IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                                         United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                  Fifth Circuit

                                                                                FILED
                                      No. 18-30241                           May 9, 2019
                                                                           Lyle W. Cayce
CLAIMANT ID 100222322,                                                          Clerk


              Requesting Party - Appellant

v.

BP EXPLORATION & PRODUCTION, INCORPORATED; BP AMERICA
PRODUCTION COMPANY; BP, P.L.C.,

              Objecting Parties - Appellees




                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Eastern District of Louisiana
                              USDC No. 2:18-CV-37


Before HIGGINBOTHAM, JONES, and COSTA, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
       Claimant, Michael Dattoli, PLC, seeks compensation under the
Deepwater Horizon court-supervised settlement program. It has been rebuffed
at each step of the claim process because it cannot show that it was in existence
more than eighteen months before the oil spill—leading the Claims
Administrator to classify its claim as a Start-Up Business claim. The district



       * Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
                                      No. 18-30241
court granted discretionary review and agreed that the claim was properly
addressed through the Settlement’s Start-Up Business program. Finding no
error in the district court’s decision, we affirm.
                                             I
       Sarasota Health Group LLC was a medical practice founded in 2000. It
was owned by two medical doctors, Dr. Michael Dattoli and Dr. Richard Sorace,
and one lawyer, Donald Kaltenbach. Beginning in 2006, SHG began operating
under the name “Dattoli Cancer Center and Brachytherapy Institute.”
       In March of 2009, following a dispute between the owners, Claimant
“Michael Dattoli, PLC”—solely owned by Dr. Dattoli—purchased all of SHG’s
assets through an asset purchase agreement. 1 Claimant ultimately operated a
business in the same location and with the same employees, patients, services,
and operating name as SHG. SHG continued to exist, as well. At a minimum,
SHG continued to collect old accounts receivable; there is also evidence that it
had over $100,000 in assets as of 2012, a $400 decrease from 2011. The parties
disagree as to whether Claimant also assumed all of SHG’s liabilities through
the asset purchase agreement, or whether it only assumed certain liabilities
specified in the agreement. 2
       In June 2013, Claimant filed a Business Economic Loss claim with the
court-supervised settlement program. The Claims Administrator ultimately
reclassified the claim to fall under the Start-Up Business Economic Loss
program, which applies to claimants “with less than eighteen months of



       1  Shortly before this time, Dr. Sorace sold his shares of ownership in SHG to Dr.
Dattoli, such that SHG was owned by Dattoli and Kaltenbach at the time of the sale.
       2 The asset purchase agreement provided for Claimant to assume liabilities “to include

accounts payable from the normal operation of the business, the equipment lease with
Synovus Bank and the employment agreement with Richard A. Sorace, MD . . . free and clear
of any and all other liabilities, accrued or contingent.” Claimant argues, however, that this
in fact encompassed all of SHG’s liabilities. As we will explain, the resolution of this
disagreement ultimately does not affect our decision.
                                             2
                                      No. 18-30241
operating history at the time of the [spill].” The parties agree that the Start-
Up Business Economic Loss program applies a more stringent causation test
than the standard Business Economic Loss program. Applying this more
stringent standard, and excluding SHG’s financial information, the Claims
Administrator denied the claim for failure to demonstrate causation. 3 The
Appeal Panel reached the same conclusion.
         The district court granted discretionary review and affirmed the Appeal
Panel, concluding that although SHG operated an oncology practice at the
same location and with the same staff as Claimant’s current practice, “those
two legal entities have differing ownership makeups, and further, the
respective owners have no familial relationship.” Therefore, “[u]nder these
circumstances, the Settlement Program was correct to decline to use the
financials of the prior legal entity when evaluating the claim of the later legal
entity.” Claimant brought this appeal.
                                             II
         When reviewing the district court’s denial of discretionary review for
abuse of discretion, “the standard of review is effectively de novo . . . [when]
the district court was presented with purely legal questions of contract
interpretation.” 4 We have recently held that interpretive issues are similarly
reviewed de novo when the district court granted discretionary review and
affirmed the Appeal Panel. 5
         We have not yet resolved what standard of review applies to the district
court’s factual determinations when the district court grants discretionary




         3 The Claims Administrator also denied re-review and reconsideration.
         4 See In re Deepwater Horizon, 

, 1011 (5th Cir. 2015).
         5 See Claimant ID 100081155 v. BP Expl. & Pod., Inc., 

, 928 (5th Cir.

