Case: 16-60292      Document: 00514140894         Page: 1    Date Filed: 09/01/2017




            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                     FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                                         United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                  Fifth Circuit

                                      No. 16-60292                              FILED
                                                                        September 1, 2017
                                                                           Lyle W. Cayce
JUAN MANUEL LOPEZ RUEDA DE LEON,                                                Clerk

              Petitioner

v.

JEFFERSON B. SESSIONS, III, U. S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

              Respondent




                       Petition for Review of an Order of the
                          Board of Immigration Appeals
                               BIA No. A202 132 711


Before REAVLEY, SOUTHWICK, and HAYNES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
       Juan Manuel Lopez Rueda De Leon (“Lopez”) appeals the Board of
Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) order denying him relief. For the reasons set
forth below, we DENY his appeal.
       I.     Factual Background and BIA Decision
       Lopez is a citizen of Mexico. He was detained upon entering the United
States with his wife and two daughters, but his place of detention was many


       * Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
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                                No. 16-60292
miles from that of the rest of his family. Lopez told border officials that he
feared persecution in Mexico by the Mexican Marines (the “Marines”) (part of
the Mexican Navy) because they made his stepson disappear and because of
his family’s subsequent protestations to the Mexican government.           The
Department of Homeland Security issued Lopez a notice to appear and charged
him as subject to removal.
      Lopez’s merits hearing took place on February 4, 2015. Lopez testified
that in June 2014, his stepson, a United States citizen and Texas resident, was
visiting the family in Mexico when he was arrested and was made to
“disappear” by the Marines.    Mexican authorities have never provided an
explanation for his son’s disappearance. Lopez testified that he and his wife
reported their son’s disappearance to American and Mexican authorities and
protested his disappearance publicly.       He and his wife also filed a
“denunciation for human rights.”
      The same day that Lopez’s wife met with Mexican officials regarding the
son’s disappearance, Lopez testified that his neighbor Pilar called his family
and notified them that the Marines destroyed their house by taking all the
furniture and possessions. Lopez and his family were away from their house
when this incident occurred and did not return. He said he and his wife
notified Mexican and American authorities about this incident. Lopez and his
wife and two daughters entered the United States several days later.
      The Immigration Judge (“IJ”) stated that he was satisfied that Lopez’s
son was kidnapped and missing and that Lopez and his wife tried to find out
what happened. But the IJ asked Lopez whether it was possible that the
Marines were executing a search warrant of his house because his son was
involved in criminal activity. Lopez responded that he did not know and had
not been presented with a warrant; he had considered the possibility that his
son was involved in criminal activity when his son first disappeared but
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rejected it because Mexican authorities never explained what happened to his
son. Lopez conceded, however, that it was common practice for the Marines to
cordon off the street when executing a search warrant and that his neighbors
had reported that the street at his house was cordoned off. Lopez indicated
that he was unable to provide additional corroborating evidence such as
evidence from his neighbor because his wife had all the necessary contact
information, and he was housed separately from her.
      Despite his finding that Lopez testified credibly, the IJ denied Lopez’s
application for a variety of reasons. The IJ concluded that Lopez failed to
corroborate his testimony. The IJ also found that even if Lopez’s house was
ransacked by the Marines, Lopez’s belief that he would be harmed by the
Marines was speculative because it was possible that the Marines executed a
search warrant of his house in furtherance of a criminal investigation of his
son. The IJ next found that Lopez failed to show that he was or will be
persecuted by the Marines on account of a protected ground. Accordingly, the
IJ concluded Lopez was not entitled to asylum or withholding of removal. The
IJ also denied Lopez’s claim under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”).
      On appeal to the BIA, Lopez argued that his due process rights were
violated, that he should be permitted to present new evidence, and that he was
persecuted on account of his actual or imputed political opinion and his
membership in the particular social group of his family. Finally, he argued
that it was likely that he would be arrested and tortured if he returned to
Mexico.
      The BIA dismissed Lopez’s appeal.       It rejected Lopez’s due process
arguments, and it declined to remand the case to the IJ for consideration of
new evidence. The BIA accepted the IJ’s finding that Lopez was not persecuted
on account of his membership in a particular social group, and rejected Lopez’s
claim of persecution on account of political opinion because Lopez’s fear
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                                 No. 16-60292
stemmed only from a complaint he made against Mexican authorities
regarding the disappearance of his son. Lastly, the BIA accepted the IJ’s
finding that Lopez will not be tortured if returned to Mexico.
      Lopez filed a timely petition for review.
      II.   Discussion
      A. Standard of Review
      We generally have the authority to review only the BIA’s decision, Wang
v. Holder, 

, 536 (5th Cir. 2009), and the BIA’s legal conclusions
are reviewed de novo, Orellana-Monson v. Holder, 

, 517 (5th Cir.
2012). But, we may review the IJ’s factual findings adopted by the BIA. 

. Findings of fact are reviewed “under the substantial evidence
standard, which requires that the decision of the BIA be based on the evidence
presented and that the decision be substantially reasonable.”           Orellana-

–18.       “Under the substantial evidence standard,
reversal is improper unless the court decides ‘not only that the evidence
supports a contrary conclusion, but also that the evidence compels it.’” 

(quoting Chen v. Gonzales, 

, 1134 (5th Cir. 2006)); see also
Kane v. Holder, 

, 236 (5th Cir. 2009) (noting that “we may not
reverse merely because we would have decided the case differently” (citation
omitted)). “The petitioner has the burden of showing that the evidence is so
compelling that no reasonable factfinder could reach a contrary conclusion.”

