This is a Texas law diversity suit between a general contractor, Preload Technology, Inc., and a subcontractor, A.B. & J. Construction Company, Inc. Preload Technology sued A.B. & J. under theories of breach of contract and promissory estoppel for damages resulting from A.B. & J.'s refusal to perform "earth work and piping" on a water project in Grand Prairie, Texas for which A.B. & J. had submitted a subcontractor's bid. The district court, following a bench trial, held for Preload Technology under both theories, and A.B. & J. appeals on the questions of liability, damages, and the award of attorney's fees. We affirm.

In March 1979, Preload Technology, a general contractor, was preparing to bid on the construction of a "ground storage reservoir" for the City of Grand Prairie, Texas and was accepting bids from subcontractors to do "earth work and piping" on this project. A.B. & J. learned of the project and became interested in submitting a subcontractor's bid. On March 26, 1979 A.B. Cadenhead, president of A.B. & J., met with Jack Hornstein, vice president of Preload Technology, to discuss the work required for this subcontract.1 The deadline for the submission of bids to the City was the next day, March 27, at 11:00 a.m. At this meeting Cadenhead gave Hornstein an oral tentative estimate of the cost to perform the work, and Hornstein told him that this "quotation" was the lowest received by Preload Technology, "and to please look his price over to make sure all the work that we discussed was included." Early the following morning, Cadenhead called Hornstein with a revised and final bid which was $30,000 higher. Hornstein informed him that he was still the low bidder, "that we would like to use him and in order to use him I needed a written confirmation before the bid [of Preload Technology to the City] went in." Cadenhead thereupon agreed to submit this bid to Preload Technology in writing before the City's 11:00 a.m. deadline. He did so2 and Preload Technology in fact incorporated it into its final bid submitted to the City of Grand Prairie.3 When bids were opened March 27, 1979, Preload Technology was the low bidder and on April 4, 1979, it was formally awarded the contract by the City of Grand Prairie.

On April 4, 1979 Cadenhead telephoned Hornstein to inquire about the status of A.B. & J.'s bid. Hornstein was not in the office and Cadenhead's call was transferred to Bill Bush, the United States construction manager for Preload Technology and the vice president in charge of construction for the Preload Company, a sister corporation. Bush informed Cadenhead that A.B. & J. would be the subcontractor used on the Grand Prairie water project since its bid had been the lowest, and this conversation was confirmed with a memo sent to Cadenhead the same day under the "Preload Company" letterhead. Preload Technology throughout these negotiations contemplated that the Preload Company, until this time unknown to Cadenhead, would sign the actual subcontract with A.B. & J.

Subsequently, on April 17, 1979, Cadenhead sent a letter to the Preload Company, informing it that A.B. & J. would not act as a subcontractor on the Grand Prairie project, citing "changes in our workload and other developments," and stating "it would be utterly impossible for us to perform the work in the allotted time without escalating our equipment inventory and increasing our personnel level beyond our desire."4 Hornstein responded for Preload Technology by an April 25, 1979 letter to Cadenhead demanding that he retract his refusal and threatening a lawsuit if he did not. The parties then had a meeting on May 10 at which they were unable to reach an agreement, and Cadenhead maintained his refusal to perform. Hornstein then solicited bids from other subcontractors, and in June 1979 United Contracting Company (United) was awarded the subcontract to perform the work for $605,000, which was $155,056 higher than the A.B. & J. bid.

Preload Technology then filed suit against A.B. & J., claiming its right to recover under theories of breach of contract and promissory estoppel. At trial Cadenhead asserted that his refusal to perform was due to the fact that the Preload Company sought to accept his bid when it had been submitted to Preload Technology, Inc., a different entity. Cadenhead claimed that he never intended to do business with the Preload Company and that he had doubts about its financial stability as well as the financial stability of Preload Technology. He maintained that he expressed these doubts by the phrase "other developments," used in his April 17, 1979 letter. The district court, however, determined, with ample justification, that Cadenhead's testimony was "not credible." It found that the corporate structure of the "Preload Group" was not material to A.B. & J., and that the reason A.B. & J. refused to perform was its fear of losing money on the subcontract.5 The district court held A.B. & J. liable under theories of promissory estoppel and breach of contract, and awarded Preload Technology damages equal to the difference between A.B. & J.'s bid and the bid of United, the subcontractor which actually performed the work, together with attorney's fees.

