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        IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT


                                 No. 14-20359                  United States Court of Appeals
                                                                        Fifth Circuit

                                                                      FILED
MARK ZASTROW; HEIGHTS AUTOHAUS,                                   June 12, 2015
                                                                 Lyle W. Cayce
             Plaintiffs - Appellants                                  Clerk

v.

HOUSTON AUTO IMPORTS GREENWAY LIMITED., doing business as
Mercedes-Benz of Houston Greenway; GEORGE A. KURISKY, JR.;
JOHNSON DELUCA KURISKY ; GOULD, P.C.,

             Defendants - Appellees




                Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Southern District of Texas


Before CLEMENT, PRADO, and ELROD, Circuit Judges.
EDITH BROWN CLEMENT, Circuit Judge:
      Plaintiffs-Appellants Mark Zastrow and his company Heights Autohaus
(collectively, “Zastrow”) appeal from the district court’s grant of summary
judgment on their claims under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt
Organizations Act (“RICO”), 18 U.S.C. §§ 1961–1968, and 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981
and 1982. For the reasons to be explained, we AFFIRM the district court’s
judgment on Zastrow’s civil RICO claim and § 1982 claim, but VACATE its
judgment on Zastrow’s retaliation claim under § 1981 and REMAND the case
for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
                                       I.
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      Zastrow owns Heights Autohaus, an automobile repair shop that
performs mechanical repairs on German cars. Zastrow previously purchased
all of his Mercedes-Benz parts from Houston Auto M. Imports, Ltd. d/b/a
Mercedes-Benz of Houston Greenway (“Mercedes Greenway”) at a 25%
discount.   In September of 2012, Zastrow’s customer and attorney in this
action, Reginald E. McKamie, Sr., brought Zastrow a 2006 Mercedes-Benz CLK
(“CLK”) to inspect. Unbeknownst to Zastrow at the time, the vehicle was the
subject of a lawsuit against Mercedes Greenway that had been compelled to
arbitration. The plaintiffs in that suit, Jesse Howard and JoAnn Jefferson-
Howard (collectively, the “Howards”), also represented by McKamie, alleged
that the CLK that Mercedes Greenway sold them was defective, and asserted
claims against the dealership for fraud, negligence, breach of contract, breach
of warranty, breach of fiduciary duty, credit discrimination, and racial
discrimination and retaliation.
      Zastrow inspected the CLK and discovered a number of mechanical
problems with the vehicle. McKamie then asked Zastrow if he would testify as
an expert witness in the Howards’ lawsuit and Zastrow agreed. Zastrow’s
deposition was scheduled for January 8, 2013. Zastrow alleges that on January
7, 2013, he received a phone call from a Mercedes Greenway employee advising
him not to sit for the deposition and warning him that he would regret it.
Zastrow, however, appeared for the deposition and testified about his
inspection of the vehicle. On January 9, 2013, the day after his deposition,
Zastrow received a phone call from the same Mercedes Greenway employee,
who then informed Zastrow that Mercedes Greenway would no longer sell
parts to him.
      The final arbitration hearing began the following week on January 14
and concluded on January 17, 2013. On January 14, Mercedes Greenway’s
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counsel, George A. Kurisky, Jr., mailed Zastrow a letter on behalf of Mercedes
Greenway formally severing the dealership’s business relationship with
Zastrow because of his deposition testimony. 1 Zastrow did not testify at the
arbitration hearing and was unaware it was taking place. His deposition
testimony, however, was read to the arbitrator.
        On January 23, 2013, McKamie sent the arbitrator a letter captioned
“Notice of Retaliation Against Witness in Discrimination Suit and Intent to
Sue.”       On March 4, 2013, Zastrow filed the instant lawsuit naming as
defendants Mercedes Greenway, Kurisky, and Kurisky’s law firm, Johnson,
Deluca, Kurisky & Gould, P.C. Although Zastrow propounds a potpourri of
legal theories, the gravamen of his complaint is that Mercedes Greenway
threatened him to prevent him from testifying and then, with the assistance of
Kurisky, retaliated against him by refusing to sell him auto parts after he gave
his deposition. The district court granted summary judgment to defendants on
all claims, and Zastrow appealed the judgment as to his claims under RICO
and 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981 and 1982.
                                             II.
        We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo,
applying the same legal standard as the district court. Performance Autoplex
II Ltd. v. Mid-Continent Cas. Co., 