(citation omitted). “[T]he possibility of
drawing two inconsistent conclusions from the evidence does not prevent an
administrative agency’s finding from being supported by substantial evidence.”
Arif v. Mukasey, 

, 679 (5th Cir. 2007) (per curiam) (quoting
Consolo v. Fed. Mar. Comm’n, 

, 620 (1966)).              But an IJ’s
determinations “still ‘must be supported by specific and cogent reasons derived
from the record.’” 

(quoting Zhang v. Gonzales, 

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                                        No. 16-60292
339, 344 (5th Cir. 2005)). This standard of review also applies to petitions for
review of factual findings regarding the CAT. See 

.
      B. Asylum and Withholding of Removal
      Lopez argues that the BIA erred in dismissing his appeal because the IJ
erred in requiring corroborative evidence to show that his house was
ransacked. Our review of BIA decisions is only permitted if an applicant
exhausts all of his administrative remedies. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1). “An alien
fails to exhaust his administrative remedies with respect to an issue when the
issue is not raised in the first instance before the BIA . . . .” Roy v. Ashcroft,

, 137 (5th Cir. 2004) (per curiam) (quoting Wang v. Ashcroft, 

, 452–53 (5th Cir. 2001)).
      In this case, although Lopez mentioned corroborative evidence to the
BIA, he did so only in the context of arguing that he should be allowed to proffer
new evidence. He did not specifically challenge the IJ’s conclusion that he
should have provided corroborative evidence. In order to sufficiently exhaust
an argument, an applicant must make a “concrete statement before the BIA to
which they could reasonably tie their claims before this court.” See Omari v.
Holder, 

, 321–23 (5th Cir. 2009) (explaining that § 1252(d)
requires a petitioner to raise, present, or mention an issue to the BIA to satisfy
exhaustion, but refusing to address the specific question of how extensively a
petitioner must raise an issue to satisfy § 1252(d)); see also Yang v. Holder, 

, 588 (5th Cir. 2011) (determining that a petitioner’s argument to this
court that the IJ abused its discretion by failing to grant a continuance was not
exhausted by petitioner’s statement to the BIA that he might have known to
provide certain evidence if he had the benefit of lawyer). 1 Lopez failed to do
so. Therefore, we lack jurisdiction to hear Lopez’s corroboration arguments.


      1   See also Amosie v. Holder, 324 F. App’x 396, 398 (5th Cir. 2009) (per curiam).
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                                        No. 16-60292
See Townsend v. I.N.S., 

, 182 (5th Cir. 1986) (per curiam). Given
this conclusion, we have no basis to reconsider the IJ’s determination whether
Lopez’s house was ransacked. Without that evidence, he has no basis upon
which to challenge the denial of asylum (or withholding of removal) as there is
no realistic possibility that Lopez could show persecution or a well-founded fear
of persecution on account of his political opinion or membership in a particular
social group. 2
       C. Convention Against Torture
       To obtain relief under the CAT, the applicant must show “first, is it more
likely than not that [he] will be tortured upon return to his homeland; and
second, is there sufficient state action involved in that torture.” Tamara-
Gomez v. Gonzales, 

, 350–51 (5th Cir. 2006) (footnote omitted).
       The IJ denied Lopez’s claim under the CAT because Lopez did not
indicate that he was tortured in the past, there were no indications of mass
human rights violations in Mexico, and because Lopez indicated nothing to
suggest what may happen to him in Mexico. The BIA accepted this finding.
In his petition to this court, Lopez argues that he could not relocate within
Mexico because the Marines operate throughout the entire country, that
newspaper articles regarding the disappearance of his stepson demonstrate a
problem with disappearances in Mexico, and that the U.S. State Department’s
2013 Mexico Human Rights Report shows pervasive human rights abuses



       2 We usually lack the authority to evaluate the question in the first instance. See
Enriquez-Gutierrez v. Holder, 

, 407 (5th Cir. 2010) (“[W]e may usually only
affirm the BIA on the basis of its stated rationale . . . .”). However, affirmance is appropriate
“where there is no realistic possibility that, absent the errors, the . . . BIA would have reached
a different conclusion.” 

original) (quoting Cao He Lin v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice,

, 401 (2d Cir. 2005)). There is no way that Lopez will be able to show persecution
or well-founded fear of future persecution if he cannot challenge the IJ’s conclusion that he
must present corroborated evidence that his house was ransacked. His claim of persecution
rests on the ransacking incident.
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                                 No. 16-60292
committed by the Mexican military.
      The generalized evidence regarding human rights abuses, standing
alone, does not compel the conclusion that it is more likely than not that Lopez
would be tortured if returned to Mexico. See 

(holding
that evidence that some but not all repatriated detainees were tortured did not
entitle the petitioner to relief under the CAT because it did not establish with
requisite certainty that the petitioner would be tortured).        Nor does the
evidence about his stepson’s disappearance or even the ransacking of his house
(if considered) compel such a conclusion. The fact that the Marines abducted
Lopez’s stepson, along with Lopez’s testimony that he considered that his
stepson had been involved in criminal activity and that the Marines may have
been executing a search warrant on that basis, supports a conclusion that the
Marines were after his son, not Lopez himself. Furthermore, Lopez presented
no evidence that he was ever physically harmed.           This evidence does not
necessitate a conclusion by the BIA that Lopez will not, more likely than not,
be tortured upon return to Mexico. Therefore, we cannot conclude that relief
should be granted on this ground.
      D. Other Arguments
      We have considered Lopez’s other arguments regarding due process and
the BIA’s refusal to remand to consider new evidence. We conclude that these
arguments lack merit.
      Petition DENIED.




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