On appeal, A.B. & J. denies its liability under both theories, objects to the calculation of damages and objects to the award of attorney's fees if liability is based on a theory of promissory estoppel. We affirm A.B. & J.'s liability on the grounds of promissory estoppel and the award of damages and attorney's fees.6

Texas cases have recognized the doctrine of promissory estoppel as set forth in Sec. 90 of the Restatement (First) of Contracts. Wheeler v. White, 398 S.W.2d 93 (Tex.1965); Cooper Petroleum Co. v. LaGloria Oil & Gas Co., 436 S.W.2d 889 (Tex.1969). Section 90 states:

"A promise which the promisor should reasonably expect to induce action or forebearance of a definite and substantial character on the part of the promisee and which does induce such action or forebearance is binding if injustice can be avoided only by enforcement of the promise." Restatement (First) of Contracts Sec. 90.

In Montgomery Industries International, Inc. v. Thomas Construction Co., 620 F.2d 91 (5th Cir.1980), this Court applied Sec. 90 in a Texas law diversity suit involving a general contractor's reliance upon a subcontractor's bid which the latter thereafter revoked. In Montgomery, Thomas Construction Co. was a general contractor bidding on the construction of a hospital in Galveston, Texas. It solicited bids from suppliers of pneumatic trash disposal systems. Trans Vac Systems submitted the lowest bid, and Thomas incorporated Trans Vac's figure into its final bid offer on the hospital. Thomas learned that it had submitted the lowest bid on the overall job and immediately informed Trans Vac that the latter's bid on the trash disposal system had been lowest. Trans Vac subsequently refused to perform the work on the system for the price stated in its bid. Trans Vac offered to perform for an additional $32,500 and Thomas, without a realistic alternative, accepted. After construction Thomas refused to pay the added sum, and Trans Vac sued to recover it.

In its analysis the Montgomery court relied heavily on the case of Drennan v. Star Paving Co., 51 Cal. 2d 409, 333 P.2d 757, 760 (1958), in which Justice Traynor explained the rationale for applying the doctrine of promissory estoppel in such instances:

"When the plaintiff [general contractor] used the defendant's [subcontractor's] offer in computing his own bid, he bound himself to perform in reliance upon defendant's terms. Though defendant did not bargain for this use of its bid neither did defendant make it idly, indifferent to whether it would be used or not. On the contrary it is reasonable to suppose that defendant submitted its bid to obtain the subcontract. It was bound to realize the substantial possibility that its bid would be the lowest and that it would be included by plaintiff in his bid. It was to its own interest that the contractor be awarded the general contract; the lower the subcontract bid, the lower the general contractor's bid was likely to be and the greater the chance of acceptance and hence the greater defendant's chance of getting the paving subcontract. Defendant had reason not only to expect plaintiff to rely on its bid but to want him to. Clearly defendant had a stake in plaintiff's reliance on its bid. Given this interest and the fact that plaintiff is bound by his own bid, it is only fair that plaintiff should have at least an opportunity to accept defendant's bid after the general contract has been awarded to him." 333 P.2d at 760.

Based on this rationale, the court in Montgomery held Trans Vac liable to Thomas under a theory of promissory estoppel. It concluded:

"In Texas, a subcontractor who submits a bid offer to a general contractor, knowing that the general contractor is going to rely on its bid in submitting the general bid, is bound unless it is clearly shown that the subcontractor's bid offer was not final." 620 F.2d at 97.

