Thus,
      [T]he court shall consider the nature, the extent, and the value of
      such services, taking into account all relevant factors, including—
            (A) the time spent on such services;
            (B) the rates charged for such services;
            (C) whether the services were necessary to the administration
            of, or beneficial at the time at which the service was rendered
            toward the completion of, a case under this title;
            (D) whether the services were performed within a reasonable
            amount of time commensurate with the complexity,
            importance, and nature of the problem, issue, or task
            addressed;


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            (E) with respect to a professional person, whether the person
            is board certified or otherwise has demonstrated skill and
            experience in the bankruptcy field; and
            (F) whether the compensation is reasonable based on the
            customary compensation charged by comparably skilled
            practitioners in cases other than cases under this title.

      11 U.S.C. § 330(a)(3).
      Elaborating on this provision, bankruptcy courts use the lodestar method,
multiplying the number of hours of work performed by attorneys and
paraprofessionals by the hourly rates of each. The total yields a lodestar
amount. In re Pilgrim’s Pride Corp., 

, 654–55 (5th Cir. 2012) (citing

). “[A]fter calculating the lodestar, bankruptcy courts
retain[ ] the discretion to adjust the lodestar upwards or downwards to reflect
their consideration of the Johnson factors.”      Id.; Johnson v. Ga. Highway
Express, Inc., 

, 717–19 (5th Cir. 1974).         See also 11 U.S.C.
§ 330(a)(2). The twelve Johnson factors are:
      (1) The time and labor required; (2) The novelty and difficulty of the
      questions; (3) The skill requisite to perform the legal service
      properly; (4) The preclusion of other employment by the attorney
      due to acceptance of the case; (5) The customary fee; (6) Whether the
      fee is fixed or contingent; (7) Time limitations imposed by the client
      or other circumstances; (8) The amount involved and the results
      obtained; (9) The experience, reputation, and ability of the
      attorneys; (10) The “undesirability” of the case; (11) The nature and
      length of the professional relationship with the client; (12) Awards
      in similar cases.

Pilgrim’s 

(citations omitted) (emphasis added).
      This court has clarified that Section 330(a), the lodestar method, and the
Johnson factors work in conjunction with each other to guide the court’s
discretion. 

(citing 

–40). Because the four
Johnson factors related to attorney skill and legal complexity are presumably


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fully reflected in the lodestar, those four factors can only form the basis for a fee
enhancement in “rare and exceptional circumstances.” 

       Although these general, well understood standards cover nearly all
bankruptcy fee applications, the bankruptcy court here broke out of the usual
lodestar mode by authorizing fee enhancements equal to 20% and 10%,
respectively, of each firm’s attorneys’ fees for pursuing the SCC Litigation.
ASARCO takes a swipe at arguing that bankruptcy fee enhancements are never
allowable solely for extraordinary attorney performance and results obtained.
More pointedly, ASARCO challenges the lower courts’ additional findings of fact
and their degree of articulation of the basis for the additurs. We address each
of appellant’s arguments.
       ASARCO argues that the Supreme Court decision in Perdue v. Kenny A.
ex rel. Winn, 

, 

, 

(2010) prohibits
court awarded fee enhancements subject to only three exceptions, and that
neither law firm’s enhancement request satisfies any of the exceptions.4 Perdue
dealt with fee-shifting in civil rights cases. 42 U.S.C. § 1988. In Pilgrim’s Pride,
however, this court stated explicitly that Perdue did not overrule this circuit’s
bankruptcy precedent authorizing fee enhancements under other, albeit limited
circumstances pursuant to Section 330(a). Pilgrim’s 

–67.
Nowhere does Pilgrim’s Pride indicate that Perdue removes the discretion of
bankruptcy courts to award a fee enhancement in rare and exceptional
circumstances. The only relevant distinguishing factor that ASARCO points to
is that in Pilgrim’s Pride the debtor’s board recommended paying the



       4
            The three exceptions are: (1) the hourly rate used for the lodestar does not
adequately measure the attorneys’ “true market value”; (2) the attorneys’ performance
included an “extraordinary outlay of expenses and the litigation is exceptionally protracted”;
(3) the attorneys’ performance involved an “exceptional delay in the payment of fees.” Perdue
v. Kenny A. ex rel. Winn, 

, 554–56, 

, 

(2010).

