Filed: Apr. 24, 2002
Latest Update: Feb. 21, 2020
Summary: REVISED APRIL 24, 2002 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT _ No. 99-60511 _ HOWARD MONTEVILLE NEAL, Petitioner-Appellant, versus STEVE W. PUCKETT, Commissioner, Mississippi Department of Corrections; JAMES ANDERSON, Superintendent, Mississippi State Penitentiary, Respondents-Appellees. _ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi _ March 15, 2002 Before KING, Chief Judge, JOLLY, HIGGINBOTHAM, DAVIS, JONES, SMITH, WIENER, BARKSDAL
Summary: REVISED APRIL 24, 2002 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT _ No. 99-60511 _ HOWARD MONTEVILLE NEAL, Petitioner-Appellant, versus STEVE W. PUCKETT, Commissioner, Mississippi Department of Corrections; JAMES ANDERSON, Superintendent, Mississippi State Penitentiary, Respondents-Appellees. _ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi _ March 15, 2002 Before KING, Chief Judge, JOLLY, HIGGINBOTHAM, DAVIS, JONES, SMITH, WIENER, BARKSDALE..
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REVISED APRIL 24, 2002
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
_____________________
No. 99-60511
_____________________
HOWARD MONTEVILLE NEAL,
Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
STEVE W. PUCKETT, Commissioner,
Mississippi Department of
Corrections; JAMES ANDERSON,
Superintendent, Mississippi
State Penitentiary,
Respondents-Appellees.
_________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Southern District of Mississippi
_________________________________________________________________
March 15, 2002
Before KING, Chief Judge, JOLLY, HIGGINBOTHAM, DAVIS, JONES, SMITH,
WIENER, BARKSDALE, EMILIO M. GARZA, DEMOSS, BENAVIDES, STEWART,
PARKER, DENNIS, and CLEMENT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Howard Neal was sentenced to death by the state courts of
Mississippi for the brutal rape and murder of his thirteen-year-old
niece, Amanda Joy Neal. He also shot and killed his brother, Bobby
Neal, and he raped and murdered his niece’s fourteen-year-old
friend, all during the same episode. He now seeks federal habeas
corpus relief on the grounds of ineffective assistance of counsel.
Neal argues that his counsel failed to thoroughly investigate
Neal’s background--including his horrid childhood of rejection,
abandonment, and mental institutions, plus his torturous prison
experience--to uncover evidence of mitigating circumstances that he
could have presented to the jury during the sentencing phase of his
trial. Neal raised this ineffective counsel claim before the
Mississippi Supreme Court. That court denied relief, concluding
that the additional evidence would have been cumulative of what
actually was presented. Because we conclude that the Mississippi
Supreme Court’s conclusion, although incorrect, was not an
unreasonable application of Strickland v. Washington, we deny
Neal’s request for a writ of habeas corpus.
I
The facts of this case are discussed in detail in the
published opinion by the Mississippi Supreme Court on Neal’s direct
appeal. Neal v. State, 451 So. 2d 743, 747-51 (Miss. 1984). We
restate the facts briefly here.
Neal is a moderately retarded man, with an IQ of between 54
and 60. The record indicates that he had a nightmarish childhood
and young adulthood. We will discuss these facts in more detail in
the body of this opinion. In short, as a youth he was discarded by
his family, spent eight years in Mississippi state mental
institutions, and then some time in an Oklahoma prison for assault
2
and battery with a dangerous weapon, where, as a helpless
individual, he apparently suffered sexual abuse by fellow
prisoners.
In January 1981, Neal drove to the home of his half-brother,
Bobby Neal, against whom he may have had a longstanding resentment.
Bobby, Bobby’s thirteen-year-old daughter, Amanda Joy, and her
friend, Melanie Sue Polk, were together in the house. The three
left with Neal in Neal’s car, perhaps by force (but this is
uncertain). During the drive, while they were on a logging road,
Neal, according to his confession, began fondling Amanda Joy.
Bobby told Neal to stop, and an argument ensued. Neal stopped the
car, and he and Bobby got out and walked some distance away. At
that point, Neal shot Bobby, killing him. Neal then returned to
the car and drove to another deserted area with the two girls. He
pulled a blanket from his car and proceeded to rape Amanda Joy. He
then raped Melanie Sue and shot both girls.
After the bodies were found, the pathologist’s examination of
Amanda Joy revealed bruises and lacerations about her face, head,
and left wrist, and evidence of manual strangulation, in addition
to the bullet hole in her abdomen. The pathologist concluded that
Amanda Joy could have survived between five and thirty minutes
given her wound.
3
The police began by canvassing the nearby communities. As
part of their investigation, they showed some people a photograph
of Neal and asked whether he looked familiar. The owner of a
nearby motel said that he remembered Neal renting a room about the
time of the murder. By this time, however, Neal was in California,
where he was later arrested for shoplifting. During a standard
background check, the California police discovered that Neal was
wanted for questioning in Mississippi. After several days of
interrogation in California, Neal admitted to the California
authorities that he had committed the murders.
Neal was tried and convicted for Amanda Joy’s murder based on
the confession he gave police,1 and the jury sentenced him to
death. Under Mississippi law, the jury is required to balance
statutorily-defined aggravating factors against any mitigating
factors in determining whether the death penalty is warranted.
Billiot v. Puckett, 135 F.3d 311, 315 (5th Cir. 1998). In Neal’s
case, the jury found that two aggravating circumstances--that the
murder was committed in the course of a kidnaping and was
“especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel”--were sufficient to
impose the death penalty and were not outweighed by mitigating
circumstances. See Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-101(5)(d) and (h).
1
In a separate trial, Neal was tried and convicted for Bobby’s
murder but received only a life sentence. He was never tried for
Melanie Sue’s murder.
4
Neal appealed this conviction and sentence, both of which the
Mississippi Supreme Court ultimately affirmed. Neal, 451 So. 2d
743. Neal then sought habeas corpus relief. The Mississippi
Supreme Court granted Neal an evidentiary hearing on whether he had
been denied the opportunity to testify on his own behalf, Neal v.
State,
525 So. 2d 1279, 1283 (Miss. 1987), but after this hearing,
that court denied relief. Neal v. State,
687 So. 2d 1180 (Miss.
1996). Neal then filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in
the United States District Court for the Southern District of
Mississippi on July 7, 1997. In an unpublished order, the district
court denied Neal’s petition on January 7, 1999, and then denied
his request for a Certificate of Appealability (“COA”) on
October 7, 1999. Neal then filed a motion seeking a COA in this
court. We denied his motion on all claims but one. We did grant
a COA to determine whether Neal’s trial counsel was ineffective at
the sentencing phase of the trial for failing to investigate
evidence of mitigating circumstances and to present that evidence
during the sentencing hearing. We now address that issue on the
merits.