We hold that the case at hand falls within this general rule. A.B. & J. was specifically advised to recheck its bid, because it was the lowest. It did so, and submitted a higher bid. It was again informed that its bid was lowest and that Preload Technology intended to use it. Written confirmation was requested, and furnished, so that Preload Technology could rely on the A.B. & J. bid in making its bid to the City. A.B. & J. intended its bid to be final and knew and intended that it would be relied on by Preload Technology. The A.B. & J. bid was in fact the lowest, and Preload Technology unquestionably did rely on it in making its bid to the City. Preload Technology was awarded the City contract, and A.B. & J. was promptly advised and tendered the work bid at its bid price.

Citing evidence that Preload Technology anticipated from the start that A.B. & J.'s subcontract would be formally executed by the Preload Company, and that in fact the "replacement" earth work and piping subcontract with United was executed by the Preload Company, A.B. & J. argues that Preload Technology never intended to be bound by the A.B. & J. bid offer and accordingly may not invoke promissory estoppel. We reject this contention.

The record reflects, and the trial court found, that Preload Concrete Structures, Inc. is the parent corporation of Preload Technology and the Preload Company, both of which it "owns." These corporations all have overlapping officers and directors, have the same office and telephone and operate under a single consolidated balance sheet. The evidence showed "a loss to one results in a loss to all." They function essentially as a unit. Preload Company usually serves as the operating construction arm or division of the Preload Group. Bill Bush was the construction manager on the project for both Preload Technology and Preload Company, and would have overseen the work under the earth work and piping subcontract regardless of whether A.B. & J. had contracted with Preload Technology or Preload Company, and the scope of the work would have been the same in either case. The trial court found that Preload Technology entered into the subcontract with United "through Preload Company," in effect finding that Preload Company was acting as Preload Technology's agent for this purpose and that Preload Technology bore the cost of the United subcontract.7

There can be no doubt that Preload Technology intended to have A.B. & J. perform the earth work and piping covered by the A.B. & J. bid. This was the basis of Preload Technology's bid to, and subsequent contract with, the City. A.B. & J. was promptly informed that it would be awarded this work. Nor can there be any doubt that Preload Technology intended to become obligated to pay for this work. A five percent bid bond was required of and submitted by Preload Technology for its bid on the project, and Preload Technology subsequently executed the contract with the City, and became obligated to fulfill it. The bidding specifications, which A.B. & J. had prior to making its bid, not only called for a bid bond, but also required the general contractor to furnish performance and payment bonds in the amount of 100% of the contract price.8 On April 4, when Preload Technology entered into the contract with the City, it furnished performance and payment bonds executed by itself as principal and Insurance Company of North America as surety, each in the amount of $1,652,000, the condition of the payment bond being the principal's payment of all those supplying labor or material (whether or not pursuant to contract with or directly to the principal) in the prosecution of the work called for by the contract.9

A.B. & J., of course, had the right to insist that its subcontract be with Preload Technology, to which its bid was submitted. But A.B. & J. did not refuse to perform because the April 4 acceptance letter was from Preload Company rather than Preload Technology. The only reason for refusal which it gave in response to the April 4 acceptance letter was that "it would be utterly impossible for us to perform the work in the allotted time" (its real reason was that it would lose money). Moreover, the April 25 letter, demanding that A.B. & J. rescind the retraction of its bid, was from Preload Technology. Preload Technology was clearly capable of formally subcontracting with A.B. & J., and there is no suggestion that it would have been unwilling to do so had A.B. & J. ever raised this contention. By contrast, A.B. & J. would not have performed regardless of the identity of the party "contractor" in the subcontract. As Cadenhead testified, "I made up my mind I did not want to enter into a contract with Preload Technology, Preload Company or Preload anything."

Instead of refusing the acceptance of its bid on the grounds that the acceptance came from Preload Company, rather than Preload Technology, A.B. & J. clearly indicated that it would perform under no circumstances. Preload Technology was not then required to do the obviously useless act of tendering a more formally correct acceptance in its own name, even were we to assume that the April 25 letter was insufficient for this purpose.