2019).
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                                    No. 18-30241
review and addresses the merits of a claim. 6 Ultimately, we need not decide
this issue here, because this case does not hinge on factual findings made by
the district court. 7 The only point of genuine factual contention between the
parties on this appeal appears to be whether the asset purchase agreement
transferred all or only some liabilities to Claimant from SHG. Even taking the
facts as Claimant has presented them—that the asset purchase agreement
involved a complete transfer of liabilities from SHG to Claimant, in addition to
a complete transfer of assets—there was no error in classifying the claim as a
Start-Up Business claim.
                                          III
      Claimant does not argue on appeal that the Claims Administrator
misapplied the causation requirement under the Start-Up framework. The sole
issue is whether the district court erred in holding that the claim was properly
classified as a Start-Up Business claim. It did not.
                                           A
      Two of our previous court-supervised settlement cases guide us in this
inquiry. While both opinions were unpublished and therefore nonprecedential,
we agree with their reasoning and conclude that the district court did not err
in concluding that the Start-Up Business Program framework applied to
Claimant.
      In BP Exploration & Production, Inc. v. Claimant ID 100169608 (Adams
Produce), a food distributor, Adams Produce Company, Inc., approved a
liquidation plan and reached an asset transfer agreement with a separate
entity, Adams Produce Company, LLC, after the Deepwater Horizon spill. 8 The


      6 See BP Expl. & Prod., Inc. v. Claimant ID 100169608 (Adams Produce), 682 F. App’x
256, 259 n.3 (5th Cir. 2017) (per curiam) (discussing, though not deciding, the proper
standard of review).
      7 See Claimant ID 

(applying the same reasoning).
      8 Adams Produce, 682 F. App’x at 257.

                                           4
                                  No. 18-30241
asset transfer agreement transferred only certain assets and liabilities; the
LLC continued to operate “Adams Produce,” which had previously been
operated by the corporation. 9 The Appeal Panel allowed the LLC to file a claim
based on the continued operation of the “Adams Produce” business
enterprise—even though the LLC had not operated prior to the oil spill. 10 The
district court reversed, reasoning that the LLC could not rely on the
corporation’s pre-spill operation of the underlying “Adams Produce” business
because the transaction had involved a transfer of assets, not merely a sale of
the corporation’s stock or a change in corporate organization. 11 In sum, “[t]he
transaction was something other than a single entity merely changing its legal
form of organization; it was a sale of assets from one entity to a separate entity
with a different set of owners.” 12
      We affirmed, holding that “[t]he Settlement Agreement makes clear that,
under these circumstances, [the LLC] is the proper business claimant, not the
underlying food business that [the LLC] operated.” 13 Although the LLC had
received “substantially all” of the corporation’s assets and liabilities and
continued to operate the underlying food business, it was a distinct entity from
the corporation, and they could not “combine to form one business claimant
with one [Business Economic Loss] claim.” 14 In particular, we emphasized the
nature of the transaction—an asset transfer agreement, rather than a stock
purchase. 15




      9 

at 257–58.
      11 

n.2.
      12 

at 260.
      14 

      15 See 

18-30241
      Adams Produce closely tracked our earlier decision in Claimant ID
100009540 v. BP Exploration and Production, Inc. (ARTCC), which involved
an oyster-processing business, Bayou Oyster, that was originally owned by
Crab Connection, LLC. 16 ARTCC purchased Bayou Oyster’s assets from Crab
Connection in 2009, leaving Crab Connection responsible for Bayou Oyster’s
liabilities. 17 The Claims Administrator and Appeal Panel rejected ARTCC’s
efforts to be classified as a preexisting entity rather than a start-up at the time
of the spill. 18 We affirmed the district court’s denial of discretionary review,
reasoning that the Settlement “makes clear that the proper claimant is the
‘entity’ asserting a business economic damages claim, and not . . . the business
(here, Bayou Oyster), that is operated by that entity.” 19 Here too, we noted the
fact that the assets were transferred by an asset sale: “[i]t is well-established
that the life of an entity continues in a stock sale, whereas assets are
transferred to a different entity in an asset sale.” 20 Because ARTCC was a
distinct entity, the Claims Administrator correctly treated it as a failed start-
up.
      As in Adams Produce and ARTCC, Claimant and SHG entered into an
asset purchase agreement—rather than a stock sale—transferring assets and
liabilities from SHG to an entity with a different ownership makeup. While
Claimant heavily emphasizes the fact that the underlying “Dattoli Cancer
Center and Brachytherapy Business” has continued uninterrupted, this was
true of the underlying businesses in Adams Produce and ARTCC as well.
Claimant also attempts to distinguish Adams Produce and ARTCC by arguing
that in both of those cases, the asset purchase agreements at issue did not