II
A
Neal contends that his trial counsel was ineffective for
failing to investigate and gather, and consequently failing to
5
present, mitigating evidence during the sentencing phase of the
trial. The Sixth Amendment requires defense counsel to conduct a
reasonably thorough pretrial inquiry into the defenses that might
be offered in mitigation of punishment. Baldwin v. Maggio, 704
F.2d 1325, 1332-33 (5th Cir. 1983). Neal argues that his lawyers
failed to do so and, as a result, called only two witnesses during
sentencing--Neal’s mother and a psychologist.
Neal argues that his lawyer should have interviewed members of
the staff at the two institutions where Neal spent time as a youth,
Ellisville and Whitfield.2 He also contends that his lawyer should
have obtained the records from the prison in Oklahoma where Neal
was incarcerated as a young man or at least consulted officials or
medical personnel from that prison regarding his mental
capabilities and character. Finally, he contends that he should
have been evaluated by a neurologist to explain further his mental
state. None of this occurred, so any possible mitigating evidence
from these sources was unavailable to the jurors deciding his
sentence. Neal further argues that he was prejudiced by his
counsel’s performance because there is a reasonable probability
that if this evidence had been before the jury, he would have
received a life sentence instead of death.
2
Ellisville was a school for retarded children and Whitfield
was the state mental hospital.
6
B
Our first responsibility is to determine the standard of
review. Because Neal filed his petition for habeas corpus relief
on July 7, 1997, the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act
(“AEDPA”) governs this appeal. See Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S. 320,
324-26,
117 S. Ct. 2059, 2062-63,
138 L. Ed. 2d 481 (1997)(confirming
that the AEDPA applies to federal habeas corpus petitions filed on
or after April 24, 1996). The AEDPA standard for granting habeas
corpus relief with respect to an adjudication on the merits in
state court is stated in 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d):
“(d) An application for a writ of habeas corpus on
behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of
a State court shall not be granted with respect to any
claim that was adjudicated on the merits in State court
proceedings unless the adjudication of the claim--
“(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to,
or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly
established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme
Court of the United States....”
In the context of federal habeas proceedings, adjudication “on
the merits” is a term of art that refers to whether a court’s
disposition of the case was substantive as opposed to procedural.
Green v. Johnson, 116 F.3d 1115, 1121 (5th Cir. 1997). In the
present case, the state supreme court denied habeas corpus relief
on the grounds that any additional evidence that Neal could have
uncovered and presented would have been “substantially redundant or
cumulative when compared with the evidence Neal offered at trial.”
7
Neal v. State, 525 So. 2d 1279, 1281 (Miss. 1987). Thus, that
court’s disposition of this issue was substantive and therefore
qualifies as a decision “on the merits.”
In this case, the “clearly established Federal law” is the
Supreme Court’s decision in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668,
687,
104 S. Ct. 2052,
80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984), and its progeny, which
govern ineffective assistance of counsel claims. As the Supreme
Court noted recently,
It is past question that the rule set forth in Strickland
qualifies as “clearly established Federal law, as
determined by the Supreme Court of the United States.”
That the Strickland test “of necessity requires a case-
by-case examination of the evidence” obviates neither the
clarity of the rule nor the extent to which the rule must
be seen as “established” by this Court.
Williams v. Taylor, 120 S. Ct. 1495, 1512,
146 L. Ed. 2d 389 (2000).
The meaning of “unreasonable application,” however, is less
clear. The Supreme Court has recently explained that a state court
decision involves an unreasonable application of this Court’s
precedent
if the state court identifies the correct governing legal
principle from this Court’s decisions but unreasonably
applies that principle to the facts of the prisoner’s
case.
Id. at 1523. Although “unreasonable” is difficult to define, the
Court offered some guidance. First, while acknowledging that
earlier Supreme Court decisions may have caused confusion, the
Court specifically rejected the subjective standard that we set out
8
in Drinkard v. Johnson, 97 F.3d 751, 769 (5th Cir. 1996). Instead,
the Court held that the standard is objective: “Stated simply, a
federal habeas court making the ‘unreasonable application’ inquiry
should ask whether the state court’s application of clearly
established federal law was objectively unreasonable.”
Williams,
120 S. Ct. at 1521-22. Second, the Court emphasized that the “most
important point” of the Williams decision is the critical
distinction between an unreasonable application of federal law and
a merely “incorrect” or “erroneous” application of federal law.
Id. at 1522-23. Because section 2254(d) “places a new constraint”
on a federal habeas court and demands greater deference to state
courts, we have no authority to grant habeas corpus relief simply
because we conclude, in our independent judgment, that a state
supreme court’s application of Strickland is erroneous or
incorrect.
Id. at 1523.
Given this deferential standard of review under Section
2254(d), the question before us is whether the Mississippi Supreme
Court’s decision to reject Neal’s ineffective assistance claim
“involved an unreasonable application” (and not merely an incorrect
application) of Strickland.
C
9
To establish an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, Neal
must show both that his counsel’s performance was deficient and
that the deficient performance prejudiced his defense. Strickland,
466 U.S. 668, 687.
(1)
(a)
Counsel’s performance is considered deficient if it “falls
below an objective standard of reasonableness” as measured by
professional norms. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688. We must
determine whether there is a gap between what counsel actually did
and what a reasonable attorney would have done under the
circumstances. In scrutinizing counsel’s performance, we make
every effort to “eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight,”
id. at 689, and do not assume that counsel’s performance is
deficient “merely because we disagree with trial counsel’s
strategy.” Crane v. Johnson,
178 F.3d 309, 312 (5th Cir. 1999).
But with that said, we consider it indisputable that, in the
context of a capital sentencing proceeding, defense counsel has the
obligation to conduct a “reasonably substantial, independent
investigation” into potential mitigating circumstances.
Baldwin,
704 F.2d at 1332-33. In assessing counsel’s performance, we look
to such factors as what counsel did to prepare for sentencing, what
mitigating evidence he had accumulated, what additional “leads” he
10
had, and what results he might reasonably have expected from these
leads. Applying this standard to the facts of Neal’s case, we
conclude that a reasonable attorney would have investigated further
and put on a more compelling defense during sentencing.3
(b)
Neal’s evidence of mitigating factors presented during
sentencing consisted of the testimony of only two witnesses: Neal’s
mother, who gave an overview of Neal’s troubled background; and a
psychologist, Dr. Dana Alexander, who testified about Neal’s mental
and emotional difficulties. Reviewing this testimony does not take
long.