The law generally recognizes that "[n]o one should be required to do a useless act, and if, because of a party's repudiation, it appears that the occurrence of a condition of a duty would not be followed by performance of the duty, the non-occurrence of the condition is generally excused." Restatement (Second) of Contracts, Sec. 255, Comment a. Cf. Sharpstown State Bank v. Great American Ins. Co., 441 S.W.2d 548 at 568 (Tex.Civ.App.--Austin 1969), rev'd on other grounds, 460 S.W.2d 117 (Tex.1970), on remand, 469 S.W.2d 254 (Tex.Civ.App.--Austin 1971, n.r.e.) (Texas recognizes predecessor section to section 255); Modern Aero Sales, Inc. v. Winzen Research, Inc., 486 S.W.2d 135 at 140-141 (Tex.Civ.App.--Dallas 1972, n.r.e.) (tender excused where tenderee indicates unwillingness to accept); Warrior Constructors v. Small Bus. Inv. Co., 536 S.W.2d 382 at 386 (Tex.Civ.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1976, n.w.h.) (same); Gheen v. Diamond Shamrock Corp., 529 S.W.2d 289 at 293 (Tex.Civ.App.--Waco 1975, n.r.e.) (refusal of tender for other reasons waives right to complain of medium of tender). Under the rule of Montgomery, the subcontractor in a case such as this is estopped from withdrawing its bid. Id., 620 F.2d at 96; Drennan, supra, 333 P.2d at 760. It is as if the subcontractor were contractually bound to keep its offer open. Cf. Restatement (Second) of Contracts, Sec. 90, Comment d ("[a] promise binding under this section is a contract ..."). A.B. & J., by repudiating its obligation to keep its offer open, may be viewed as having excused Preload Technology from making a formal tender of a technically sufficient acceptance, just as an optionee's failure to formally exercise an option will be excused by the optionor's prior repudiation thereof. Restatement (Second) of Contracts, Sec. 253, Illustration 3. Cf. Jones v. Gibbs, 133 Tex. 627, 130 S.W.2d 265 at 272, motion overruled, 133 Tex. 644, 131 S.W.2d 957 (1939) ("... failure of the optionee to comply strictly with the terms or conditions of the option will be excused where such failure is brought about by the conduct of the optionor."); Berne v. Keith, 361 S.W.2d 592 at 605 (Tex.Civ.App.--Houston 1962, n.r.e.) (Texas recognizes doctrine of anticipatory breach).

In circumstances analogous to those here, the courts in allowing the general contractor recovery under Sec. 90 have refused to countenance the subcontractor's wrongful withdrawal of its bid by the afterthought assertion that the bid's acceptance was technically deficient. See Debron Corp. v. National Homes Construction Corp., 493 F.2d 352 at 358-359 (8th Cir.1974) (subcontractor on whose bid general relied and who refused tendered subcontract only on ground bid was unauthorized, may not thereafter defend refusal on ground that subcontract varied bid terms); Reynolds v. Texarkana Construction Co., 237 Ark. 583, 374 S.W.2d 818 at 820 (1964) (subcontractor on whose bid general relied and who "rejected the proposed subcontract upon the sole ground that he could not do the work for the price that was offered," may not thereafter defend this rejection on the basis of other assertedly objectionable terms in the tendered subcontract). Cf. Cooper Petroleum Company v. LaGloria Oil & Gas Company, supra, 436 S.W.2d at 894 (estoppel may be predicated on silence where there is a duty to speak); Wheeler v. White, supra, 398 S.W.2d at 96-97 (Sec. 90 may be invoked even if the promise to be enforced is too incomplete to constitute the basis of a contract).10

It was neither objectively nor subjectively material to A.B. & J. whether its subcontract was with Preload Technology or Preload Company, and A.B. & J. would have refused a contract with either; A.B. & J.'s communication of its repudiation to Preload Technology did not suggest any technical deficiency in the acceptance of its bid and plainly announced that any attempted acceptance would be futile; Preload Technology was bound, by its contract with the City and by its performance and payment bonds, to see to it that the work called for by the A.B. & J. bid was completed and paid for, and Preload Technology at all times plainly intended to have A.B. & J. as the earth work and piping subcontractor on the job and to see to it that A.B. & J. was paid; Preload Technology had the ability to formally contract with A.B. & J., and there is nothing to suggest that it would not have, had A.B. & J. ever raised the point; while the acceptance letter of April 4 was from Preload Company, the April 25 letter was from Preload Technology, and the two companies were substantially identical. Under these circumstances, we will not defeat Preload Technology's recovery under Sec. 90, either on the theory that it originally contemplated having the A.B. & J. subcontract formally executed by Preload Company or on the theory that there was a technical deficiency in the acceptance of the A.B. & J. bid.