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enhancement, while in this case ASARCO’s board did not.5 The Supreme Court
in Perdue was greatly concerned with protecting the taxpayers who would fund
any enhanced 

, 130 S. Ct. at 1677, but this court in
Pilgrim’s Pride rejected the Trustee’s argument that the creditors would fund
the enhanced fees in a similar fashion because the creditors were paid in 

. Here, too, the creditors have been or will be paid in full. The
real difference, then, is that the Trustee here did not object and the debtor did
not consent.     That is an inconsequential distinction.            Pilgrim’s Pride is
controlling in bankruptcy fee matters, at least where a reorganization plan pays
creditors’ claims in full.
      ASARCO’s contention that the judgment the firms achieved in the
fraudulent transfer litigation was not “rare and exceptional” falls flat. In
affirming the bankruptcy court’s fee enhancement, the district court, which tried
and rendered judgment in the SCC Litigation, stated that “there is an
abundance of evidence which supports [the bankruptcy] court’s enhancement
award . . . . A seven billion dollar judgment, which is recoverable, which saves
a company, and funds a 100% recovery for all concerned is a once in a lifetime
result.” We do not disagree with the lower courts’ effusive evaluations of the
results obtained.
      Irrespective of exceptional results, ASARCO maintains that this court has
never affirmed such a fee enhancement without some additional compelling
factor. ASARCO argues, for instance, that the fees in Pilgrim’s Pride were
consented to, that the attorneys demonstrated exceptional efficiency, and that
they had otherwise been compensated at below market rates. See 

The enhancement in Rose Pass Mines was also allegedly based on below market

      5
         Before the Parent regained control of reorganized ASARCO, ASARCO’s board voted
to consent to an enhancement, but the board did not have the authority to approve payments
exceeding $1 million without the Parent’s approval and that approval was never granted.

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rates. See Rose Pass Mines, Inc. v. Howard, 

, 1092 (5th Cir. 1980).
ASARCO further argues that the enhancement in Lawler was justified by a risk
of non-payment. See 

–13. As discussed above, consent
does not materially distinguish Pilgrim’s Pride, especially where that lack of
consent issued from an adversary Parent. The court in Pilgrim’s Pride did note
how quickly Pilgrim’s Pride emerged from bankruptcy, but immediately before
doing so it observed that “[o]ne hundred percent dividend cases are rare in
Chapter 11, and rarer still in large cases such as this.” Pilgrim’s 

. The Rose Pass Mines court pointed out that the hourly rate used to
calculate the lodestar was at “the lower limit of fees customarily charged,” but
it also approved the bankruptcy court finding that the “unusually good result”
was due to “excellent services” rendered by the attorneys. Rose Pass 

, 1092 (internal quotation marks and alteration omitted). While
this court reduced, but did not eliminate, the enhancement awarded in Lawler
based on the bankruptcy court’s finding that the fee was substantially
contingent, it commended the attorneys as “well entitled under the application
of the Johnson factors to an award significantly above the lodestar” based on
“outstanding professional accomplishment in this case.” 

. In none of the three cases did this court state that some “plus factor”
beyond exceptional performance and results was required for a fee enhancement.
Indeed, doing so would be unnecessarily redundant of the Johnson factors.
      In further critique of the enhancements for the SCC Litigation, ASARCO
challenges the bankruptcy court’s finding that Baker Botts’s rates were “below-
market,” a fact that reinforced the court’s fee enhancement decision. The court,
however, amply documented its finding by reference to Baker Botts’s customary
practices, the charges of competitive firms in Texas, and the charges by
comparable firms when representing parties to Chapter 11 cases pending in


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Texas. Because this court, like the Supreme Court, has not held that reasonable
attorneys’ fees in federal court have been “nationalized,” the bankruptcy court’s
charts comparing general hourly rates of out-of-state firms and rates charged in
cases pending in other circuits are not relevant. Cf. 