The testimony by Neal’s mother covers nine pages in the
transcript. She began with a brief description of his difficulties
in school and his subsequent transfer to Ellisville and Whitfield:
He went to school till he was ten years old. He couldn’t
learn in school. The teachers tried, I tried. He had a
[hard] time remembering things. He couldn’t remember,
and at the time his daddy and I separated, and because of
his ability to learn, the welfare told me to send him to
a State School at Ellisville, and he would have a trade,
and he stayed there till he was sixteen, and then they
took him from Ellisville to Whitfield, and he stayed
there till he was eighteen or nineteen, and then he came
home and stayed with me--lived with me for about a year
or maybe two, and then my husband got disabled to work
3
The Mississippi Supreme Court appears to have assumed that
counsel’s performance was deficient, as the state court focused
solely on Strickland’s second prong, prejudice. But because the
state does not concede the point, we address its arguments
regarding deficiency.
11
and he started drawing his Social Security, and he
wasn’t--he couldn’t stay there with us because they told
us that he couldn’t, and he got mad and left home, and I
didn’t know where he even went from there, and we had
five other kids, and I wasn’t able to take care of them
when we separated.
This testimony also included several responses to counsel’s
questions about Neal’s education level (second grade, but unable to
read or write), his marital status (married twice, with one
daughter), and whether he owned a home (he did not). Neal’s mother
also testified that she tried to see him often when he was at
Ellisville, but often could not get there. Finally, Neal’s mother
explained that she had been unable to find anyone to adopt Neal, as
she had done with her other ten children, and consequently placed
Neal in the Ellisville institution.
Dr. Alexander’s testimony, excluding voir dire, includes
twenty-four pages in the transcript, about a third of which is
cross-examination. Dr. Alexander testified that she had tested
Neal’s IQ, and that his score was 54, at the low end of mild
retardation. According to her, Neal suffered from “organic brain
syndrome,” a disability characterized by “slowness, perseveration,
concreteness of perception, problems with memory, problems with
orientation and poor impulse control . . . impaired intellectual
functioning, impaired social and vocational functioning . . . and
inability to use controls like you or I.” She concluded that Neal
had the mental ability of an eight year old. Dr. Alexander also
12
testified about Neal’s behavioral problems. She described him as
“more irritable” and “more easily provoked” than normal people.
She also explained that Neal suffered from “psycho-sexual
confusion,” “a lack of a definite identity with either the male or
the female role.” This is the essence of her testimony on direct
and redirect examination.
The jury was therefore given the following picture of Neal: a
man with an IQ of 54, with the mental ability of an eight year old,
with conceptual deficiencies, with sexual identity problems, who,
because of his mental deficiencies was less able to control himself
and his impulses, including provocation, who had been denied any
semblance of a homelife and virtually rejected by his mother who
had placed him in state institutions for the retarded and mentally
ill, where he grew up and spent eight years of his youth. That is
the essence of the mitigating evidence that defense counsel
presented to the jury. Although it seems to touch many relevant
points, it was presented to the jury in an abbreviated form with no
elaboration.
(c)
Neal’s habeas counsel now presents us with forty-two pages of
affidavits and reports concerning Neal’s background as evidence of
mitigating factors. The affidavits come primarily from doctors and
employees at Ellisville, Whitfield, and the prison in Oklahoma.
13
There is also one from Neal’s sister and another from a social
worker. Neal contends that trial counsel was ineffective for
failing to gather and present these materials that would have
weighed against the death sentence. It is important to understand
fully the additional evidence that could have been presented, and
we turn now to the relevant material contained in the habeas
record.
The additional evidence does, indeed, make disturbing reading.
Neal’s sister, Maryann McNeese, describes his childhood household--
eleven children living with their parents in a two-bedroom house.
Neal’s father was an abusive alcoholic who was particularly brutal
towards Neal. An affidavit by Neal’s mother confirms this, as does
an affidavit by a social worker who knew the family at the time,
Marguerite McAulay. Neal was ten when he was sent to Ellisville,
a school for retarded children. McNeese’s affidavit states that
when that happened, “he was like a throwed away child. It was like
he didn’t have parents.”
Lamar Collom, an Ellisville bus driver and cafeteria worker,
befriended Neal and has provided another affidavit. It describes
Neal as a “good worker” and “likeable kid.” Collom goes on to say
that he “thought a lot” of Neal, but felt sorry for him because of
his terrible family background. Collom’s affidavit also explains
how Collom “used to give [Neal] a little money some weekends,”
14
which Neal “would spend at the little canteen.” An affidavit by
Lucille McIntosh, an Ellisville cafeteria employee, describes Neal
as “a good worker,” “cooperative,” and a boy who “got along with
the other kids.”
Two other items of evidence related to Neal’s time at
Ellisville concern Neal’s level of intelligence. James Woolington,
who founded Ellisville’s psychology program, tested Neal twice. In
his affidavit, Mr. Woolington concludes that Neal had an IQ between
54 and 60 at that time. James Johnson, Ellisville’s Coordinator of
Psychological Services at the time, also tested Neal’s
intelligence. A report attached to his affidavit sets his IQ at
55. The report also discusses Neal’s behavioral problems, such as
running away, picking on smaller children, and lack of remorse for
misdeeds. It describes his behavior as “spasmodic” and questions
Neal’s ability to control himself. Finally, the report mentions
that Neal was suspected of having engaged in homosexual
relationships while at Ellisville.
At age sixteen, Neal was transferred to Whitfield, a mental
institution. Dr. A. G. Anderson, a psychologist who knew Neal at
that facility, describes the conditions there in another affidavit:
The unit was not an enjoyable place for a young retardate
to live and was not a good therapeutic environment. It
was not a place that was beneficial to Howard’s mental
prognosis. Neither Howard nor any of the other residents
got the care they should have gotten. In fact it was not
15
a good environment for anyone including the staff. Not
many professionals wanted to work there.
The facility had little in the way of education, training, or
recreation. The affidavit goes on to explain that between ages
sixteen and eighteen, Neal lived in the maximum security unit with
approximately 150 “chronics,” people with mental disorders that
rendered them unable to stand trial, or who had shown aggressive
tendencies.
After Neal was released from Whitfield, he returned home. He
lived there several months until his mother forced him to leave
because she feared losing her welfare benefits if he stayed. Neal
then headed to Oklahoma, where he was soon arrested for assault and
battery with a dangerous weapon.
