432 F.2d 927
Derek Jerome SINGLETON et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
JACKSON MUNICIPAL SEPARATE SCHOOL DISTRICT et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
No. 29226.
United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.
Aug. 12, 1970, Supplemental Order Aug. 25, 1970.
Fred L. Banks, Jr., Melvyn R. Leventhal, Reuben V. Anderson, John A. Nichols, Jackson, Miss., Jack Greenberg, James M. Nabrit, III, Norman J. Chachkin, Jonathan Shapiro, New York City, for plaintiffs-appellants.
Robert C. Cannada, Thomas H. Watkins, Jackson, Miss., for defendants-appellees.
Jerris Leonard, Asst. Atty. Gen., David D. Gregory, Atty., Civil Rights Division, U.S. Dept. of Justice, Washington, D.C., amicus curiae.
Before JOHN R. BROWN, Chief Judge, and MORGAN and INGRAHAM, Circuit judges.
PER CURIAM:
Here we review the District Court's order imposing a plan for a unitary school system for the elementary grades in the Jackson Municipal Separate School System. This plan was adopted pursuant to our mandate in Singleton IV, Singleton v. Jackson Municipal Separate School District, 5 Cir., 1970, 426 F.2d 1364.1
That mandate required the District Court to reconsider the plan (adopted in January 1970) for the system at the elementary level. The District Court appointed a Bi-Racial Committee also pursuant to that mandate. And that Committee2 and HEW proposed new plans. The School Board offered no new plan, but did support the Bi-Racial Committee's proposal. Plaintiffs did not propose a new plan, but did suggest substantial modifications to the January 1970 plan put forward by HEW.3
Under the stringent time limitations imposed by Alexander v. Holmes County School System, 1969, 396 U.S. 19, 90 S. Ct. 29, 24 L. Ed. 2d 19; Singleton III, Singleton v. Jackson Municipal Separate School District, 5 Cir., 1970, 419 F.2d 1211, and Singleton IV, the District Court held an evidentiary hearing4 on June 8, 1970, and on June 15, 1970 it ordered the plan proposed by the BiRacial Committee5 to be implemented.6
We find the results to be unacceptable. Under this plan approximately 70% Of the Negro elementary students will be in all (or substantially all) Negro elementary schools. In fact the 70% Figure is an understatement for Bradley and Dawson are not included in the schools that are substantially all Negro. The integration in those schools is confined to only two grades. See note 5, supra, items 3 and 8. We have to be particularly sensitive to this because the zones for some substantially segregated sceondary schools cover the same areas as are covered by the all Negro elementary school zones. And some students will likely have an education in predominately Negro schools throughout their school life. This is especially true for those students attending Blackburn Junior High and Lanier High School. See charts in Singleton V, Singleton IV; Davis v. Board of School Commissioners of Mobile County, 5 Cir., 1970, 430 F.2d 883; Mannings v. Board of Public Instruction of Hillsborough County, 5 Cir., 1970, 427 F.2d 874; Bradley v. Board of Public Instruction of Pinellas County, 5 Cir., 1970, 431 F.2d 1377.
The HEW plan7 was a substantial improvement over the plan approved by the District Court. It reduced the number of all Negro schools from 9 to 4 and the number of Negroes in which they constituted 95% Or more of the student body to 2,731. Plaintiffs' modifications8 of the HEW plan were an even greater improvement. There were to be no all Negro schools under that plan.
Both of these plans are based on a type of zoning that divides the District into large Areas, 10 in both plans, and then establishes a separate grade structure in the Area. For example, under the HEW plan, Area II, which is about 4 miles across, contains four schools in which grades 1-4 are presented and one large school in which grades 5-6 are presented. (See note 5, lines 14, 17, 18, 20, 23, supra). There was much discussion in the briefs that under this type of 'clustering' it will be necessary for the School District to provide intra-city transportation for the plans to be effective. But we do not reach this since the changes we mandate persuade us that there is a variety of ways to improve the result.