      16 680 F. App’x 263, 264 (5th Cir. 2017) (per curiam).
      17 

      19 

      20 

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                                       No. 18-30241
effect a complete transfer of both assets and liabilities to the new entities,
whereas the agreement between SHG and Claimant did. Putting aside the
parties’ disagreement on this point, 21 even if the agreement between SHG and
Claimant transferred all of SHG’s assets and liabilities to Claimant, this does
not render Adams Produce and ARTCC irrelevant. Both recognized that the
entity asserting the claim is what matters for the purposes of claim
classification, not the underlying business. 22 Here, as the district court held,
Claimant is a distinct entity from SHG—at a minimum, Claimant’s ownership
differs from SHG’s ownership because Claimant is solely owned by Dr. Dattoli,
whereas SHG was owned by Dattoli and Kaltenbach at the time of the sale.
Claimant does not dispute that SHG continued to exist and hold assets after
Claimant’s formation, corroborating the conclusion that these are separate
legal entities and not just a reorganization. Under these facts, the district court
did not err in holding that the Start-Up Business framework properly applied.
                                              B
       Claimant’s other arguments are unavailing. While Claimant points to
district court opinions that it believes support its argument, those opinions do
not control our decision—and in any event, they do not conflict with the
principles we have described. 23 To the extent that Claimant argues more



       21  As we have discussed, BP argues that the asset purchase agreement did not transfer
all liabilities from SHG to Claimant, while Claimant argues that as a practical matter, it
received all of SHG’s assets and liabilities.
        22 See Adams Produce, 682 F. App’x at 260–61; ARTCC, 680 F. App’x at 267–68.
        23 In one, the district court held that the Appeal Panel incorrectly excluded evidence

of operations and financial history of a claimant’s predecessor, where the two entities “are
essentially the same business that merely went through a re-organization and incorporation
with a new name and a new employer identification number in 2010.” For the reasons we
have explained, Claimant in this case has not shown that the asset transfer between SHG
and Claimant was the equivalent of a re-organization of the existing SHG business. In
another, an entity that was previously entirely owned by one person was effectively replaced
by a parallel entity that included the person’s wife as a 50% owner. In this case, the district
court emphasized that there was no familial relationship between SHG’s other owners and
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                                        No. 18-30241
generally that the district court failed to account for the “totality of the
circumstances” in making its determination, we disagree. Rather, Adams
Produce and ARTCC both recognized that even where an underlying business
operation continues essentially unchanged under the ownership of two
different entities, an asset purchase agreement that transfers the first entity’s
assets and liabilities to one with different ownership indicates that the
claimant is a distinct entity from its predecessor—one not entitled to marshal
the business records of the predecessor in seeking compensation under the
Settlement. 24
                                              IV
       We affirm the judgment of the district court.




Claimant’s sole owner—so, to the extent that a familial relationship between former and
current owners might affect our inquiry, it does not apply here.
       24 Claimant waived its argument that the Claims Administrator’s decision

contravened established principles of maritime law on business continuity due to failure to
raise this issue before the Appeal Panel and the district court. Further, we essentially
rejected this argument in ARTCC, where we observed that doctrine involving the “mere
continuation” exception to the rule of non-liability in a tort context is intended “to prevent
two corporations from merging in effect while limiting the liability of the surviving
corporation by structuring the transaction as a sale of assets,” which “has no relevance . . .
where [a claimant] is seeking solely to step into the shoes of [another entity] in order to claim
a benefit to which it would otherwise not be entitled.” ARTCC, 680 F. App’x at 268. Contrary
to Claimant’s argument, this did not hinge on a distinction between Louisiana law and
maritime law, but rather on the irrelevancy of the “mere continuation” doctrine to a case like
this one.
                                               8