The habeas record also contains several affidavits from people
who knew Neal in the Oklahoma prison. The prison psychologist,
Thomas Norwood, testifies that he knew Neal “about as well as [he
had] known anybody [he has] worked with in [his] professional
capacity.” Mr. Norwood’s affidavit goes on to explain that “the
treatment of [Neal] by other inmates was so horrible [that he has]
difficulty discussing it,” and that Neal was the “most tragic case
[he] had” because Neal was so defenseless. As an example, Mr.
Norwood describes an incident where thirty-to-forty inmates forced
Neal under a table and forced him to commit sodomy on each of them
in succession. Finally, Mr. Norwood explains that he helped Neal
16
get a place to live and social security benefits after Neal got out
of prison.
Jack Cowley, currently a warden at another Oklahoma prison,
was Neal’s case manager at the time. His affidavit asserts that he
“more or less adopted [Neal]” in prison. Mr. Cowley’s affidavit
also relates that he was concerned about what would happen to Neal
if Neal returned to Mississippi, where there was no one there to
care of him.
In addition, Neal has presented us with his prison records
from Oklahoma. There is no report concerning the event Mr. Norwood
described. The records do contain a report, however, about an
incident in which two inmates raped Neal. The report presents Neal
as defenseless, gullible, and at the mercy of the inmates
generally: “Inmate Neal also made reference to several instances
when his cell partner . . . has tried to get Neal to sell himself
so they could have some money.”
Several of the affidavits mention that Neal married Glenda
Snow, who was also mildly retarded, after his release from prison.
Though the two moved to Mississippi, her parents broke up the
marriage and took their daughter home. McNeese’s affidavit
describes her brother’s reaction: “Howard told me it hurt him when
Glenda had to go back to Oklahoma.” A few of the affidavits
17
mention that Neal subsequently remarried and had a child with his
second wife.
(d)
In a later section of this opinion, we will address the
question whether presentation of this additional testimony would
have changed the outcome of the sentencing hearing. For now, we
emphasize only the volume and easy availability of this additional
mitigating evidence.
Perhaps the most troubling aspect of these affidavits is that
they indicate that counsel never contacted any of the other people
(with the exception of Neal’s mother) who have provided the
additional testimony we now have before us, and which would have
added to and developed the skeletal evidence before the jury. For
example, Neal’s sister, Maryann McNeese, states that she contacted
defense counsel to ask about the case, and would have been willing
to testify on her brother’s behalf, but that they never asked her
to do so. And having examined the mother’s testimony at
sentencing, it is not even clear how much information defense
counsel collected from her before putting her on the stand. Dr.
Alexander’s testimony, too, was surely limited by the fact that she
had met with Neal just one time, three days before testifying, and
that trial counsel failed to tell her about what specific crime
Neal had been charged with or any facts about his personal history.
18
The only materials that defense counsel appears to have had,
other than the assistance of Neal’s mother, are the records from
Neal’s time at Ellisville and Whitfield.4 And while they had some
indication of his difficult life in the institutions and in prison,
Neal’s attorneys chose not to pursue these sources of evidence. In
his affidavit, one of Neal’s attorneys at trial tried to explain
that they did not contact these potential witnesses due to lack of
funds and experience.
We did not have the time or money to properly investigate
[Neal’s] case. We had no money to interview witnesses or
travel. . . . I did not get Howard’s records or
interview people who had dealt with him in Oklahoma. I
did not interview any of his relatives other than his
mother. . . . We did not have a complete psychological
examination of Howard which would have included a
thorough investigation of his past medical and
psychological history and a neurological examination.
Had we had the time and money we would have done the
above investigations for use at both trial and
sentencing.
This explanation does not fully address, however, the fact that
most of the mitigating evidence was readily available and would
4
Of course, we do not assume that all of this evidence should
have gone before the jury. A psychologist’s report, for example,
was included in the Ellisville records that defense counsel
obtained before sentencing. Some portions of that report are
directly relevant to one of the statutory mitigating factors:
“[Neal’s] ability to control his own behavior is questionable.”
But other portions of the report present an unflattering picture of
Neal, describing him as a bully who felt no remorse for misdeeds.
Given these facts, counsel may have made a strategic decision to
withhold that report, which, in the context of the sentencing
hearing that occurred, we will not second-guess.
19
have cost no more than several long distance telephone calls or
postage stamps.
Because of the extent to which these available materials could
reasonably have been expected to augment Neal’s case, we conclude
that his trial counsel was deficient in failing to investigate,
gather, and consider it for purposes of presentation at Neal’s
sentencing hearing.5
(2)
(a)
Having concluded that counsel’s performance during sentencing
was deficient, we now turn to the second prong of Strickland and
determine whether the deficient performance prejudiced Neal’s
defense during sentencing. To establish prejudice, Neal must show
that there is at least “a reasonable probability that, but for
counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would
have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694; see also United
States v. Green,
882 F.2d 999, 1003 (5th Cir. 1989) (“A defendant
who alleges a failure to investigate on the part of his counsel
must allege with specificity what the investigation would have
5
Several factually similar Fifth Circuit decisions have also
found deficient performance where counsel have failed to
investigate a defendant’s background in mental institutions and
prisons. See Bouchillon v. Collins, 907 F.2d 589 (5th Cir. 1990);
Profitt v. Waldron,
831 F.2d 1245 (5th Cir. 1987); Beavers v.
Balkcom,
636 F.2d 114 (5th Cir. 1981).
20
revealed and how it would have altered the outcome of the trial.”)
By reasonable probability, the Court means a probability sufficient
to undermine confidence in the outcome. Id.
In determining prejudice, we are thus required to compare the
evidence actually presented at sentencing with all the mitigating
evidence contained in the postconviction record. Stated to the
point: Is this additional mitigating evidence so compelling that
there is a reasonable probability at least one juror6 could
reasonably have determined that, because of Neal’s reduced moral
culpability, death was not an appropriate sentence?
(b)
The additional mitigating evidence has been described in
detail above. It seems indisputable that this new evidence,
standing alone, presents a hugely sympathetic case for mitigating
a death sentence. But the State argues that we must evaluate the
evidence in context of the actual proceedings at sentencing;
specifically, the State argues that no prejudice occurred because
much of the additional testimony would not have been admitted,
either for tactical or procedural reasons.
First, the State raises questions as to the admissibility of
the testimony by Mr. Collom, Mr. Norwood, and Mr. Cowley because
6
In Mississippi, the jury must vote unanimously to impose the
death penalty. Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-103.