To prevent potential inequities, the courts have properly placed certain limits on the application of the doctrine of promissory estoppel in subcontractor bid situations. This case, however, does not transgress such limits. One such limitation is that promissory estoppel will not operate to keep the subcontractor's bid open beyond a reasonable length of time (or such other period as may be specified in the bid). Drennan, supra, 333 P.2d at 760 (1958); Wargo Builders, Inc. v. Douglas L. Cox Plumbing & Heating, Inc., 26 Ohio App. 2d 1, 268 N.E.2d 597, 599 (1971). Here, however, the city contract was awarded to Preload Technology on April 4, and as a result of the April 4 conversation between Bush and Cadenhead, A.B. & J. knew that Preload Technology was expecting A.B. & J. to do the work in accordance with its bid. This conversation was confirmed by letter the same date. As noted, it was never material to A.B. & J. that the April 4 letter was from Preload Company, instead of Preload Technology. Further, A.B. & J.'s attempted withdrawal was not on the grounds of untimeliness in accepting. Indeed, it is evident that as between the parties at the time there was no question of the acceptance being unduly delayed. Under these circumstances, the district court did not err in failing to deny Preload Technology relief on grounds of undue delay.

Another limitation on the doctrine of promissory estoppel in cases of this kind is the prohibition against "bid shopping," "bid chiseling" and related practices sometimes engaged in by general contractors after they have been awarded the general contract and before they subcontract the particular part of the work in dispute. See Drennan, supra, 333 P.2d at 760. "Bid shopping" commonly refers to a general contractor's seeking of bids from subcontractors other than the one whose bid amount the general used in calculating its own bid, and often involves the general's informing the other subcontractors of the amount of the low bid and inviting them to undercut it. "Bid chiseling" usually refers to the general contractor's attempt to negotiate a lower price than that bid from the subcontractor whose bid figure the general employed in calculating its own bid, frequently by threatening to subcontract the work to a third party. See generally, Comment, Construction Bidding Problem, 19 St. Louis U.L.J. 552, 563-566 (1975). When these practices are engaged in, recovery by the general contractor under Sec. 90 may be denied on a variety of theories, viz: that the general contractor did not in fact rely on the subcontractor's bid, or failed to accept it within a reasonable time, or rejected it by a counter-offer, or, perhaps more persuasively, because in such circumstances there is a failure to meet Sec. 90's requirement that "injustice can be avoided only by enforcement of the promise." However this may be, there is no suggestion here of any "bid chiseling," "bid shopping" or similar practice on the part of Preload Technology with respect either to the earth work and piping subcontract or any other portion of the Grand Prairie water project. Preload Technology simply sought to have A.B. & J. perform the work it had bid on for the price stated in its bid, and never sought to vary either; nor, until A.B. & J. had clearly repudiated, did Preload Technology at any time seek other bids for the earth work and piping.

A.B. & J. also contends that promissory estoppel is inapplicable because its bid was not final. The Montgomery opinion reflects that recovery in such cases is not allowed if "it is clearly shown that the subcontractor's bid offer was not final." Id. at 97. Where the bid is expressly made revocable or subject to revision, or the like, it is obviously not final and there can neither be an implied promise not to withdraw or revise the bid nor reasonable reliance on it by the general contractor. A.B. & J.'s bid, however, contains no such, nor any other, express disclaimer of finality. Nonetheless, lack of the requisite finality in a bid may appear by implication, as well as expressly. A.B. & J. argues that too many "important areas were left unsettled" in the bid for it to be considered final. The record reflects, however, that Hornstein and Cadenhead went over the plans and the city's written specifications before the bid was submitted, and these are referenced in the bid. We cannot say that as a matter of law the bid was too incomplete or indefinite to be considered final.11 Nor does the fact that the parties apparently contemplated execution of a formal subcontract following acceptance of the bid necessarily render the bid not final. See, e.g., Scott v. Ingle Bros. Pacific, Inc., 489 S.W.2d 554 at 555-556 (Tex.1972); Mechanical Wholesale, Inc. v. Universal-Rundle Corp., 432 F.2d 228 at 230 (5th Cir.1970). As the cited cases indicate, this is frequently a question of fact. The circumstance that Preload Technology relied on A.B. & J.'s bid, and that both parties intended such reliance, is a further strong indication of the bid's finality. See, Scott, supra, 489 S.W.2d at 556.12 Cf. Montgomery, supra, 620 F.2d at 96 (in rejecting a similar contention, we observed that it "would defeat the entire purpose of such bids as they are used in the commercial world."). We hold that the trial court's finding that the A.B. & J. bid was final is not clearly erroneous.13

In a final effort to defeat recovery under Sec. 90, A.B. & J. contends that this is an inappropriate case for promissory estoppel because the plaintiff, Preload Technology, failed to disclose its corporate structure, and hence came into court with "unclean hands." The evidence does not show that Preload Technology's failure in this respect was intentionally deceptive, and, as has been noted, it was in any event not material to A.B. & J. Thus we reject A.B. & J.'s "unclean hands" argument. See Gillen v. Diadrill, Inc., 624 S.W.2d 259 at 263 (Tex.App.--Corpus Christi 1981, w.o.j.) ("clean hands maxim should not be applied" at behest of one who "has not been seriously harmed" by complained of conduct); Arevalo v. Velvet Door, Inc., 508 S.W.2d 184 at 186 (Tex.Civ.App.--El Paso 1974, n.r.e.) (party relying on "the clean hands doctrine ... must show that he himself has been injured by the conduct complained of.").

Accordingly, we hold that Preload Technology was properly awarded recovery under the doctrine of promissory estoppel.14

A.B. & J. challenges the district court's computation of damages, arguing that the scope of the work performed by United was not the same as that bid by A.B. & J.

After A.B. & J.'s repudiation, Preload Technology solicited bids for the earth work and piping from several concerns. United eventually bid $605,000, and then entered into a subcontract for that amount. Due to various "extras" resulting from changes in the City's requirements, United was ultimately paid approximately $630,000, but the district court's $155,056 damage award was based only on the difference between the United bid and original subcontract price of $605,000 and the A.B. & J. bid of $449,944.

The testimony of Hornstein and Cadenhead establishes that the Hunter Associates engineering drawings and plans, and the printed book of specifications, upon the basis of which the general contract was bid and awarded, were reviewed by Hornstein and Cadenhead together in connection with A.B. & J.'s formulation of its bid. Hornstein testified that the plans were spread out before them and they "went over the work items item by item and in the specifications, which is the detail, written detail of what the drawings call for" and "reviewed the specific items of work that we were going to subcontract, the pipelines, the excavation, the backfilling, the grading." The very same plans and specifications formed the basis for the United bid.15 Hornstein testified that the scope of the United work under its $605,000 bid and contract, exclusive of the "extras," was precisely the same as that covered in his conversation with Cadenhead and outlined in the A.B. & J. bid. Cadenhead, however, disputed this in certain particulars.

The district court, "resolving conflicts in the evidence and judging credibility of the witnesses" specifically found that the "United ... bid was based upon the identical plans which A.B. & J. reviewed ... and upon which A.B. & J.'s bid was based," that "the work done by United ... was the same work A.B. & J. was to have done" (other than "negotiated extras" for which recovery was not sought), that "A.B. & J. was obligated to do the same subcontract work for $449,944 which United ... performed for $605,000," and that A.B. & J.'s claim of "material differences" in the work "is not credible." Considering the above referenced evidence, we hold that these fact findings are not clearly erroneous and must be sustained. Though such evidence and findings are a sufficient answer to each of A.B. & J.'s various claims as to differences in the work, we will further briefly advert to these on a more particular basis.

The major A.B. & J. claim is that United's work involved a 260 foot average diameter excavation, and hence the damages should have been calculated by comparing United's $605,000 price to A.B. & J.'s bid for a 261 foot diameter excavation ($518,437) rather than to A.B. & J.'s bid for a 223 foot diameter excavation ($449,944). Resolution of this dispute depends on whether the relevant diameter measurement is the average diameter or the diameter at the base of the excavation. The trial court necessarily found the latter, and we hold such finding is not clearly erroneous.

The excavation, of course, was wider at its top than at its base. The City specifications, which were the basis for both the United and the A.B. & J. bids as well as for the general contract, provided that the work would have to conform to Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations. Cadenhead, in making the A.B. & J. bid, was aware of this and was further aware that these regulations required that the excavation walls have a one-to-one, or 45 degree, slope. The hole actually dug by United was 34 feet deep, 226 feet in diameter at the base and 294 feet at the top, 68 feet wider there because of the slope. Cadenhead said its average diameter was 260 feet, which was comparable to his bid for a 261 foot diameter excavation.

As Cadenhead knew, the eight million gallon tank (the bid alternative selected by the City) had a diameter of 213 feet, and the base of the excavation required at least three additional feet for working space on each side, so A.B. & J. recognized at all times that the eight million gallon tank required a base diameter of not less than 219 feet.

Since the excavation was 34 feet deep and had a required 45 degree slope, a minimum 219 foot base diameter necessarily means a minimum average diameter of 253 feet for the eight million gallon tank. An average diameter of 223 feet would imply a base diameter of 189 feet, or 24 feet smaller than the tank itself; and, an average diameter of 235 feet would imply a base diameter of 201 feet, or 12 feet smaller than the tank itself. For the eight million gallon tank, A.B. & J. bid three diameter sizes, 223 feet, 235 feet and 261 feet, but did not specify whether the figures referred to average or base diameters (see note 2, supra ). The district court accordingly could rationally reject Cadenhead's testimony that these bids referred to average diameters, and could properly find in accordance with Hornstein's testimony that Preload Technology's bid to the City was based upon the A.B. & J. bid specifying the 223 foot diameter excavation for the eight million gallon tank, and that the same excavation work was subcontracted to United.16

A.B. & J. also asserts that United performed other work, specifically perimeter foundation excavation, the grading of a 30 foot roadway around the top of the excavation, and the sterilization of certain pipes, which were not included in A.B. & J.'s bid. With respect to the first point, the "perimeter foundation excavation" appears merely to be the excavation required to prepare for the placement of the tank, which is exactly what was contemplated by A.B. & J.'s bid.17

Second, A.B. & J. complains that United was required to grade a 30 foot strip at the top of the excavation that was not included in its bid. Hornstein testified that such a strip was customary in excavation of this type and that he had discussed it with Cadenhead the night before the bid was submitted. The district court discredited Cadenhead's assertion to the contrary, and thus, this attack on the amount of damages also fails.

Finally, A.B. & J. argues that Preload Technology's contract with United called for the sterilization of all pipes and lines connected to the tank while the A.B. & J. bid was intended to include the sterilization of only one supply line. As above, the district court discredited Cadenhead's testimony to this effect and found, based on the testimony of Hornstein and Bush, that the scope of the work was the same for both subcontractors. It is clear that they each based their bids on the same set of plans and specifications. Thus, we affirm the district court's determination that the scope of work bid by A.B. & J. was materially the same as that covered by the United bid and contract, and hold that the district court's calculation of damages was proper.

