Case: 14-40563   Document: 00513184127     Page: 1   Date Filed: 09/08/2015




        IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT


                                 No. 14-40563                  United States Court of Appeals
                                                                        Fifth Circuit

                                                                      FILED
ROSA SARAMIENTO MORENO,                                        September 8, 2015
                                                                 Lyle W. Cayce
             Plaintiff – Appellant,                                   Clerk

v.

LG ELECTRONICS, USA INCORPORATED; LG ELECTRONICS,
REYNOSA, S.A. DE C.V.; LG ELECTRONICS REYNOSA; DOES 1–5; LG
ELECTRONICS USA, INCORPORATED, REYNOSA,

             Defendants – Appellees.




                Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Southern District of Texas


Before REAVLEY, JONES, and ELROD, Circuit Judges.
JENNIFER WALKER ELROD, Circuit Judge:
      Rosa Saramiento Moreno appeals from an order of the district court that
set aside a clerk’s entry of default against one of the named defendants,
granted that defendant’s motion to dismiss on the basis of forum non
conveniens, and denied as moot Moreno’s motion for entry of default against
the other named defendant. Because Moreno cannot show that any purported
procedural error prejudiced her, and because the district court’s dismissal on
forum non conveniens grounds was not an abuse of discretion, we affirm.
     Case: 14-40563       Document: 00513184127          Page: 2     Date Filed: 09/08/2015


                                       No. 14-40563

                                              I.
       After allegedly suffering a disabling injury at her workplace in Mexico,
Moreno brought this diversity suit against her employer and several other
defendants: LG Electronics, U.S.A., Inc. (“LG USA”); LG Electronics, U.S.A.,
Inc., Reynosa (“LG Reynosa”); and five unnamed corporate entities. 1 Moreno
requested that the clerk enter defaults against the named defendants, LG USA
and LG Reynosa. The district court granted the request as to LG USA and
directed the clerk to enter a default against it, but the district court refused to
direct entry of a default against LG Reynosa because LG Reynosa was served
at an address different from the one listed in the summons. Moreno again
moved for entry of default against LG Reynosa, 2 but the district court did not
immediately rule on the motion because LG USA appeared after its default
was entered.
       LG USA moved to extend time to answer or respond to the complaint, to
set aside the default entered against LG USA, for a dismissal as to LG Reynosa
for lack of personal jurisdiction, and for a dismissal as to both LG USA and LG
Reynosa on the basis of forum non conveniens.                  In its motions, LG USA
maintained that LG Reynosa does not exist and that LG USA appeared on its
behalf out of an abundance of caution.




       1 The original complaint included as defendants, in addition to five unnamed corporate
entities and LG USA, two other named corporate entities with names different from (but
similar to) LG Reynosa. The amended complaint, however, named only the five anonymous
corporate entities, LG USA, and LG Reynosa.

       2   As a point of clarification, although Moreno filed an advisory announcing her intent
to “file a default judgment,” she in fact never moved for default judgment; her motions sought
only the clerk’s entry of default under Rule 55(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The
district court never entered a default judgment against any defendant, and the only default
that was ever entered in this case was entered by the clerk against LG USA.
                                              2
    Case: 14-40563       Document: 00513184127    Page: 3   Date Filed: 09/08/2015


                                  No. 14-40563

      In response to LG USA’s forum non conveniens motion, Moreno argued
that LG USA, as a defaulting defendant, could not assert procedural defenses,
but she did not respond to the merits of the motion. Over six months later, the
district court issued a single order that granted LG USA’s motion to set aside
its default, granted LG USA’s motion to dismiss on the basis of forum non
conveniens, and denied as moot Moreno’s motion for entry of default against
LG Reynosa. Moreno then initiated this appeal, arguing that the district court
procedurally erred by setting aside the default and ruling on the forum non
conveniens motion in a single order.
                                        II.
      “Federal courts apply the federal version of [forum non conveniens
doctrine] in resolving a motion to dismiss where the alternative forum is a
foreign tribunal.” Vasquez v. Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc., 

, 671
(5th Cir. 2003). To obtain dismissal on the basis of forum non conveniens, the
defendant must show “(1) the existence of an available and adequate
alternative forum and (2) that the balance of relevant private and public
interest factors favor dismissal.” 