21
their statements about their personal affection for Neal,
indicating a degree of personal worth, do not relate to the
statutory mitigating factors. This argument creates a potential
concern that such evidence would not be proper for the jury to
consider. It seems clear, however, that this evidence would have
been permissible for the jury to consider as mitigation. While he
asserted two statutory mitigating factors--the offense was
committed under the influence of extreme mental or emotional
disturbance, and his capacity to conform his conduct to the
requirements of law was substantially impaired, see Miss. Code Ann.
§ 99-19-101(6)(b) and (f)--Neal was not limited to presenting
evidence that related to these statutory mitigating factors. In
seeming contradiction to Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238,
92 S. Ct.
2726,
33 L. Ed. 2d 346 (1972),7 the Supreme Court has repeatedly
affirmed the portion of the plurality opinion in Lockett v. Ohio,
438 U.S. 586, 604,
98 S. Ct. 2954, 2964-65,
57 L. Ed. 2d 973 (1978),
holding that the sentencer may not be “precluded from considering,
as a mitigating factor, any aspect of a defendant’s character or
record and any of the circumstances of the offense that the
defendant proffers as a basis for a sentence less than death.” See
Buchanan v. Angelone,
522 U.S. 269, 276,
118 S. Ct. 757, 761, 139
7
See Walton v. Arizona, 497 U.S. 639, 656-69,
110 S. Ct. 3047,
3059-66,
111 L. Ed. 2d 511 (1990)(Scalia, J., dissenting)(explaining
the conflict between Furman and Lockett).
22
L. Ed. 2d 702 (1998)(reaffirming Lockett); Penry v. Lynaugh,
492 U.S.
302, 318,
109 S. Ct. 2934, 2946,
106 L. Ed. 2d 256 (1989)(same);
Eddings v. Oklahoma,
455 U.S. 104, 113-14,
102 S. Ct. 869, 876-77,
71 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1982)(same). Such evidence appears clearly to be
admissible under Mississippi law. See Evans v. State,
725 So. 2d
613, 694 (Miss. 1998)(explaining that § 99-19-101(1) of the
Mississippi Code provides for the admission of nonstatutory
mitigating evidence). The testimony in question here is evidence
concerning Neal’s character. These potential witnesses found
something worthy about Neal as a human being. Their testimony,
therefore, would have been before the jury as non-statutory
mitigating evidence and would have been weighed along with the
statutory mitigating circumstances. See
Billiot, 135 F.3d at 315.
Second, the state argues that Mr. Norwood’s testimony about
the incident with the thirty-to-forty inmates would have been
inadmissible hearsay, as Mr. Norwood was presumably not present at
the time. Given this circuit’s narrow reading of Green v. Georgia,
442 U.S. 95,
99 S. Ct. 2150,
60 L. Ed. 2d 738 (1979), we cannot assume
that Norwood’s testimony would have been admitted. See Edwards v.
Scroggy,
849 F.2d 204, 212 (5th Cir. 1988)(exclusion of priest’s
testimony about direct statements made by the defendant did not
render the trial “fundamentally unfair” and thus did not violate
Due Process); Barefoot v. Estelle,
697 F.2d 593, 597 (5th Cir.
23
1983) (“We think that Green is limited to its facts, and certainly
did not federalize the law of evidence . . . . [although] certain
egregious evidentiary errors may be redressed by the due process
clause.”). However, even if Norwood’s testimony would have been
deemed inadmissible, the written report about the rape is similar
in nature. That report discusses Neal’s defenselessness and that
his own cellmate was trying to manipulate Neal to sell himself for
the cellmate’s profit. Thus, we believe the flavor of the Norwood
testimony, if not its details, would have been available to the
jury in the form of that report.
Third, the State argues that defense counsel made a strategic
decision to withhold some of the testimony. As we pointed out
above, this argument could apply only to Mr. Johnson’s report,
which was included with the Ellisville records that defense counsel
had. As to the other evidence, Neal’s attorneys simply could not
have made a decision strategically to withhold information that
they had not obtained.
Fourth, the State maintains that even if defense counsel had
obtained the new mitigating evidence, counsel would not have
presented that evidence for strategic reasons. The State makes
this argument primarily with respect to evidence about Neal’s
imprisonment in Oklahoma. As the State points out, defense counsel
successfully suppressed evidence of this conviction and
24
imprisonment during the guilt phase of the trial. But the State
also acknowledges that the prosecutors themselves could have
presented evidence of Neal’s imprisonment and past offenses during
sentencing under Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-101(5)(b). In one sense,
Neal would not have “opened the door” by putting this evidence on
during sentencing because the door was already open. But if Neal
had sought to introduce evidence from his Oklahoma imprisonment--if
Neal had, in effect, invited the State to walk through this
already-open door--then the State would have tried to put Neal’s
Oklahoma past criminal experience in the worst possible light for
Neal. In sum, we cannot tell whether withholding the evidence may
have been strategically advantageous, and we find this argument
inconclusive.
(c)
The State’s most persuasive argument concerning prejudice is
that the additional mitigating evidence would have been, in the
Mississippi Supreme Court’s words, “substantially redundant and
cumulative.” Although the mitigating evidence the jury actually
heard was skeletal, they were presented the basic evidence that
Neal was moderately retarded, had been severely neglected by his
family, spent several years in state institutions, and suffered
from serious behavioral problems, including lack of self-control
25
and sexual identity problems.8 In the State’s view, the additional
evidence presented in the affidavits does little more than
reinforce the testimony of Neal’s mother and Dr. Alexander and
provide details to an otherwise sketchy portrait of Neal’s life.
It must be conceded that the jury was presented a clear, if not
fully portrayed, picture of Neal’s pathetic life. It was on this
basis that the Mississippi Supreme Court concluded that Neal was
not prejudiced by the omission of the evidence.
The State further argues that when we are considering the
mitigating effect of this supplementary evidence, we must weigh it
against the facts of the crime. The jury had heard how Neal had
brutally raped and murdered Amanda Joy, his thirteen-year-old
niece. The manner of death was unspeakably horrible. There were
bruises and lacerations about her face, head, and left wrist, and
there was also evidence of manual strangulation in addition to the
bullet hole in her abdomen. The pathologist’s report states that
Amanda Joy could have survived between five and thirty minutes
after Neal had left her to die. To overcome the aggravating
factors and avoid the death penalty, Neal’s mitigating evidence
would had to have been overwhelming and specifically relevant to
reducing his moral culpability for his heinous crimes. The state
8
The evidence presented to the jury is summarized in more
detail in section II.C.(1).(b) above.
26
thus concludes that if the facts the jury had already heard were
not sufficient to outweigh the aggravating circumstances, then the
additional evidence would have been unlikely to sway a jury.
