United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.
*1380 Douglas Bernard Lang, James A. Bledsoe, Jr., Bledsoe, Jacobson, Schmidt, Wright, Lang & Wilkinson, Jacksonville, FL, for Defendant-Appellant.
Christine M. Ho, Hal K. Litchford, Paul E. DeHart, Litchford & Christopher, P.A., Orlando, FL, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
Before BARKETT, FAY and STAPLETON,[*] Circuit Judges.
BARKETT, Circuit Judge:
Ocwen Orlando Holdings Corp. and Harvard Property Trust, LLC entered into an agreement on April 27, 2007 for the purchase of property in Orange County, Florida. In relevant part and in its original capitalization,[1] the agreement contained *1381 the following provision:
SELLER AND PURCHASER, WAIVE ANY OBJECTION TO THE VENUE OF ANY ACTION FILED IN ANY COURT SITUATED IN THE JURISDICTION IN WHICH THE PROPERTY IS LOCATED AND WAIVE ANY RIGHT TO TRANSFER ANY SUCH ACTION FILED IN ANY COURT TO ANY OTHER COURT.
Shortly after entering into the agreement, Ocwen sued Harvard in Orange County Circuit Court for declaratory relief and breach of contract. Harvard removed the suit to federal court, the district court remanded it to state court on the basis of the above-quoted language in the agreement, and Harvard now appeals.
Harvard argues that the language of the forum selection clause "waive any right to transfer" waived only its right to transfer the suit for the convenience of the parties and witnesses but did not waive its right to remove the case from state to federal court.
Forum selection clauses are interpreted according to ordinary contract principles and may constitute waivers of the right to remove. Global Satellite Commc'n Co. v. Starmill U.K. Ltd., 378 F.3d 1269, 1271-72 (11th Cir.2004); Snapper, Inc. v. Redan, 171 F.3d 1249, 1260-61 (11th Cir.1999) ("We need not decide whether the clause rises to the level of a clear and unequivocal waiver because we do not agree that such a high standard is required or desirable."). They are frequently categorized as either permissive or mandatory. "A permissive clause authorizes jurisdiction in a designated forum but does not prohibit litigation elsewhere. A mandatory clause, in contrast, `dictates an exclusive forum for litigation under the contract.'" Global Satellite, 378 F.3d at 1272 (quoting Snapper, 171 F.3d at 1262 n. 24). Notwithstanding this oft-repeated taxonomy, courts have implicitly recognized an intermediate category that provides for permissive jurisdiction in one forum that becomes mandatory upon the party sued. In Snapper, for example, we found that although the contract at issue permissively authorized suit in one forum, the forum became "`mandatory' as to the [parties sued] because it requires an absolute submission by them to the jurisdiction of whichever of these fora [the suing party] chooses." 171 F.3d at 1262.
The forum selection clause at issue here is likewise one such hybrid clause. The first portion of it is permissive. A party need not sue in Orange County, Florida, but if a suit is initiated there, the defendant's consent to venue in Orange County is contractually provided. The second portion, however, waives the parties' rights to "transfer" the suit, when filed, to "any other court." To "transfer" means to "convey or remove from one place or one person to another." Black's Law Dictionary 1536 (8th ed.2004). The clause is not susceptible to more than one interpretation; therefore, its plain meaning governs. Based upon the plain meaning of the word "transfer," we find that the forum selection clause waived Harvard's right to remove in addition to its right to transfer for the convenience of the parties and witnesses.
AFFIRMED.
[*] Honorable Walter K. Stapleton, United States Circuit Judge for the Third Circuit Court of Appeals, sitting by designation.
[1] Ocwen argues that the conspicuous capitalization of the forum selection clause in the agreement reinforces its importance. We do not consider that argument here.