reviews for abuse of discretion
an order dismissing a suit on the basis of forum non conveniens. DTEX, LLC
v. BBVA Bancomer, S.A., 

, 787 (5th Cir. 2007).
      When an appellant “challenges the procedural propriety of the district
court’s entry of final judgment” by alleging that the district court gave no notice
that it would rule on the merits, she must show “prejudice from the lack of
notice.” Atl. Richfield Co. v. F.T.C., 

, 651 (5th Cir. 1977). This
requires the appellant to demonstrate “‘that the lack of notice caused [her] to
withhold certain proof which would show his entitlement to relief on the
merits.’” 

Lilly & Co. v. Generix Drug Sales, Inc., 

,
1106 (5th Cir. 1972)).

                                        3
     Case: 14-40563      Document: 00513184127        Page: 4    Date Filed: 09/08/2015


                                     No. 14-40563

                                          III.
                                           A.
      We first examine whether we have jurisdiction to entertain this appeal.
Cf. Wilkens v. Johnson, 

, 330 (5th Cir. 2001) (“Even absent
a challenge by a litigant . . . we must examine the basis of our jurisdiction sua
sponte . . . .”). In its brief, LG USA states that we have jurisdiction under 28
U.S.C. § 1291, 3 but at the same time, it asserts that the district court’s order
“is arguably not a final and appealable order because there was no separate
judgment as required by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 58(a).”
      We have jurisdiction over this appeal. The district court entered its order
dismissing Moreno’s suit on May 7, 2014, and Moreno timely filed her notice of
appeal on May 29, 2014. As amended in 2002, Rule 4 of the Federal Rules of
Appellate Procedure explicitly provides that “[a] failure to set forth a judgment
or order on a separate document when required by Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 58(a) does not affect the validity of an appeal from that judgment or
order.” Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(7)(B); see also Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(7)(A)(ii) (treating
a judgment or order as entered, notwithstanding a district court’s non-
compliance with the separate-document rule, if 150 days have run from the
district court’s entry of the judgment or order).
      Indeed, even before the 2002 amendment to Rule 4, while we granted
motions to dismiss an appeal where the district court failed to comply with



      3  Forum non conveniens dismissals are final and appealable under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
See Norwood v. Kirkpatrick, 

, 31 (1955) (“‘A dismissal in application of that
[forum non conveniens] or any other principle puts an end to the action and hence
is final and appealable.’” (quoting Jiffy Lubricator Co. v. Stewart–Warner Corp., 

, 362 (4th Cir. 1949)); Cuevas v. Reading & Bates Corp., 

, 1375 (5th Cir.
1985) (“Dismissals on forum non conveniens grounds have been considered final and
appealable as of right.”), abrogated on other grounds by In re Air Crash Disaster Near New
Orleans, 

(5th Cir. 1987) (en banc).
                                            4
    Case: 14-40563     Document: 00513184127     Page: 5    Date Filed: 09/08/2015


                                  No. 14-40563

Rule 58’s separate-document requirement, see Nagle v. Lee, 

, 441
(5th Cir. 1987), we also acknowledged that the requirement “is not
jurisdictional and may be waived.” Transit Mgmt. of Se. La., Inc. v. Grp. Ins.
Admin., Inc., 

, 382 n.8 (5th Cir. 2000); see also Bankers Trust Co.
v. Mallis, 

, 387–88 (1978) (holding that a district court’s
noncompliance with the separate-document rule is waived where the order is
evidently intended to represent the final decision and the appellee does not
object); Hanson v. Town of Flower Mound, 

, 500–01 (5th Cir. 1982)
(reviewing Mallis and holding that “we may take jurisdiction of an appeal from
a ‘final decision’ under § 1291, even though no separate judgment has
been entered, when the parties fail to raise the issue”).
      By asserting that we have jurisdiction and failing to request a dismissal
of the appeal, LG USA has waived the district court’s noncompliance with the
separate-document rule. Furthermore, nothing in the record or the district
court’s order reflects that the district court intended its order to be non-final.
See Catlin v. United States, 

, 233 (1945) (“A ‘final decision’
generally is one which ends the litigation on the merits and leaves nothing for
the court to do but execute the judgment.”); cf. Farber v. La. State Bd. of Med.
Examiners, 265 F. App’x 152, 153 (5th Cir. 2008) (dismissing appeal where
appellee objected to the district court’s noncompliance with the separate-
document rule and the district court’s order “clearly contemplated further
filing” by a party). Thus, both under the amended version of Rule 4 and our
pre-amendment precedent, the district court’s failure to set forth its judgment
on a separate document does not affect the validity of Moreno’s appeal.
                                       B.
      LG USA argues that by failing to request from the district court a second
opportunity to respond to the motion to dismiss, Moreno waived the issue that

                                        5
    Case: 14-40563    Document: 00513184127     Page: 6   Date Filed: 09/08/2015


                                 No. 14-40563

she argues on appeal. See State Indus. Prods. Corp. v. Beta Tech., Inc., 

, 456 (5th Cir. 2009) (“Under our general rule, arguments not raised
before the district court are waived and will not be considered on appeal unless
the party can demonstrate extraordinary circumstances.” (internal quotation
marks omitted)). LG USA is mistaken. First, it would be nonsensical to
require Moreno to request a second opportunity to respond to the merits of the
motion before the district court ruled when the error Moreno asserts is that
the district court gave no notice it would rule on the merits. More importantly,
in her response to the motion to dismiss, Moreno specifically argued that “[t]he
procedural defense of forum non conveniens is not available to Defendant LG
USA since an entry of default has been entered against it and the Court has
not yet considered LG USA’s Motion to Set Aside Entry of Default.” Because
this is the same argument that Moreno advances on appeal, she has preserved
the issue.
                                      C.
      Having determined that we have jurisdiction and that Moreno preserved
the issue she raises, we proceed to the merits. Moreno argues that LG USA,
as a defaulting defendant, lacked standing to raise procedural defenses such
as forum non conveniens. Moreno further argues that it was error for the
district court to simultaneously set aside the default and grant the motion to
dismiss—a procedural defense that LG USA lacked standing to assert. Moreno
contends that the district court should have either denied LG USA’s motion to
dismiss without prejudice or, after setting aside the default, should have given
her an opportunity to respond to the merits of the now-ripe motion to dismiss.
      To begin, we note that Moreno does not argue that the district court erred
by setting aside LG USA’s default, nor could she. Under Rule 55, a district
court “may set aside an entry of default for good cause.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(c).

                                       6
      Case: 14-40563    Document: 00513184127        Page: 7    Date Filed: 09/08/2015


                                  No. 14-40563

The     language   of   this   rule   is       discretionary,   and   “the    decision
to set aside a default is committed to the sound discretion of the trial court.”
In re Dierschke, 

, 183 (5th Cir. 1992). Furthermore, district courts
generally should grant motions to set aside a default unless the default was
willful, the plaintiff will be prejudiced, or the defendant has no meritorious
defense. See 

United States v. One Parcel of Real Prop., 

, 183–84 (5th Cir. 1985). This is because “courts universally favor trial on
the merits.” 

(internal quotation marks omitted).
       Moreno is correct that defaulting defendants forfeit their right to assert
certain defenses. Compare Wooten v. McDonald Transit Assocs., Inc., 

, 496 (5th Cir. 2015) (defaulting defendant deemed to admit complaint’s
well-pleaded factual allegations but not its ill-pleaded factual allegations or its
conclusions of law), and Nishimatsu Constr. Co. v. Houston Nat’l Bank, 

, 1206 (5th Cir. 1975) (same), with Jackson v. FIE Corp., 

, 523 (5th Cir. 2002) (lack of personal jurisdiction an available defense).
Assuming arguendo that defaulting defendants cannot raise a forum non
conveniens defense, however, a defendant most certainly can move for a forum
non conveniens dismissal after its default is set aside, and we find no support
for Moreno’s contention that a district court cannot set aside a default and
dispose of a newly ripened forum non conveniens motion in the same order.
       As authority, Moreno principally relies on Tyco Fire & Sec., LLC v.
Alocer, 218 F. App’x 860 (11th Cir. 2007). Contrary to Moreno’s suggestion,
the Eleventh Circuit in Alocer did not confront the issue that she raises in her
appeal. In Alocer, the Eleventh Circuit examined a district court’s order that
granted a defendant’s motion to dismiss on the basis of forum non conveniens,
but unlike in this case, the order had simultaneously upheld an entry of default
against the defendant. Alocer, 218 F. App’x at 861. Noting that a defendant

                                           7
    Case: 14-40563    Document: 00513184127     Page: 8   Date Filed: 09/08/2015


                                 No. 14-40563

in default has forfeited procedural defenses such as forum non conveniens, the
Eleventh Circuit concluded that the “rulings in the district court’s order [are]
internally inconsistent.” 

The court, therefore, vacated the order
and remanded for the district court to determine whether to set aside the
default, instructing that only if the default were set aside should the district
court “then reconsider [the defendant’s] motion to dismiss for forum non
conveniens.” 

only for the proposition that a district court
cannot grant a defaulting defendant’s forum non conveniens motion while at
the same time upholding the entry of default—the opinion does not address
whether a district court may set aside a defendant’s default and rule on its
forum non conveniens motion in the same order.
      Moreno also cites a magistrate judge’s order directing that, should a
defendant’s default be set aside, the plaintiff would have ten days to respond
to the defendant’s forum non conveniens motion. See McCants v. Ala.-W. Fla.
Conference of United Methodist Church, Inc., No. CA 08-0686–KD–C, 

, at *1 (S.D. Ala. Mar. 18, 2009). While this order may model a “best
practices” approach, it does not cite any precedent requiring such an approach.
We cannot locate any, either. Presented with no authority to the contrary, we
decline to hold that a district court is precluded from setting aside a default
and granting a forum non conveniens motion in a single order.
      Even assuming arguendo that the district court procedurally erred and
should have given notice that it would rule on the merits of LG USA’s forum
non conveniens motion, Moreno—a Mexican citizen injured in Mexico in the
course of her employment with a Mexican company—cannot demonstrate
prejudice from the error because she has not shown that she would succeed in
preventing dismissal if given another opportunity to respond to the motion.
Before the district court, Moreno presented no argument against the merits of

                                       8
    Case: 14-40563    Document: 00513184127     Page: 9   Date Filed: 09/08/2015


                                 No. 14-40563

LG USA’s forum non conveniens motion. Moreno also fails to show prejudice
on appeal because her only argument against dismissal—that Mexico is not an
adequate available forum due to its “outdated statutory wage figures” and
comparatively harsh damages caps—is foreclosed by precedent.
      The doctrine of forum non conveniens allows a court to decline the
exercise of jurisdiction when the case may be heard in an alternative forum.
Gulf Oil Corp. v. Gilbert, 

, 507 (1947). “The defendant carries the
burden of persuading the court that a lawsuit should be dismissed on forum
non conveniens grounds.” 

. To invoke the doctrine,
courts must determine that an alternative forum exists and then must consider
both the “private interest of the litigant” and “[f]actors of public interest.”

. Under the doctrine, “dismissal will ordinarily be
appropriate where trial in the plaintiff’s chosen forum imposes a heavy burden
on the defendant or the court, and where the plaintiff is unable to offer any
specific reasons of convenience supporting his choice.” Piper Aircraft Co. v.
Reyno, 

, 249 (1981). In particular, “dismissal may be warranted
where a plaintiff chooses a particular forum, not because it is convenient, but
solely in order to harass the defendant or take advantage of favorable law.” 

n.15.
      The district court did not abuse its discretion by granting a forum non
conveniens dismissal in this case, and Moreno has presented no meritorious
argument demonstrating that the result would be any different were she
afforded another opportunity to oppose LG USA’s motion. “We have held in
numerous cases that Mexico is an available forum for tort suits against a
defendant that is willing to submit to jurisdiction there,” and “[t]hese many
decisions create a nearly airtight presumption that Mexico is an available
forum.” In re Ford Motor Co., 

, 412, 413 (5th Cir. 2009). In light

                                       9
    Case: 14-40563    Document: 00513184127       Page: 10     Date Filed: 09/08/2015


                                   No. 14-40563

of this strong presumption, district courts are permitted to presume that
Mexico is still an available forum unless the plaintiff “can show evidence
distinguishing [his] case from our precedent, an order from a Mexican court
dismissing [his] exact case for lack of jurisdiction, or reliable evidence of some
subsequent change in Mexican law that calls our earlier determinations into
serious question.” 

(emphasis in original).
      Moreno never made any such showing in this case, either before the
district court or before this court on appeal. Therefore, Mexico is an alternative
available forum. And while Moreno complains on appeal that Mexican tort law
limits the amount of damages that she can recover, we have previously held
that this aspect of Mexican law does not render inadequate the alternative
forum that its courts provide. See Saqui v. Pride Cent. Am., LLC, 

, 212 (5th Cir. 2010) (holding that Mexico is an adequate forum even though
the plaintiff argued that “the amount of damages would be more limited under
Mexican as opposed to American law”); 

(“‘Adequacy’
does not require that the alternative forum provide the same relief as an
American court.”); 

–72 (rejecting the argument that
Mexico’s “severe damage caps” render it inadequate as a forum for relief); see
also Piper Aircraft 

n.15 (“[D]ismissal may be warranted
where a plaintiff chooses a particular forum, not because it is convenient, but
solely in order to . . . take advantage of favorable law.”).
      Even ignoring the presumption, the private and public interest factors
weigh heavily in favor of dismissal here. The “private interest” factors include:


      (i) the relative ease of access to sources of proof; (ii) availability of
      compulsory process for attendance of unwilling, and the cost of
      obtaining attendance of willing, witnesses; (iii) possibility of view
      of [the] premises, if view would be appropriate to the action; (iv)
      all other practical problems that make trial of a case easy,
                                         10
   Case: 14-40563     Document: 00513184127       Page: 11   Date Filed: 09/08/2015


                                  No. 14-40563

      expeditious and inexpensive . . . enforceability of judgment[; and
      whether] the plaintiff [has sought to] “vex,” “harass,” or “oppress”
      the defendant.

(quoting 

). The “public interest”
factors include:


      (i) the administrative difficulties flowing from court congestion; (ii)
      the local interest in having localized controversies resolved at
      home; (iii) the interest in having a the [sic] trial of a diversity case
      in a forum that is familiar with the law that must govern the
      action; (iv) the avoidance of unnecessary problems in conflicts of
      law, or in application of foreign law; and (v) the unfairness of
      burdening citizens in an unrelated forum with jury duty.

.
      Moreno is a Mexican citizen and resident. She does not contest that her
alleged injury occurred in Mexico during the course of her employment with a
Mexican company, while working in a facility owned and operated by other
Mexican entities. It is also uncontested that the machine that allegedly caused
her injury is owned, operated, and maintained by a Mexican company. Under
these circumstances, all of the physical evidence and the majority (if not
totality) of material witnesses will be located in Mexico. “Federal courts have
no compulsory process over Mexican citizens,” 

, and
the cost of obtaining the attendance of willing witnesses would be much higher
in Moreno’s chosen forum. If a view of the premises were appropriate to the
action, such viewing would be feasible only if the trial were held in a Mexican
court. In addition, conducting a trial in the United States would likely require
the added expense of translating reports and witness testimony.             Finally,
Mexico has an interest in having localized controversies such as this one
resolved in its own courts, and the federal courts have an interest in avoiding
                                        11
   Case: 14-40563    Document: 00513184127     Page: 12   Date Filed: 09/08/2015


                                No. 14-40563

possible conflicts with—and application of—foreign law, and in not burdening
United States citizens with jury duty in an unrelated forum. The private and
public interest factors weigh heavily in favor of dismissal, and Moreno has
failed to show how the balance would tip differently were she given another
chance to oppose LG USA’s motion. See Atl. 

(party
challenging “the procedural propriety of the district court’s entry of final
judgment” must show “prejudice from the lack of notice [that the district court
would rule on the merits]”).
      In sum, Moreno has failed to demonstrate that the district court erred
by setting aside LG USA’s default and granting its forum non conveniens
motion in a single order. Moreover, even assuming that the district court
committed a procedural error by failing to give notice that it would rule on LG
USA’s motion, Moreno cannot demonstrate that any such error prejudiced her
because she has presented no meritorious argument against dismissal.
                                     IV.
      In light of the foregoing discussion, we AFFIRM.




                                      12