Texas law expressly provides for recovery of attorney's fees in "suits founded on oral or written contracts." Tex.Rev.Civ.Stat.Ann. art. 2226 (Vernon Supp. 1982-83).18 A.B. & J. cites authority that this statute is penal in nature and should be strictly construed. New Amsterdam Casualty Co. v. Texas Industries, Inc., 414 S.W.2d 914 (Tex.1967). It argues that since a suit founded on promissory estoppel does not fall expressly within the scope of this provision, Preload Technology is not entitled to attorney's fees. Preload Technology argues that promissory estoppel is contractual in nature and, therefore, the statute is applicable. It cites a 1979 amendment to the attorney's fees statute which provides: "This act shall be liberally construed to promote its underlying purposes." Art. 2226.

Even after the 1979 amendment to Article 2226, general expressions can be found in a few Texas Court of Appeals opinions to the effect that statutory provisions authorizing recovery of attorney's fees are to be strictly construed. See Equitable Trust Co. v. Lyle, 627 S.W.2d 824 at 826 (Tex.App.--San Antonio 1982, n.r.e.); Epperson v. Greer, 626 S.W.2d 884 at 886, 887 (Tex.App.--San Antonio 1981, n.w.h.); Williams v. Back, 624 S.W.2d 272 at 277 (Tex.App.--Austin 1981, n.w.h.). For the reasons stated in the margin, we regard the referenced language in these opinions as being of doubtful precedential value on the issue of whether Article 2226, as amended in 1979, should be strictly construed.19 On the other hand, the Texas Supreme Court has expressly indicated that under the 1979 amendment a liberal, rather than a strict, construction is to be applied to Article 2226. See Jones v. Kelley, 614 S.W.2d 95 at 100 (Tex.1981). See also Wall v. Wall, 630 S.W.2d 493 at 497 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 1982, n.r.e.).20 Even though the cause of action here appears to have arisen prior to the effective date of the 1979 amendments, we are nonetheless required to apply the "liberal construction" thereby mandated to our analysis of Article 2226 in this case.21

We have held that Preload Technology is entitled to recover under the doctrine of promissory estoppel as set forth in Sec. 90 of the Restatement (Second) of Contracts. Comment d to Sec. 90 states that "[a] promise binding under this section is a contract...."22 Moreover, the A.B. & J. bid is sufficiently definite to form the basis of a contract. We are not here dealing with enforcement of promise which by its very nature is too indefinite to have become a contract even if consideration and acceptance were present, as was the situation in Wheeler v. White, supra. We have, in effect, implied an enforceable promise on A.B. & J.'s part to keep its bid open, much like an option. Texas appellate courts have allowed recovery of attorney's fees under the "oral or written contracts" clause of Article 2226 on the basis of implied contractual promises, Guardian Bank v. San Jacinto Savings Ass'n, 593 S.W.2d 860 at 863 (Tex.Civ.App.--Houston [1st] 1980, n.w.h.), and in litigation to cancel an expired contractual right of first refusal. Ellis v. Waldrop, 627 S.W.2d 791 at 798 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 1982, n.r.e.) (contract suit provision of Article 2226 not limited "to suits for breach of contract"). Cf. Corsicana Petroleum Co. v. Owens, 110 Tex. 568, 222 S.W. 154 at 155 (1920) (an option is a contract, which is valid and binding if supported by consideration). We likewise note the long standing rule in Texas that "... a warranty which the law implies from the existence of a written contract is as much a part of the writing as the express terms of the contract, and the action to enforce such a warranty is governed by the [limitations] statute pertaining to written contracts." Certain-Teed Products Corporation v. Bell, 422 S.W.2d 719 at 721 (Tex.1968) (emphasis added). No Texas cases have been cited to us, nor has our own research discovered any, which speak to the question of whether a suit founded on promissory estoppel is within Article 2226's provision respecting "oral or written contracts." However, following the spirit of the foregoing authorities and the legislative injunction that Article 2226 is to be liberally construed,23 we hold that Preload Technology's promissory estoppel recovery in the instant case is within this provision of Article 2226. Hence, we sustain the award of attorney's fees.

Having held that Preload Technology was properly awarded recovery under the doctrine of promissory estoppel, and that the district court did not err in its award of damages and attorney's fees, the judgment below is affirmed.

AFFIRMED.