, 853 (5th Cir. 2003) (per
curiam). Summary judgment is appropriate only if, interpreting all facts and
drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party, “the




        1The letter from Kurisky stated, in relevant part: “Pursuant to your expert testimony
in the above-referenced matter, this correspondence will serve as notice that Mercedes-Benz
of Houston Greenway is terminating their relationship with Heights Autohaus, effective
immediately.”
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movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the
movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).
       Where a summary judgment motion mounts challenges solely to the
sufficiency of a plaintiff’s pleadings, we review those challenges under a motion
to dismiss standard. Ashe v. Corley, 

, 544 (5th Cir. 1993). Under
this standard, “[t]he plaintiff must plead enough facts to state a claim to relief
that is plausible on its face.” Gines v. D.R. Horton, Inc., 

, 816 (5th
Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted). “We accept all well-pleaded
facts as true, viewing them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.” 

internal quotation marks omitted).
                                             III.
       Zastrow first argues that the district court erred in granting summary
judgment to defendants on his civil RICO claim. A civil plaintiff has standing
to sue under RICO if he has been “injured in his business or property by reason
of a violation of section 1962.” 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c). Zastrow brought his claim
under § 1962(c), which we have distilled to mean that “a person who is
employed by or associated with an enterprise cannot conduct the enterprise’s
affairs through a pattern of racketeering.” In re Burzynski, 

, 741
(5th Cir. 1993) (per curiam). 2 To succeed on his claim, Zastrow must provide
evidence of the existence of “1) a person who engages in 2) a pattern of
racketeering activity, 3) connected to the acquisition, establishment, conduct,
or control of an enterprise.” 

marks omitted).




       2 Section 1962(c) states: “It shall be unlawful for any person employed by or associated
with any enterprise engaged in, or the activities of which affect, interstate or foreign
commerce, to conduct or participate, directly or indirectly, in the conduct of such enterprise’s
affairs through a pattern of racketeering activity or collection of unlawful debt.”
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       “Racketeering activity” means any of the predicate acts specified in
§ 1961(1). Zastrow alleges that defendants obstructed justice in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 1503 by attempting to intimidate him to prevent him from giving
deposition testimony and testifying at the arbitration hearing. 3 As relevant
here, that statute makes it a criminal offense to “corruptly or by threats or
force, or by any threatening letter or communication . . . . endeavor[] to
influence, obstruct, or impede, the due administration of justice.” 18 U.S.C.
§ 1503(a). 4 In support of his claim, Zastrow identifies three purported criminal
actions by defendants: (1) the January 7 phone call from Mercedes Greenway
warning him not to testify; (2) the January 9 phone call from Mercedes
Greenway informing Zastrow that it would no longer sell him auto parts; and
(3) the January 14 letter from Kurisky officially ending Mercedes Greenway’s
business relationship with Zastrow because of his deposition testimony.
                                               A.
       Zastrow’s claim fails initially because he cannot show the “pattern of
racketeering activity” required to prosecute a civil RICO claim. A pattern of
racketeering activity “consists of two or more predicate criminal acts that are



       3  To the extent that Zastrow also purports to raise an independent claim under 18
U.S.C. § 1503 itself, this claim fails because “§ 1503 is a criminal statute that does not provide
for a private cause of action.” Forsyth v. Humana, Inc., 

, 1482 (9th Cir. 1997),
overruled in part on other grounds by Lacey v. Maricopa Cnty., 

, 928 (9th Cir.
2012) (en banc); accord Hanna v. Home Ins. Co., 

, 303 (5th Cir. 1960).
        4 The government must establish three elements to prove an obstruction of justice

violation under § 1503: “(1) there must be a pending judicial proceeding; (2) the defendant
must have knowledge or notice of the pending proceeding; and (3) the defendant must have
acted corruptly with the specific intent to obstruct or impede the proceeding in its due
administration of justice.” United States v. Williams, 

, 977 (5th Cir. 1989). An
“arbitration is not a judicial proceeding,” Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc. v. Byrd, 

,
222 (1985), and thus there is some question as to whether an arbitration compelled by a
district court satisfies the first element of § 1503. Because Zastrow’s RICO claim fails on
other grounds and defendants did not raise this objection, we assume without deciding that
the arbitration at issue qualifies as a judicial proceeding under § 1503.
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(1) related and (2) amount to or pose a threat of continued criminal activity.”
Abraham v. Singh, 