We repeat that the result below is not acceptable. When making this determination in many recent cases, we have often specified the full form that the desegregation plan is to take. However we do not believe this is the wise course here since the record is inadequate. Consequently, a remand will be required. But meantime something must be done now. We cannot accept the proposition that over 70% Of the Negro elementary students are to remain in substantially all Negro schools during the time the case undergoes more complete exploration. Consequently, pending the remand hearing and order of the District Court, discussed next, the School District is to operate under the plan approved below by the order of June 15, 1970, but with the following modifications:
(i) Brown is to be paired with Power.
(ii) Boyd is to be paired with Walton.
(iii) George is to be paired with Martin.
(iv) Robertson is to be paired with Poindexter.
(v) Lester is to be paired with Isable.
(vi) Watkins, Morrison, and Smith are to be grouped.9
(vii) The School District shall have the option of pairing: (a) Jones with Lake or (b) Johnson with Lake.
By these pairings and clusterings the percentage of Negroes in substantially all Negro schools will be reduced from over 70% To about 20%.10 We must reemphasize that these mandated modifications are an interim requirement and are not 'frozen'. The District Court is to begin a hearing not later than September 25, 1970. The hearing and order will canvass the whole elementary system with whatever changes are needed such as appropriate or required pairing, grouping, clustering, grade restructuring, and all other factors called for by our decisions and those of the Supreme Court. It will, of course, prescribe the time the changes are to become effective which must be at a time not later than January 1971 representing a midyear date regardless of formal terms or semesters. Likewise, all of the provisions of Part III, Singleton will apply as to appeals, record, briefs, etc.
Of course, the changes that will come as a result of the modifications we now specify and from the November order now called for will cause midyear disruptions, pupil reassignment and the like. But on balance, this is less costly than a continued loss of rights of a large number of students.
Modified and remanded.
SUPPLEMENTAL ORDER
To the extent consent of this Court is necessary or desirable the Court on motion of the Trustees of the Jackson Municipal Separate School District (Defendant-Appellee) joined therein by Plaintiffs-Appellants, ORDERS:
First: The opinion-order of August 12, 1970 is modified as follows:
(a) To delete the requirement that the School District is to operate under interim modifications of the plan approved by District Court order of June 15, 1970; such deletion to be conditioned upon an immediate hearing by the District Court prior to commencement of the September school term.
(b) To provide that the September term for elementary schools may open under a new, comprehensive order of the District Court as required by the August 12 opinion of this Court.
(c) To provide that the opening of elementary schools may be delayed, if necessary, a reasonable length of time to permit a hearing and order by the District Court, so that midyear changes and accompanying disruption may be avoided.
Second: In addition to the action taken by this Court as an interim matter in our opinion of August 12, 1970, the attention of the District Court is called to our recent cases in which this Court has mandated pairings, clustering or such other equally effective devices to reduce the number of all black schools (90% Or more black) and the percentage and number of blacks in all black schools. See, e.g., Valley v. Rapides Parish Sch. Bd., 5 Cir., 1970, 434 F.2d 144; Pate v. Dade County Sch. Bd., 5 Cir., 1970, 434 F.2d 1151; Henry v. Clarksdale Mun. Sep. Sch. Dist., 5 Cir., 1970, (No. 29,165, August 12, 1970); Ross v. Eckels, 5 Cir., 1970, 434 F.2d 1140; Allen v. Bd. of Public Instruction of Broward County, Fla., 5 Cir., 1970, 432 F.2d 362.
Third: The Court commends the evident collaboration of counsel and the parties and expresses its confident hope that a constitutional unitary system will be established on this hearing and the order to emerge from it.