(the
lodestar looks to “the prevailing market rates in the relevant community”);
McClain v. Lufkin Indust., Inc., 

, 381 (5th Cir. 2011) (court can look
to the market rate for fees outside the forum only where attorneys from outside
the forum are necessary). The court’s findings, however, were premised on
sufficient probative and relevant data to withstand ASARCO’s clear error
challenge.
         ASARCO next contends that its arguments apply equally to Jordan Hyden
and that, even if exceptional performance and results alone could justify an
enhancement, Jordan Hyden’s role in the SCC Litigation was largely
administrative and undeserving of an enhancement. Jordan Hyden counters
that it played an integral role in the SCC Litigation. While Jordan Hyden
served as local counsel, the enhancement it received was less than 3% of that
awarded to Baker Botts. The district court also addressed Jordan Hyden’s
importance at length, finding that its services were “necessary to the trial,”
“essential to the overall result,” “necessary to the result,” and “part and parcel
of the same team effort that achieved an extraordinary result.” There is no clear
error.
         ASARCO finally asserts that the fee enhancement was not “supported by
both specific evidence on the record and detailed findings by the lower courts.”
Pilgrim’s 

(internal quotation marks and citations
omitted). We disagree. The bankruptcy court explained in detail how “rare and
exceptional” the circumstances are. The bankruptcy court found that “Baker
Botts’s services were instrumental in producing the exceptional results.” Baker


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Botts addressed “an array of challenging legal issues with sophistication,
creativity, and skill,” something for which the court considered “[f]ew firms in
the country to have the breadth and depth of experience in different disciplines
necessary.” “Baker Botts performed at an exemplary level in a wide spectrum
of legal specialties.” The results were “nothing less than extraordinary,” that is,
“probably the most successful Chapter 11 of any magnitude in the history of the
[Bankruptcy] Code.” Baker Botts “contributed significantly” by performing in
“an extraordinary fashion in numerous areas.” The court added that “[s]uch an
extraordinary result would have seemed far fetched at the outset” of the
bankruptcy as “[c]reditors were expected to receive cents on the dollar.” The
result was that “ASARCO was transformed from a broke and broken company
to a reorganized ASARCO, cleansed of its historical liabilities and well-
positioned to compete effectively in the world of commerce.” While pouring
accolades on the firm’s overall representation of the debtor, however, the
bankruptcy court did not award Baker Botts (or Jordan Hyden) an enhancement
for most of its work because, as the court found, a number of factors converged
to enable a successful reorganization.
      The court singled out the firms’ prosecution of the SCC Litigation for fee
enhancement precisely because it ascribed success to their efforts alone. The
court described the SCC Litigation as ASARCO’s “crown jewel.” “Baker Botts
was able to quickly and efficiently” prevail “[t]hrough its creativity, tenacity, and
legal talent.”   The court found the results “were due to Baker Botts’s
performance and not to inferior performance by opposing counsel, unanticipated
defense concessions, unexpectedly favorable rulings, a sympathetic fact-finder,
or simple luck.” Most impressive, Baker Botts won the trial “by deciphering
millions of pages of documents and using those documents to tell a compelling
story primarily out of the mouths of adverse witnesses.” The result was a


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judgment “valued in excess of $6 billion” that was “most likely the largest
fraudulent transfer verdict in United States history.” That judgment “promised
a far more meaningful recovery for creditors than originally anticipated” because
of results achieved by Baker Botts that were “without question, rare and
extraordinary by any possible measure.” The bankruptcy court could hardly
have been more specific and detailed as to Baker Botts’s “rare and exceptional”
performance than it was while placing this description in the context of its 85-
page opinion on fees.
      The bankruptcy court also found that Jordan Hyden was “involved in the
overall planning and strategy with Baker Botts” and active at both the “top
strategy level” and in the “day-to-day, often emergency, work” of the bankruptcy.
Regarding the SCC Litigation, Jordan Hyden was “not an active trial
participant” but prepared “twice-daily summaries of the trial” that “kept the
entire Chapter 11 teams of lawyers and staff up to date on the SCC Litigation”
and “assisted in the physical planning of [the] trial.” Consequently, Jordan
Hyden’s attorneys were an integral part of a successful team effort that was
central to the success of the bankruptcy, and the bankruptcy court was within
its discretion to award Jordan Hyden the modest fee enhancement.
                             B. Fees for Defense of Fees
      The parties debate at length the bankruptcy court’s award of counsel fees
for counsel’s defense of their fees for representing the debtor. The issues
presented transcend debtor’s counsel, because Section 330(a) governs
compensation of all professionals whose fees are paid by the bankruptcy estate.6


      6
           After notice to the parties in interest and the United States Trustee and a
          hearing, and subject to sections 326, 328, and 329, the court may award to a trustee,
          a consumer privacy ombudsman appointed under section 332, an examiner, an
          ombudsman appointed under section 333, or a professional person employed under
          section 327 or 1103–(A) reasonable compensation for actual, necessary services
          rendered by the trustee, examiner, ombudsman, professional person, or attorney and

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Case law addressing this question is divided, see generally 3 COLLIER                ON

BANKRUPTCY ¶ 330.03[16][a] (16th ed. 2013). We conclude that, correctly read,
Section 330(a) does not authorize compensation for the costs counsel or
professionals bear to defend their fee applications.
      Relevant here, Section 330(a)(3) instructs the court to consider “all
relevant factors” concerning the professional services rendered, “including”
“whether their services were necessary for the administration of, or
beneficial . . . toward     the completion of a case . . . ,” and “whether the
compensation is reasonable” based on charges by comparable practitioners in
non-bankruptcy cases. Section 330(a)(3)(C), (F). Compensation is not allowed
for services that were not reasonably likely to benefit the debtor’s estate or
necessary to case administration. Section 330(a)(4)(with immaterial exceptions).
Finally, “[a]ny compensation awarded for the preparation of a fee application
shall be based on the level and skill reasonably required to prepare the
application.” Section 330(a)(6).
      Parties in interest as well as the United States Trustee are entitled to
receive notice and the opportunity for a hearing to question bankruptcy
professional fees. Section 330(a)(1). Implicit in this procedure is the possibility
of fee litigation. Nevertheless, Section 330 states twice, in both positive and
negative terms paraphrased above, that professional services are compensable
only if they are likely to benefit a debtor’s estate or are necessary to case
administration. Matter of Pro-Snax Distributors, Inc., 

, 418 n.7 (5th
Cir. 1998). The primary beneficiary of a professional fee application, of course,
is the professional. While the debtor’s estate or its administration must have
benefitted from the services rendered, the debtor’s estate, and therefore


        by any paraprofessional person employed by any such person; and (B) reimbursement
        for actual, necessary expenses.
11 U.S.C. § 330(a)(1).

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normally the creditors, bear the cost. This straightforward reading strongly
suggests that fees for defense of a fee application are not compensable from the
debtor’s estate. The Eleventh Circuit adopted this interpretation in a factually
similar case, holding that “. . . the issue is whether the services rendered were
reasonable and necessary to the administration of the estate. [internal citation
omitted] The answer to this question is no. The subject of the [appeal and
cross-appeal] was the fee to be paid to Bergwerk for his services rendered in the
administration of the estate. The appeals brought absolutely no benefit to the
estate, the creditors, or the debtor.” Grant v. George Schumann Tire & Batt. Co.,

, 882-83 (11th Cir. 1990).
      Further supporting this interpretation is Section 330(a)(6), which limits
potential professional fees in two ways. First, the specification of an award for
“preparation of a fee application” is clearly different from authorizing fees for the
defense of the application in a court hearing. Second, tailoring the award to the
“level and skill reasonably required to prepare the application” emphasizes
scrivener’s skills over other professional work. It is untenable to construe this
language alone to encompass satellite litigation over a fee application. Had
Congress intended compensation for professional fee applications to be allowable
as “reasonable and necessary” under Section 330(a)(3)(C), there would have been
no need to create the limits specified in subdivision (4). The broad reading of
Section 330(a)(3)(C) urged by Baker Botts would render Section 330(a)(4)
superfluous.
      Several arguments are made in favor of reimbursing fees for the defense
of fees from the debtor’s estate.     One argument is that because resolving
professional fees is required to close a case, their litigation is a reasonable and
necessary aspect of estate administration. See In re Smith, 

, 929
(9th Cir. 2002). The Smith court ultimately held that such compensation rests


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within the bankruptcy court’s discretion to award fees for “reasonable and
necessary” work, but it also recognized circumstances, such as counsel’s failure
in defending its fees, where awards would not be permissible. In re 

.       The Smith court posited a broader scope for the
Section 330(a) test for the reasonableness and necessity of services to the
debtor’s estate than does Grant, but we agree with Grant's view as more closely
reflecting the statute’s plain meaning.
      In re Smith actually demonstrates the tension in applying the test of
reasonableness and necessity to the debtor’s estate when it comes to litigation
over fee applications in bankruptcy. It cannot be denied that in bankruptcy,
“almost everyone loses something.” 

(internal quotation
omitted). In ordinary cases, where there is no 100% payout to creditors, every
dollar paid for administrative expenses including professional fees detracts from
the unsecured creditors’ recovery. Litigation of professionals’ fee applications
may become substantial, costly and time-consuming if counsel can be
compensated for their self-interested efforts. Such litigation is detrimental for
the debtor if it simply increases the overall administrative costs of the
bankruptcy. Moreover, bankruptcy rules require professionals to justify their
fee applications with detailed, itemized billing records precisely to assure their
integrity and sharpen any potential disputes. See, e.g., Fed. R. Bankr. P. 2016;
Bankr. S.D. Tex. R. 2016-1. Compliance with the rules should ordinarily reduce
the need for or likelihood of success of satellite litigation over fees.
      Baker Botts analogizes granting “fees for fee defense” in bankruptcy to the
procedure under federal fee shifting statutes, where counsel’s time spent to
prepare, litigate and appeal a fee award is often compensable. See, e.g., Cruz v.
Hauck, 

, 1233-34 (5th Cir. 1985)(interpreting 42 U.S.C. § 1988).
We disagree. These fee shifting statutes create an incentive for otherwise


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financially disadvantaged plaintiffs to obtain legal redress. Because Congress
designed fee shifting provisions in express derogation of the American Rule that
each party to litigation bears its own costs, the losing party should bear the full
costs of counsel for the winner. In bankruptcy, the equities are quite different.
Both the debtor and creditors have enforceable rights, and there is a limited pool
of assets to satisfy those rights and compensate court-approved professionals;
in certain cases, moreover, professionals paid from the debtor’s estate represent
competing interests.      No side wears the black hat for administrative fee
purposes. In the absence of explicit statutory guidance, requiring professionals
to defend their fee applications as a cost of doing business is consistent with the
reality of the bankruptcy process.7 The perverse incentives that could arise from
paying the bankruptcy professionals to engage in satellite fee litigation are easy
to conceive.
      Another argument favoring compensation for “fees for fee defense” rests
on Section 330(a)(4), the comparability factor. Without reimbursement for
“defense fees,” it is contended, a professional firm’s compensation will be unfairly
diluted below what comparably skilled practitioners receive in non-bankruptcy
cases. This case, in which Baker Botts expended $5 million to defend its core fee
award of over $113 million (excluding the enhancement), allegedly epitomizes
such dilution. The claim for comparability is easily made but difficult to analyze.
The Bankruptcy Code plainly intended to erase the “economy of the estate” rule
under pre-existing law and thus raise the professional fees. In re Pilgrim’s

-55. Beyond that, there is no litmus test to determine the
comparability of professional services in bankruptcy and other practice areas.
Applying reasonably comparable hourly rates and adjusting professional

      7
          When firms become aware that they may not be reimbursed for defending core fee
applications, they can anticipate this possibility in their hourly rates and by thoroughly
documenting fee applications.

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                            No. 12-40997, cons. w/
                           Nos. 12-40998 & 13-40409

compensation in light of specific circumstances maintain rough comparability in
practice. More cannot easily be demanded. Some courts, under the aegis of
enforcing comparability, have even withheld fee enhancements to bankruptcy
firms because they are not customary in transactional representation, see Matter
of UNR Industries, Inc., 

, 209-210 (7th Cir. 1993). Others have
noted that professional bankruptcy rates have sometimes outpaced those of
other practice areas. 3 COLLIER ON BANKRUPTCY ¶ 330.03[12] (16th ed. 2013).
In this case, the huge cost of defending Baker Botts's core fees seems a drastic
reduction in absolute terms, but it amounts to only about 4.4% of the core fee.
Whether a deduction of this percentage renders the core fee non-comparable to
charges by equally skilled practitioners in other types of legal practice is in the
eye of the beholder.
      One astute bankruptcy court turned a claim of dilution for non-comparable
fees against the professional fee applicant with the following reasoning:
“Because the American Rule applies absent explicit statutory or contractual
authority, and because the Code contains no statutory provision for the recovery
of attorney fees for defending a fee application, counsel should not normally be
able to recover fees for defending a fee application in the bankruptcy court.” In
re Teraforce Tech. Corp., 

, 867 (Bankr. ND Tex. 2006) (emphasis
added). See also In re Frazin, 

, 400-07 (Bankr. N.D. Tex. 2009), In
re JNS Aviation, LLC, No. 04-21055-RLJ-7, 

(Bankr. N.D. Tex.
2009) (adopting Teraforce). In federal court, the American Rule prohibits awards
of counsel fees to a prevailing party absent statutory authority, contractual
authorization, or “special circumstances.” In re 

n.64.
Baker Botts asserts that the American Rule is inapplicable in bankruptcy,
because the statutory provision for professional compensation overrides the
American Rule. The only authority cited for this proposition is a footnote in


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                             No. 12-40997, cons. w/
                            Nos. 12-40998 & 13-40409

Alyeska Pipeline Serv. Co. v. Wilderness Soc'y., 

, 260 n.33, 

, 1623 n.33, 

(1975) (citing the Bankruptcy Act of 1898 as
an example of an explicit statutory fee provision to which the American Rule did
not apply). More important than the extensive list of federal statutes cited by
the Court in that footnote, however, is the accompanying text:
      What Congress has done, while fully recognizing and accepting the
      general rule, is to make specific and explicit provisions for the
      allowance of attorneys' fees under selected statutes granting or
      protecting various federal rights. [fn. omitted]. These statutory
      allowances are now available in a variety of circumstances, but they
      also differ considerably among themselves.

      The Court in Alyeska was hardly endorsing the
interpretation of Section 330 fee compensation that Baker Botts persuaded the
bankruptcy court to adopt. In any event, the Bankruptcy Act’s compensation
provision was significantly reworked by the more elaborate framework of
Section 330, and, as has been discussed, Section 330 is not fairly read to include
“fees for defense of fees” either as reasonable, necessary costs of case
administration or to prevent dilution of the professional firm's core fees.
      Finally, the bankruptcy court here repeatedly expressed concern that if
“fees for defense of fees” cannot be awarded to professionals under Section 330,
there will be an incentive for parties in interest, any of which can object to
professional fees, to “mount objections to extract a fee reduction.” The prospect
of such objections, in turn, might discourage competent counsel from handling
bankruptcy cases.       This court, in contrast, observed years ago that, “Too
frequently, court-appointed counsel for debtor[’s] and the official creditor
committees’ interests in a case, sharing the mutual goal of securing approval for
their fees, enter into a conspiracy of silence with regard to contesting each
other’s fee applications.” In re Consolidated Bancshares, Inc., 

,
1255 (5th Cir. 1986).

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                            No. 12-40997, cons. w/
                           Nos. 12-40998 & 13-40409

      Be that as it may, this opinion should not be read as encouraging tactical
or ill-supported objections to fee applications. The Bankruptcy Code and rules
require ample documentation of fee requests in part to deter satellite litigation.
Section 330's capacious reasonableness and necessity standards shield even
many unsuccessful professional actions in bankruptcy from attempts at fee
reduction. We are confident that bankruptcy courts, practicing vigilance and
sound case management, can thwart punitive or excessively costly attacks on
professional fee applications. Where appropriate, the courts should not hesitate
to implement the exception to the American Rule that allows fee shifting where
an adverse party has acted in bad faith, vexatiously, wantonly, or for oppressive
reasons. Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 

, 45-46, 

(1991);
In re 

, 413 B.R. at 403. (No issues falling within Chambers were
raised in response to reorganized ASARCO’s fee objections here.)
                                  Conclusion
      For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED
as to fee enhancements awarded to Baker Botts and Jordan Hyden but
REVERSED as to additional fee awards for litigation concerning their fee
applications.
                              AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART.




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