, 355 (5th Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks
omitted).
       First, Zastrow has, at best, identified only a single predicate act under
§ 1503: the January 7 phone call. Although he attempts to squeeze all three of
defendants’ actions under § 1503, an obstruction of justice statute, it is clear
that the phone call and letter terminating Mercedes Greenway’s business
relationship with Zastrow were not attempts “to obstruct or impede the
proceeding,” United States v. Williams, 

, 977 (5th Cir. 1989), but,
as Zastrow claims in his briefing, “retaliatory in nature.” (emphasis added).
That is, Mercedes Greenway’s termination of dealings with Zastrow cannot be
construed as threats to prevent his live testimony in the arbitration hearing
because there was no threat of further penalty—the dealership unequivocally
terminated its business with Zastrow because of his deposition testimony, it
did not make future dealings contingent on his absence at the hearing (or
indicate in any way that it would reconsider its decision if Zastrow did not
testify).
       Witness retaliation is a separate crime covered by 18 U.S.C. § 1513, the
violation of which also qualifies as a predicate act under RICO. 18 U.S.C.
§ 1961(1). Defendants’ purported misconduct, however, clearly does not fall
under this statute (and Zastrow does not argue that it does). See 18 U.S.C.
§ 1513(a)–(b) (prohibiting killing, causing bodily injury, or damaging the
tangible property of another person, or threatening to do so, with the intent to
retaliate against a witness); 

(prohibiting the “interference with
the lawful employment or livelihood of any person[] for providing to a law
enforcement officer any truthful information relating to the commission or
possible commission of any Federal offense”). Thus, even assuming the validity
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                                      No. 14-20359


of Zastrow’s theory that threatening to sever a voluntary business relationship
constitutes obstruction of justice under § 1503, 5 only Mercedes Greenway’s
initial phone call warning Zastrow not to testify would qualify as a predicate
act under RICO.
       Moreover, even assuming that the two phone calls and the letter
constitute three predicate acts under § 1503, Zastrow would still fail to satisfy
the continuity requirement. “To establish continuity, plaintiffs must prove
‘continuity of racketeering activity, or its threat.’”            Word of Faith World
Outreach Ctr. Church, Inc. v. Sawyer, 

, 122 (5th Cir. 1996) (quoting
H.J. Inc. v. Nw. Bell Tel. Co., 

, 241 (1989)). “This may be shown
by either a closed period of repeated conduct, or an open-ended period of
conduct that ‘by its nature projects into the future with a threat of repetition.’”

).            Continuity over a closed period
requires proof of “a series of related predicates extending over a substantial
period of time.” H.J. 

. “Predicate acts extending over a
few weeks or months and threatening no future criminal conduct do not satisfy
this requirement . . . .” 

an open period requires “a threat
of continued racketeering activity.” 

be established where the
predicate acts “themselves involve a distinct threat of long-term racketeering
activity” or “are part of an ongoing entity’s regular way of doing business.” 

       5 Although Zastrow did not allege a violation under 18 U.S.C. § 1512, that statute
specifically covers intimidation of a witness. In 1982, Congress concurrently enacted § 1512
and deleted all references to witnesses in § 1503. We have held that in doing so, Congress
did not intend that threats against witnesses would fall exclusively under § 1512. See United
States v. Branch, 

, 1082 (5th Cir. 1988); United States v. Wesley, 

,
964 (5th Cir. 1984). Again, because Zastrow’s RICO claim fails even assuming that Mercedes
Greenway’s “threat” would be indictable under § 1503, we need not determine whether the
alleged offending phone call would rise to the level of obstruction of justice.
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      The alleged witness intimidation and retaliation were committed within
one week and were directed towards, at most, two discrete events: Zastrow’s
deposition and his possible testimony at the arbitration hearing. “[W]here
alleged RICO predicate acts are part and parcel of a single, otherwise lawful
transaction, a ‘pattern of racketeering activity’ has not been shown.” Word of

. We have held that, where all of the alleged predicate
acts took place in the context of defending a lawsuit, the unlawful conduct “did
not constitute or threaten long-term criminal activity.” 

–43 (dismissing civil RICO claims because multiple acts of alleged mail and
wire fraud were committed in an “otherwise lawful” defense of a lawsuit that
was “now over”).     As in Burzynski, the alleged predicate acts here were
committed in the context of Mercedes Greenway’s defense of a lawsuit.
Zastrow cannot credibly argue that obstructing justice is part of defendants’
regular way of doing business or that their purported attempts to intimidate
him create a threat of long-term racketeering activity.         The entirety of
Zastrow’s claim is that Mercedes Greenway refused to sell him parts after he
served as an expert witness against the dealership in an arbitration. Any
argument that Mercedes Greenway’s business decision threatens long-term
criminal activity is frivolous. Thus, Zastrow has not shown that defendants’
alleged predicate acts amount to or constitute a threat of continuing
racketeering activity.
                                       B.
      Finally, even if Zastrow had produced evidence of a pattern of
racketeering activity, he has not demonstrated the existence of an enterprise.




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Zastrow argues that he has properly pled an “association-in-fact” enterprise 6
between Mercedes Greenway, Kurisky, and his law firm, 7 and points to the
allegation in his complaint that “[defendants] in combination agreed to engage
in unlawful acts of obstructing, impeding or influencing the due administration
of justice by communicating by telephone and later threatening letter to a
witness in an arbitration hearing in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1503.”                      “An
enterprise is a group of persons or entities associating together for the common
purpose of engaging in a course of conduct.” Whelan v. Winchester Prod. Co.,

, 229 (5th Cir. 2003). An association-in-fact enterprise “must have
an ongoing organization or be a continuing unit, such that the enterprise has
an existence that can be defined apart from the commission of the predicate
acts.” Montesano v. Seafirst Commercial Corp., 

, 427 (5th Cir.
1987).     Construed generously, Zastrow’s complaint alleges an enterprise
created by the alleged racketeering activity itself.               This is obviously not




       6  The RICO statute defines an enterprise as “any individual, partnership, corporation,
association, or other legal entity, and any union or group of individuals associated in fact
although not a legal entity.” 18 U.S.C. § 1961(4).
        7 Zastrow also summarily states that “[Mercedes] Greenway fits the definition of an

enterprise on its own.” However, § 1962(c) “requires that the RICO person be distinct from
the RICO enterprise,” St. Paul Mercury Ins. Co. v. Williamson, 

, 445 (5th Cir.
2000), and thus Zastrow could not proceed against the dealership if it alone is the enterprise.
To the extent that Zastrow would be content to continue on against Kurisky and his law firm,
he would be unable to do so because—in addition to the litany of other reasons described
above—they did not “participate in the operation or management of the enterprise.” Reves v.
Ernst & Young, 

, 185 (1993) (“[W]e hold that ‘to conduct or participate, directly
or indirectly, in the conduct of such enterprise’s affairs,’ § 1962(c), one must participate in
the operation or management of the enterprise itself.”); see RSM Prod. Corp. v. Freshfields
Bruckhaus Deringer U.S. LLP, 

, 1051 n.7 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (stating that “[t]he
circuit courts of appeals have declined to extend RICO liability under § 1962(c) to an
attorney’s provision of routine legal services” and listing cases).
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sufficient to plead the existence of an enterprise “separate and apart from the
pattern of racketeering activity in which it engages.” 

.
       The district court properly granted summary judgment on Zastrow’s
breach of contract claim dressed in civil RICO garb.
                                             IV.
       Zastrow also appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment to
defendants on his claims under §§ 1981 and 1982. 8 Section 1981 prohibits
racial discrimination in the “making, performance, modification, and
termination of contracts, and the enjoyment of all benefits, privileges, terms,
and conditions of the contractual relationship.” 42 U.S.C. § 1981. Section 1981
also prohibits retaliation against an individual who “has tried to help a
different individual, suffering direct racial discrimination, secure his § 1981
rights.” CBOCS W., Inc. v. Humphries, 

, 452 (2008). Section 1982
offers the same protection for “rights related to the ownership of property,” 

and is not relevant here.
       Zastrow argues that his testimony regarding the condition of the CLK
was necessary to prove the Howards’ claims that Mercedes Greenway sold
them a defective vehicle because of their race and in retaliation for complaining
about discriminatory treatment, and thus that he was helping the Howards
secure their § 1981 rights. 9 The district court held that Zastrow’s testimony


       8  The district court also granted summary judgment on Zastrow’s Title VII retaliation
claim. Because he has not briefed the issue, it is waived. Atwood v. Union Carbide Corp.,

, 280–81 (5th Cir. 1988) (per curiam). In any case, it should be obvious that
Zastrow has no Title VII claim because neither he nor the plaintiffs in the underlying
arbitration were employees of Mercedes Greenway and there were no Title VII proceedings.
        9 At oral argument, defendants argued that § 1981 prohibits retaliation only against

an individual who attempts to vindicate the rights of someone suffering discrimination, not
one who has suffered retaliation because of a previous complaint of discrimination.
Defendants further argued that the Howards’ complaint against Mercedes Greenway alleged
only a retaliation claim under § 1981, and thus that Zastrow’s testimony, even if it supported
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was not protected by § 1981 because “he only provided technical, expert
testimony about the [v]ehicle” and he “had no knowledge of any specific
instances of racial discrimination against the Howards by Mercedes
Greenway.” This was error.
       Section 1981 prohibits retaliation against an individual who has
attempted to vindicate another’s § 1981 rights; statutory protection is not
limited only to those who have personally witnessed the alleged discriminatory
conduct.     Likewise, it is immaterial that Zastrow did not speculate that
Mercedes Greenway discriminated against the Howards. The Howards could
not prove that the dealership sold them a defective car because of their race
without Zastrow’s testimony that the vehicle was, in fact, defective. 10 Because
Zastrow’s testimony supported the Howards’ § 1981 claim, it is protected under
the statute. See Sayger v. Riceland Foods, Inc., 

, 1032 (8th Cir.
2013) (holding that an employee who provided an interview in the course of an
internal investigation into alleged discriminatory conduct by a supervisor was
protected from retaliation under § 1981 because “someone who has




that claim, was one step removed from the scope of the statute’s protection. Protection for
an individual who attempts to vindicate another’s contract-related right does not hinge on
whether the victim of discrimination precisely affixes a § 1981 label to the deprivation of his
civil rights. Further, because we find that the Howards’ pro se complaint, liberally construed,
alleges that Mercedes Greenway sold them a defective vehicle because of their race, we need
not address the scope of Humphries.
         10 When asked in his deposition whether he testified in support of the Howards’ racial

discrimination claims, Zastrow responded that he did not. Defendants argue that this
“admission” defeats Zastrow’s claim this his testimony in the Howards’ lawsuit was protected
under § 1981. Construed in the light most favorable to Zastrow, however, his statement
indicates only that he did not testify directly as to whether Mercedes Greenway discriminated
against the Howards, not that he was unaware of the Howards’ claims of racial
discrimination.
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substantiated a complaint of a civil rights violation has . . . acted to vindicate
the rights of minorities”). 11
       Defendants also argued in the district court that Texas public policy
favors freedom of contract and a company’s termination of a business
relationship with an expert witness who testified against it is not actionable
retaliation. This is true, so long as the refusal to contract with the witness is
not based on his race, or because he has attempted to vindicate another’s § 1981
rights. See 

–53 (holding that § 1981’s protection
extends to an individual who attempts to secure another’s rights under the
statute); Patterson v. McLean Credit Union, 

, 176–77 (1989)
(explaining that § 1981 “prohibits, when based on race, the refusal to enter into
a contract with someone”), superseded by statute, Civil Rights Act of 1991, Pub.
L. No. 102-166, 105 Stat. 1074, as recognized in 

.
Because Zastrow has alleged that Mercedes Greenway refused to sell him parts
after he testified in support of the Howards’ discrimination claims, he has
stated a claim for retaliation under § 1981.
       We are skeptical, however, that Zastrow can prove that defendants
violated Zastrow’s § 1981 rights. Perhaps because non-employment retaliation
claims under § 1981 are exceedingly rare, none of the parties has articulated


       11 The Eighth Circuit also suggested in Sayger that testimony in a civil racial
discrimination suit is protected activity under § 1981. In Gacek v. Owens & Minor
Distribution, Inc., 

, 1146 (8th Cir. 2012), the Eighth Circuit left that question
open. One year later in Sayger, the court explained that a subsequent circuit decision had
held that protected activity under Title VII is also protected activity under § 1981, and Title
VII makes it illegal to retaliate against an employee who has testified or participated in any
manner in a proceeding under that 

. The import of this holding is
that any testimony in a racial discrimination case is protected by § 1981. Because the
Howards’ complaint listed a myriad of non-discrimination claims, this automatic protection
does not apply here. As explained above, though, participation in a case containing both
discrimination and non-discrimination claims is protected if it supports any of the racial
discrimination claims.
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the legal framework to apply to Zastrow’s claim. Section 1981 retaliation
claims are evaluated under the familiar three-part test of McDonnell Douglas
Corp. v. Green, 

(1973). See, e.g., Willis v. Cleo Corp., 

, 317 (5th Cir. 2014).         First, to establish a prima facie case of non-
employment retaliation under § 1981, a plaintiff must show that: (1) he
engaged in activity protected by § 1981; (2) he was subjected to an adverse
action; and (3) a causal link exists between the protected activity and the
adverse action. See 

Lizardo v. Denny’s, Inc., 

, 105 (2d
Cir. 2001) (adapting prima facie elements for a non-employment retaliation
claim under § 1981 from the elements of a retaliation claim under Title VII). 12
If the plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the defendant
to proffer a legitimate, non-retaliatory reason for the adverse action. See

–18. And if the defendant provides such an explanation,
the burden returns to the plaintiff to show that the proffered reason was
pretext for retaliation. See 

       Defendants have challenged only the first two prongs of the prima facie
case, arguing (incorrectly) that Zastrow’s testimony was not protected by
§ 1981 and that refusal to contract is not an adverse action. They have not
challenged Zastrow’s ability to demonstrate pretext.               As discussed above,
however, a company’s refusal to contract with someone who has criticized its
business and impugned its reputation is not illegal retaliation—so long as that
refusal is not a reprisal for a complaint of racial discrimination or an attempt
to support the complaint of another. Zastrow’s testimony about the condition



       12 While our circuit has provided a modified prima facie test for non-employment
discrimination claims under § 1981, see e.g., Causey v. Sewell Cadillac-Chevrolet, Inc., 

, 288–89 (5th Cir. 2004), it does not appear that we have explicitly done so for
retaliation claims.
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                                       No. 14-20359


of the CLK was necessary to establish almost all of the Howards’ claims,
including those for fraud, negligence, breach of contract, and breach of
warranty.      If Mercedes Greenway contended that it severed its business
relationship with Zastrow simply because he disparaged the dealership’s
products or quality of service, Zastrow would have to show that it actually did
so because his testimony supported the Howards’ § 1981 claims. In other
words, he would have to show that, but for his testimony’s relevance to the
Howards’ discrimination claims—his attempt to secure their § 1981 rights—
the dealership would not have stopped selling him parts. See, e.g., 

–18 (applying “but for” standard of causation to third-step pretext
inquiry for § 1981 employment retaliation claim); see also Roberts v. Lubrizol
Corp., 582 F. App’x 455, 460–61 & n.4 (5th Cir. 2014) (per curiam) (same).
       It appears to us that, in light of the general nature of his testimony and
the plethora of claims in the Howards’ case, it will be difficult for Zastrow to
create a genuine issue of fact as to pretext. But defendants have not made any
arguments related to steps two or three of the burden-shifting analysis and
thus we do not decide the issue. 13 See Gilbert v. Donahoe, 

, 311
(5th Cir. 2014) (explaining that we may affirm a judgment on a ground not
addressed by the district court only if the argument was raised below).
Accordingly, we VACATE the district court’s grant of summary judgment on


       13  Defendants stated in their district court brief that they “have not found any
authority supporting the [p]laintiffs’ allegations that a company deciding to sever a business
relationship with someone who testified as a paid expert witness against them is actionable
as retaliation.” This statement does not constitute the proffer of a non-retaliatory reason for
refusing to contract with Zastrow; it is simply a recitation of the undisputed facts that
Zastrow was an expert witness and that Mercedes Greenway terminated its dealings with
him after he testified—it does not explain why Mercedes Greenway did so. As discussed
above, if the dealership refused to sell Zastrow parts because his expert testimony supported
the Howards’ racial discrimination claims, its refusal to contract was illegal retaliation under
§ 1981; if not, it wasn’t.
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Zastrow’s § 1981 claim and REMAND the case to the district court. That court
may choose to allow additional summary judgment briefing and perform the
McDonnell Douglas analysis in the first instance.
                                      V.
      For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s grant of
summary judgment on Zastrow’s civil RICO claim and his § 1982 claim, but
VACATE its judgment on Zastrow’s § 1981 claim and REMAND the case for
further proceedings consistent with this opinion.




                                      15