With the intervening order for the secondary level of July 20, 1970, Singleton v. Jackson Municipal Separate School District, 5 Cir., 1970, 430 F.2d 368 (As Singleton V, the current one becomes Singleton VI)
The Bi-Racial Committee is composed of 12 persons, 6 white, who were suggested by the School Board, and 6 Negro, who were suggested by Plaintiffs. Its proposal was a result of extensive effort by people with little expertise in this field, practically no assistance for staff, and no funds. Its work did, however, represent a very commendable effort and a contribution to this community problem
This experience suggests that for the problems posed by our reversal and remand the District Court should enlist the cooperation of both HEW and the School Board in supplying one or more liaison representatives to the Committee. With this professional staff-like assistance this will enable it to be directly involved in the essential exploratory activities leading to recommendations to the District Court.
Hereafter all references to the 'HEW Plan' will be to the June HEW unless otherwise specifically stated
On the hearing the District Court did not allow the Plaintiffs to make any testimonial inquiry into the considerations taken into account in the preparation of the Bi-Racial Committee's plan. It is not necessary for us to categorize this as 'error' especially since under our mandated time schedules the hearings themselves often must be compressed. But in the full factual development of justifications required on remand, we think the proposals and any modifications should be explored as fully as needed to determine strengths and weaknesses, etc
The results under this plan are:
Under District Court
Approved Plan
Schools Negro White Percentage *
1. Baker 4 323 99%
2. Boyd 171 340 67%
3. Bradley 341 92 *** 79%
4. Brown 658 0 100%
5. Casey 30 451 94%
6. Clausell 57 166 75%
7. Davis 303 52 85%
8. Dawson 420 109 *** 79%
9. Duling 122 118 51%
10. French 142 318 69%
11. Galloway 385 162 70%
12. George 83 91 52%
13. Green 123 484 80%
14. Isable 1-4** 517 0 100%
15. Johnson 862 50 94%
16. Jones 1,234 10 99%
17. Key 50 ** 480 90%
18. Lake 50 615 92%
19. Lee 51 ** 371 88%
20. Lester 138 ** 228 62%
21. McLeod 51 665 93%
22. McWillie 38 495 93%
23. Marshall 55 ** 573 91%
23a. Martin 206 17 92%
24. Morrison 472 78 86%
25. Poindexer 134 167 55%
26. Power 39 366 90%
27. Raines 81 494 86%
28. Reynolds 982 0 100%
28a. Robertson 320 0 100%
29. Smith 1,022 0 100%
30. Spann 47 497 91%
31. Sykes 51 ** 452 90%
32. Walton 845 80 91%
33. Watkins 129 270 68%
34. Whitfield 159 230 59%
35. Wilkins 116 373 76%
--------------- ------------- ------------
TOTAL 10,488 9,217
* The percentage figures here and elsewhere reflect the proportion that the
childrenn of the majority race bear to the total student enrollment.
Percentaages are listed here strictly as informational aids. We expressly
disclaimm any intimation that racial balance is the standard by which we
determinne the acceptability of various desegregation plans.
** This plan provides for the reassignment of blacks attending Isable 5 and
6, "more or less" equally among the formerly white Lester, Key, Marshall,
Sykes and Lee Schools. Therefore the desegregation reflected in those
formerlyy white schools is limited to grades 5 and 6 only.
*** Whites assigned to these schools were assigned to Watkins under previous
court order; and since Watkins serves grades 5-6 only, these grades are
*931_ Note intergraated in grades 5-6 only.