Although this question is extremely close, we are unable to
agree with the State’s argument because, as the Supreme Court has
recently explained, courts must give due consideration to the
quality and volume of the additional mitigating evidence. The
Court’s evaluation of ultimate prejudice in that case is
instructive:
[T]he graphic description of [the defendant’s] childhood,
filled with abuse and privation, or the reality that he
was “borderline mentally retarded,” might well have
influenced the jury’s appraisal of his moral culpability.
. . . [T]he entire postconviction record, viewed as a
whole and cumulative of mitigation evidence presented
originally, raised “a reasonable probability that the
result of the sentencing proceeding would have been
different” if competent counsel had presented and
explained the significance of all the available evidence.
Williams, 120 S. Ct. at 1515-16. To be sure, there are several
significant factual differences between Williams and Neal.9 But
that does not allay our concern that the underlying principle of
the Williams prejudice determination requires that we must assign
9
First, some of the additional mitigating evidence in Williams
was not just of a better quality of evidence than that presented at
sentencing but was, in fact, evidence of new mitigating factors.
Second, the fact that Williams had turned himself in to the police
was a significant piece of additional mitigating evidence that is
not present in the case before us. Third, the circumstances of the
murder in that case, which arose from a simple robbery, were less
atrocious and unforgivable than those in the case before us.
27
significant weight to the quality of additional mitigating
evidence. Specifically, Williams suggests to us that the correct
analysis of our case is that with a more detailed and graphic
description and a fuller understanding of Neal’s pathetic life, a
reasonable juror may have become convinced of Neal’s reduced moral
culpability.
Viewed together, these affidavits and other evidence augment
Neal’s mitigating circumstances argument in at least five ways.
First, they present additional details about Neal’s childhood,
including the terrible living conditions with the alcoholic and
abusive father. Second, they provide a description of the bleak,
depressing, and hopeless life at the mental institutions. This is
especially true with respect to Whitfield. Third, the affidavits
describe Neal’s abuse and mistreatment in prison and his general
helplessness there. Fourth, Mr. Woolington’s testimony supports
Dr. Alexander’s limited testimony as to the level of Neal’s
retardation and his inability to control much of his behavior.
Fifth, the affidavits humanize Neal by demonstrating that there
were people along the way who saw some worth in him and befriended
him.
Our inquiry is obviously very difficult, but given the amount
and character of the mitigating evidence in this case, we believe
that there is a reasonable probability that a jury would not have
28
been able to agree unanimously to impose the death penalty if this
additional evidence had been effectively presented and explained to
the sentencing jury. In our judgment, then, the Mississippi
Supreme Court’s conclusion that the additional mitigating evidence
was merely redundant and not prejudicial is erroneous.
D
Our conclusion that the state court’s prejudice determination
is incorrect, however, is not enough to afford federal habeas
relief to Neal because, under AEDPA, we owe considerable deference
to the Mississippi Supreme Court. The statute plainly states that
we may not grant habeas relief unless the state court’s decision
unreasonably applies federal law. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1); H.R.
Conf. Rep. 104-518, 104th Cong., 2d Sess. 111 (1996) (Section
2254(d) generally "requires deference to the determinations of
state courts”). Thus, Neal must go further yet and demonstrate
that the prejudice determination of the Mississippi Supreme Court
“involved an unreasonable application” of Strickland. We now turn
to try to give meaning to the term “unreasonable application,”
especially as it applies to this case.
(1)
The Supreme Court in Williams explained that “a federal court
making the ‘unreasonable application’ inquiry should ask whether
the state court’s application of law was objectively unreasonable.”
29
Williams, 120 S. Ct. at 1521. But even after Williams, it is not
immediately clear to us whether a federal habeas court looks
exclusively to the objective reasonableness of the state court’s
ultimate conclusion or must also consider the method by which the
state court arrives at its conclusion. This question takes on some
significance in a case such as Neal’s, where the state court’s
holding (that Neal suffered no prejudice under Strickland) may be
objectively reasonable, but in reaching that holding, the court did
not adequately evaluate and weigh the substantial evidence–the
implicit suggestion being that the state court may have reached a
different, but still “reasonable,” conclusion if a more thorough
method of reasoning had been applied.10
10
The Mississippi Supreme Court’s prejudice determination is
fairly brief. After summarizing Neal’s argument, the court stated
that the additional evidence was
substantially redundant or cumulative when compared with
the evidence Neal offered at trial. Specifically, Neal
now wants to present evidence of his lack of mental
capacity, a fact said to go to the voluntariness of his
confession and to be in mitigation of sentence. But he
went into these same matters at trial. He called Dr.
Dana Alexander, a clinical psychologist. He showed that
he had been in Ellisville State School for retarded
youths and that he was later in the retardation unit at
Mississippi State Hospital at Whitfield. He further
proved that his IQ was 54. Because it is cummulative
[sic], what Neal alleges and purports to show now that
counsel should have developed and proved simply does not
amount to a substantial showing of denial of a state or
federal right. Miss. Code Ann. § 99-39-27(5).
The same is true of Neal’s allegations that
competent counsel should have done a better job at
sentencing phase of proving the details of Neal’s
30
The Seventh Circuit, sitting en banc, appears to have
concluded that federal courts must scrutinize a state court’s
method of reasoning. “By posing the question whether the state
court's treatment was ‘unreasonable,’ § 2254(d)(1) requires federal
courts to take into account the care with which the state court
considered the subject.” Lindh v. Murphy, 96 F.3d 856, 871 (7th
Cir. 1996) (en banc), rev’d on other grounds,
521 U.S. 320 (1997).
The reasonableness of a court’s application of federal law must be
measured, at least in part, by determining whether a state court
provided “a responsible, thoughtful answer reached after a full
opportunity to litigate.” Id.11
Certain passages in the Williams decision could be read to
support this view. Writing for the Court, Justice Stevens
troubled life. In addition to the testimony described
above regarding his prior institutionalization, Neal
called his mother as a witness who told his life story.
Perhaps the details could have been fleshed out more
fully through additional witnesses. This may often be
said after an unsuccessful trial experience.
Neal, 525 So. 2d at 1282-83. Cf.
Williams, 120 S. Ct. at 1502.
11
In spite of the straightforward language of Lindh, a Seventh
Circuit panel rejected the argument that the “unreasonable
application” test requires a federal habeas court to consider the
state court’s process of reasoning. See Hennon v. Cooper, 109 F.3d
330 (7th Cir. 1997). Chief Judge Posner contended that Lindh stands
only for the proposition that “the better the job the state court
does in explaining the grounds for its rulings, the more likely
those rulings are to withstand further judicial review.”
Id. at
335.
31
explained that the Virginia Supreme Court’s “prejudice
determination was unreasonable insofar as it failed to evaluate the
totality of the available mitigation evidence-–both that adduced at
trial, and the evidence adduced in the habeas proceeding–-in
reweighing it against the evidence in aggravation.” Williams, 120
S. Ct. at 1515. There is, therefore, at least some basis for the
view that Section 2254(d)’s “unreasonable application” standard
refers to the quality of the state court’s analysis.
On the other hand, this process-oriented view has been
rejected by other circuits12 and challenged by Chief Judge Posner
of the Seventh Circuit. In his view, scrutinizing state courts’
methods of reasoning “would place the federal court in just the
kind of tutelary relation to the state courts that the [AEDPA was]
designed to end.” Hennon, 109 F.3d at 334-35. Similarly, we do
not interpret AEDPA in such a way that would require a federal
habeas court to order a new sentencing hearing solely because it
finds the state court’s written opinion unsatisfactory.13 It seems
clear to us that a federal habeas court is authorized by Section
12
See, e.g., Long v. Humphrey, 184 F.3d 758, 760-61 (8th Cir.
1999) (focusing on the reasonableness of the “outcome”); O’Brien v.
Dubois,
145 F.3d 16, 25 (1st Cir. 1998) (same).
13
In that situation, a habeas petitioner may not be the victim
of constitutional error but only of a mere lapse in “judicial
articulateness.” Hennon, 109 F.3d at 335.
32
2254(d) to review only a state court’s “decision,” and not the
written opinion explaining that decision.
In the absence of clear guidance from the Supreme Court, we
conclude that our focus on the “unreasonable application” test
under Section 2254(d) should be on the ultimate legal conclusion
that the state court reached and not on whether the state court
considered and discussed every angle of the evidence. The latter
approach appears unduly formalistic considering that the federal
habeas court has the full record before it and is competent to
determine whether Strickland has been unreasonably applied to the
case before it. Even though a thorough and well-reasoned state
court opinion may be more likely to be correct and to withstand
judicial review, it simply does not follow that “the criterion of
a reasonable determination is whether it is well reasoned.” Id. at
334-35. Instead, the only question for a federal habeas court is
whether the state court’s determination is objectively
unreasonable.14
14
A number of our sister circuits have attempted to supplement
the Williams Court’s “objectively unreasonable” standard. See,
e.g., Kibbe v. Dubois, 269 F.3d 26, 36 (1st Cir. 2001)
(interpreting “objectively unreasonable” to mean “outside the
universe of plausible, credible outcomes”); Van Tran v. Lindsey,
212 F.3d 1143, 1151 (9th Cir. 2000) (interpreting the “objectively
unreasonable” standard to establish a “clear error” test). After
due consideration, we conclude that further elaboration on the
“objectively unreasonable” standard by this court is unnecessary
and inadvisable. See
Williams, 120 S. Ct. at 1522 (noting that the
term “unreasonable” is “a common term in the legal world and,
33
(2)
Thus, in making our unreasonable application determination, we
look only to the substance of the Mississippi Supreme Court’s
decision. The state court concluded that presentation of the
additional mitigating evidence would probably not have changed the
outcome of the case. The precise question, then, is whether the
court’s ultimate conclusion--that there was no prejudice and,
consequently, no ineffective assistance of counsel under the
Strickland test--is objectively unreasonable.
As we have iterated throughout this opinion, the facts of this
case are as horrible as one can imagine. The jury was reminded
repeatedly that Neal killed his own brother in an argument that
began when Neal fondled his young niece; that Neal, after killing
his brother, kidnaped his niece and her friend and then brutally
raped and killed both girls; that he shot his niece and left her to
accordingly, federal judges are familiar with its meaning”); see
also Matteo v. Superintendent, SCI Albion, 171 F.3d 877, 891 (3d
Cir. 1999) (“Notions of reasonableness abound in the law and are
not ordinarily considered problematic, despite their
imprecision.”). Imposing a surrogate “unreasonableness” standard
at this time would be a risky proposition, as our redefinition
might prove unfaithful to the Supreme Court’s intended meaning.
Undoubtedly, the term “objectively unreasonable” will acquire some
definition (as distinguished from a definition) through the course
of its application by federal habeas courts in individual cases.
To the extent that a nuanced, contextual interpretation of
“objectively unreasonable” emerges from this process over time,
this elaboration will be more useful and meaningful than any
definition we might choose to impose ab initio.
34
suffer for perhaps thirty minutes before she died. If any murder
qualifies as “heinous, atrocious, or cruel,” the murder of Amanda
Joy Neal does. We acknowledge that it was surely not unreasonable
for the Mississippi Supreme Court to suggest (implicitly) that the
evidence mitigating his moral culpability would have to be
overwhelming.
The jury in mitigation heard Neal’s pitiful life story from
his mother and a psychologist. The jury thus had before it
evidence that Neal had an IQ of 54 and the mental ability of an
eight year old; that he had been neglected by his family and spent
much of his youth in state institutions for the retarded and
mentally ill; that he had sexual identity problems; and that
because of his mental deficiencies, he was less able to control his
impulses. The evidence actually presented at the sentencing hearing
did not persuade the jury to mitigate Neal’s sentence.
Neal’s supplemental mitigation evidence also relies almost
exclusively on testimony that he was mentally retarded and had been
badly mistreated by numerous people throughout his life. Much of
this evidence had already been presented, even if in an outline
form. The only new evidence was that some of the people whom he
had encountered felt sorry for Neal and that their sympathy for his
35
plight caused them to reach out to him. Moreover, the testimony
about Neal’s life at Whitfield and the Oklahoma prison would have
proved to have been double-edged in the sense that it would have
reminded the jurors that Neal was a bully and had a criminal
conviction. Although the additional mitigating evidence was of a
significantly better quality than that actually presented, much of
it was similar in nature to the original evidence. With those
considerations in mind, the Mississippi Supreme Court concluded
that the additional evidence was not substantial enough to outweigh
the overwhelming aggravating circumstances.
Under the deferential standard of Section 2254(d), and given
the circumstances of this case, we cannot conclude that the
Mississippi Supreme Court unreasonably applied Strickland to the
facts of Neal’s case. It was not unreasonable, in other words, to
conclude that the outcome would have been the same because the
additional evidence did not serve to reduce further his moral
culpability for such a heinous and unforgivable crime beyond the
evidence already presented. We thus hold that the state court’s
prejudice determination was not objectively unreasonable, viewed in
the context of the extreme cruelty of the murder as an aggravating
36
circumstance and that much of the mitigating evidence had already
been presented to the jury, albeit in an abbreviated form.
III
Because we conclude that the Mississippi Supreme Court’s
decision did not involve an unreasonable application of Strickland,
Neal’s petition for a writ of habeas corpus must be DENIED and,
accordingly, the judgment of the district court is
A F F I R M E D.
37
E. GRADY JOLLY, Circuit Judge, with whom JONES, SMITH, BARKSDALE,
DeMOSS, and CLEMENT, Circuit Judges, join, Specially Concurring:
I concur in the opinion of the court. We took this case en
banc to decide whether “objectively unreasonable” required an
expressly articulated definition. I agree that we need not attempt
to articulate a precise definition of “objectively unreasonable.”
Nevertheless, there are considerations that habeas courts should
take into account when the term “unreasonable application” is
clearly at issue in a close case such as this one.
AEDPA is a creation of Congress, not the Constitution, and
consequently subject to the familiar rules of statutory
construction. See Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 407
(2000)(using the canon of statutory construction that every clause
of statute be given meaning in deciding the appropriate scope of
the “contrary to” and “unreasonable application” clauses of §
2254(d)(1)). As Chief Justice Marshall observed in Ex Parte
Bollman, 8 U.S. (4 Cranch) 75 (1807), “[T]he power to award the
writ by any of the courts of the United States, must be given by
written law.”
Id. at 94. The Great Writ, as referred to in the
38
Suspension Clause of the Constitution, embodied only the principle
that the judiciary has the power to review the pretrial detention
of a defendant by the executive. See Swain v. Pressley, 430 U.S.
372, 384-85 (1977) (Burger, C.J., concurring in part and concurring
in judgment); Lindh v. Murphy,
96 F.3d 856, 867-68 (7th Cir. 1996)
(en banc),rev’d on other grounds,
521 U.S. 320 (1997); Henry J.
Friendly, Is Innocence Irrelevant? Collateral Attack on Criminal
Judgments, 38 U.CHI.L.REV. 142, 170 (1970)(“It can scarcely be
doubted that the writ protected by the suspension clause is the
writ as known to the framers, not as Congress may have chosen to
expand it, or, more pertinently, as the Supreme Court has
interpreted what Congress did.”). In the 135 years since Congress
first enacted a habeas corpus statute -- that is to say, a statute
that would grant federal jurisdiction allowing collateral attacks
on state court judgments of conviction -- the award of habeas
relief has both expanded and contracted. Because federal courts
are bound by the terms on which Congress sees fit to permit relief,
we have no constitutional or other jurisprudential basis to be
reluctant to accord state court decisions the full degree of
deference that Congress intended and that the plain language of the
statute requires.
39
In Williams, the Supreme Court provided a starting point for
our understanding of the phrase “unreasonable application.” The
Williams Court found that “a federal habeas court may not issue the
writ simply because that court concludes in its independent
judgment that the relevant state-court decision applied clearly
established federal law erroneously or incorrectly. Rather the
application must also be unreasonable.” 529 U.S. at 411. The
Williams Court also emphasized that the “unreasonable application”
inquiry under AEDPA is an objective, as opposed to a subjective,
inquiry.
Id. at 410.
In determining the meaning of any statute, we start with the
statutory language. Blue Chip Stamps v. Manor Drug Stores, 421
U.S. 723, 756 (1975) (Powell, J., concurring)(“The starting point
in every case involving construction of a statute is the language
itself.”). According to the leading legal dictionary,
“unreasonable” means “not guided by reason; capricious or
irrational.” See BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 1537 (7th ed. 1999); see also
MERRIAM-WEBSTER’S COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY 1291 (10th ed. 1998) (defining
“unreasonable” as “not governed by or acting according to reason”).
The plain language of the statute thus suggests deference to a
state court decision unless it (1) involved a capricious or
40
irrational application of clearly established federal law to the
facts or (2) involved an application by the state courts that was
not governed by reason.
To the extent that the plain meaning of the term
“unreasonable” is ambiguous and not conclusive, we look to the
legislative history to decipher Congress’s intent. Garcia v.
United States, 469 U.S. 70, 76 n.3 (1984)(quoting Schwegmann
Brothers v. Calvert Distillers Corp.,
341 U.S. 384, 395 (1951)
(Jackson, J., concurring opinion)). Here, the legislative history
further reinforces the fact that Congress intended for habeas
courts to give a very high degree of deference to state court
applications of federal law.
In settling on the phrase “unreasonable application,” the
Senate explicitly rejected an alternative wording offered in the
House. Under the House version of the statute, habeas relief would
have been available only if the state court decision was “contrary
to, or involved an arbitrary or unreasonable application to the
facts, of clearly established federal law.” 141 CONG. REC. H1424
(daily ed. February 8, 1995)(emphasis added).
Significantly, the two words -- “unreasonable” (the word
eventually adopted by Congress) and “arbitrary” (the word rejected
41
by Congress) -- are not linguistically far apart. The word
“arbitrary” means “determined by individual discretion; specif.,
determined by a judge rather than fixed rules, procedures, or law.”
BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY at 100; see also MERRIAM-WEBSTER’S COLLEGIATE
DICTIONARY at 59 (defining “arbitrary” as depending on the individual
discretion (as of judge) and not fixed by law). The Senate -- and
ultimately the Congress -- apparently believed that every arbitrary
decision is unreasonable but that, in contrast, an unreasonable
decision need not always be arbitrary.
In the light of these observations, perhaps the degree of
deference federal courts owe to state court decisions can best be
conceptualized if we imagine a spectrum that ranges from arbitrary
applications of federal law on one end, to de novo review of those
applications on the other. By virtue of the close relationship
between the words “arbitrary” and “unreasonable,” it would seem
that Congress intended that “unreasonable” would fall near the
“arbitrary” end of the spectrum.
In applying the statute, it is also helpful to underscore that
the plain terms of the statute require the habeas court to conduct
an “unreasonableness” as opposed to a “reasonableness” inquiry into
the state court’s application of federal law to the facts. Thus,
42
translated to the case today, the question is not whether the
Mississippi Supreme Court was reasonable when it applied the
Strickland standard; instead, the question is whether the
petitioner bore his burden of proving that the Mississippi Supreme
Court’s application of Strickland was, in fact, unreasonable.
In sum, we must always keep in mind that the statutory term
“unreasonable” requires a very high deference to state court
decisions.
43