The District did modify the Bi-Racial Committee's plan slightly by pairing Clausell and Wilkins Schools and closing Barr School and assigning those students to Poindexter
The results under the HEW Plan are:*
Under HEW Plan
Schools Grades Negro White Percentage **
1. Baker 1-6 153 307 67%
2. Boyd 5-6 360 269 57%
3. Bradley 1-6 174 203 54%
4. Brown 3-6 530 244 68%
5. Casey 1-4 10 362 97%
6. Clausell 5-6 57 166 75%
7. Davis 1-6 303 52 85%
8. Dawson 1-6 420 174 75%
9. Duling 5-6 244 171 59%
10. French 1-2 404 154 72%
11. Galloway 1-6 385 162 70%
12. George 1-6 83 103 57%
13. Green 1-4 95 518 84%
14. Isable 5-6 607 467 57%
15. Johnson 3-6 790 310 72%
16. Jones 4-6 676 434 61%
17. Key 1-4 0 368 100%
18. Lake 1-3 329 307 52%
19. Lee 1-6 128 296 70%
20. Lester 1-4 68 156 70%
21. McLeod 1-6 51 665 93%
22. McWillie 1-4 42 517 92%
23. Marshall 1-4 0 432 100%
24. Morrison 1-4 549 0 100%
25. Poindexter 1-6 118 82 59%
26. Power 1-2 267 122 68%
27. Raines 1-6 261 360 58%
28. Reynolds 1-4 1,056 0 100%
29. Smith 1-4 488 0 100%
30. Spann 1-6 47 497 91%
31. Sykes 1-6 179 400 69%
32. Walton 1-4 638 0 100%
33. Watkins 5-6 317 259 55%
34. Whitfield 1-3 369 127 74%
35. Wilkins 1-4 116 373 76%
--------- ---------
10,314 9,028
Special Ed. 218 153
--------- ---------
TOTAL 10,532 9,181
--------- ---------
* Under this plan Barr, Robertson, and Martin would be closed.
** For use of percentages see note 5* supra.
HEW Plan With Modifications
as Proposed by Plaintiffs *
NAME OF SCHOOL NEGRO WHITE % **
I - All-Negro
as of
May 8, 1970
1. Brown 530 244 68%
2. Isable 607 467 57%
3. Morrison 349 200 64%
4. Reynolds 576 300 66%
5. Robertson CLOSED
6. Smith 388 100 80%
7. Walton 438 200 69%
II - All-white
as of
May 8, 1970
1. Casey 110 262 70%
2. Key 200 218 52%
3. Lake 329 307 52%
4. Lee 128 296 70%
5. Marshall 200 282 59%
6. Sykes 179 400 69%
III - Overwhelmingly
white or Negro
as of May 8,
1970
1. Baker 153 307 67%
2. Bradley 174 203 54%
3. Clausell 57 166 75%
4. Dawson 420 174 75%
5. Johnson 790 310 72%
6. Jones 676 434 61%
7. Martin CLOSED
8. McLeod 51 665 93%
9. Power 267 122 68%
10. Spann 47 497 91%
11. Wilkins 116 373 76%
IV - Integrated
as of
May 8, 1970
1. Barr CLOSED
2. Boyd 360 269 57%
3. Davis 303 52 85%
4. Duling 244 171 59%
5. French 404 154 72%
6. Galloway 385 162 70%
7. George 83 103 57%
8. Green 295 318 52%
9. Lester 148 156 51%
10. Poindexter 118 82 59%
11. Raines 261 360 58%
12. Watkins 317 259 55%
13. Whitfield 369 127 74%
14. McWillie 242 317 58%
* Only the italicized schools are affected by Plaintiffs' modifications. And
all grade structures and zone boundaries are identical to those of th HEW
plan.
*931_ ** For use of percentages see note 5 * supra.
School N W
(i) (Power 39 366
(Brown 658 0
(ii) (Boyd 191 340
(Walton 845 80
(iii) (George 83 91
(Martin 206 17
(iv) (Robertson 320 0
(Poindexter 134 167
(v) (Lester 138 228
(Isable 517 0
(vi) (Watkins 129 270
(Morrison 472 78
(Smith 1022 0
vii(a) (Jones 1234 10
(Lake 50 615
vii(b) (Johnson 862 50
(Lake 50 615
Jones-Lake Johnson-Lake
N W N W
(i) - (vi) 4754 1637 4754 1637
vii(a) 1284 625 vii(b) 912 665
---- ---- ---- ----
TOTAL 6038 2262 5666 2302
The final number in the paired schools will vary depending on the option under (vii)(a) or (b), supra: