Case: 18-60275    Document: 00515040417    Page: 1   Date Filed: 07/18/2019




        IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT  United States Court of Appeals
                                                 Fifth Circuit

                                                                  FILED
                                                                July 18, 2019
                                 No. 18-60275
                                                               Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                    Clerk
JORDANY PIERRE-PAUL, also known as Yves Pierre, also known as Yves
Paul,

             Petitioner,

v.

WILLIAM P. BARR, U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

             Respondent.




                          Petitions for Review of Order
                      of the Board of Immigration Appeals
                              BIA No. A076 459 138


Before SMITH, WIENER, and ELROD, Circuit Judges.
JENNIFER WALKER ELROD, Circuit Judge:
      Jordany Pierre-Paul petitions for review of the order of the Board of
Immigration Appeals (BIA), arguing that the immigration court lacked
jurisdiction, that the BIA erred in denying his application for asylum,
withholding of removal, and cancellation of removal, and that the immigration
judge violated his due process rights.      Because we reject Pierre-Paul’s
jurisdictional and due process arguments, we deny his petition in part.
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                                 No. 18-60275
Because we lack jurisdiction to review the denial of asylum, withholding of
removal, and cancellation of removal, we dismiss his petition in part.
                                       I.
      Pierre-Paul is a citizen of Haiti who was admitted to the United States
on May 14, 2001, based on his mother’s asylum. Since his arrival to the United
States, Pierre-Paul acquired a lengthy criminal record with nine convictions.
Before the initiation of his removal proceedings, Pierre-Paul had four criminal
convictions: a 2005 conviction for criminal trespass, a 2007 conviction for
evidence tampering, a 2007 conviction for making a terroristic threat, and a
2009 conviction for assault causing bodily injury.
      On May 11, 2010, the government initiated removal proceedings against
Pierre-Paul by filing a notice to appear with the immigration court. In the
initial notice to appear, the government included a charge for being an alien
convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude within five years of admission
to the United States, under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(i). The initial notice to
appear was personally served on Pierre-Paul, but it did not specify the time
and date of the initial hearing. The immigration court subsequently sent a
notice of hearing on May 11, 2010 that specified that Pierre-Paul’s initial
proceeding was scheduled for 8:30 AM on May 21, 2010. The notice of the
initial hearing was served both in person and by mail. Pierre-Paul, who was
detained in ICE custody, attended his initial hearing on May 21, 2010 “via
televideo.”
      While his removal proceedings were pending between October 2011 and
December 2015, Pierre-Paul acquired four more criminal convictions: a 2011
conviction for driving without a license, a 2012 conviction for cocaine
possession, a 2012 conviction for making a terroristic threat, and a 2015
conviction for cocaine possession. For this reason, Pierre-Paul was in and out
of jail and prison, and his removal proceedings were not re-calendared until
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                                     No. 18-60275
August 2016. In June 2010, the government added a charge for being an alien
convicted of multiple crimes involving moral turpitude, under 8 U.S.C. §
1227(a)(2)(A)(ii), based on Pierre-Paul’s 2007 convictions for evidence
tampering and making a terroristic threat. In December 2016, the government
also added charges, under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(B)(i), for being an alien
convicted of a crime related to a controlled substance based on his convictions
for cocaine possession.
      After a competency hearing held on October 6, 2016, an immigration
judge found Pierre-Paul mentally incompetent.                   At the hearing, the
immigration judge ordered that an attorney be appointed to represent Pierre-
Paul to protect his rights and facilitate his participation in subsequent
hearings. In March 2017, Pierre-Paul’s case was transferred to a different
immigration judge who ultimately ordered Pierre-Paul removed and denied his
application for asylum, withholding of removal, relief under the Convention
Against Torture (CAT), and cancellation of removal.
      On September 22, 2017, the immigration judge issued her order. In her
order, the immigration judge noted the fact that a previous immigration judge
had found Pierre-Paul incompetent and appointed counsel. The immigration
judge also observed that, as the proceedings continued, additional procedural
safeguards were placed:        Namely, Pierre-Paul’s narrations of facts in his
asylum application and testimony and subjective fear of returning to Haiti had
been credited as true.         The immigration judge then found Pierre-Paul
removable under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(B)(i) based on his concession of
removability and his two cocaine-possession convictions. 1



      1  The government had withdrawn the charge under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(i)
(committing a crime involving moral turpitude within 5 years of admission). The government
did not withdraw the charge under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(ii) (committing multiple crimes
involving moral turpitude); however, the immigration judge ultimately dismissed the charge
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                                      No. 18-60275
       The immigration judge also denied Pierre-Paul’s application for asylum
and withholding of removal for two reasons. First, the immigration judge
concluded that Pierre-Paul’s proposed particularized social group—mentally ill
Haitians who suffer from schizophrenia—was not legally cognizable.
Alternatively, the immigration judge concluded that Pierre-Paul failed to
demonstrate that he would be persecuted on account of being a mentally ill
Haitian suffering from schizophrenia. As to Pierre-Paul’s application for CAT
relief, the immigration judge found that Pierre-Paul failed to demonstrate that
he would be tortured by, or with the acquiescence of, the Haitian government.
       The immigration judge then denied cancellation of removal for two
reasons.     First, the immigration judge concluded that Pierre-Paul was
statutorily ineligible. See 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(a)(2) (requiring seven years of
continuous residence in the United States); Matter of Perez, 22 I. & N. Dec. 689
(BIA 1999) (holding that continuous residence terminates on the date a
qualifying offense is committed). Second, the immigration judge declined to
cancel Pierre-Paul’s removal as a matter of discretion after weighing the
favorable and adverse factors. The immigration judge concluded that “the
seriousness of [Pierre-Paul’s] criminal history and violent tendencies”
outweighed his “long-term residency, family ties, . . . employment history, . . .
[and] his mental illness.”
       The BIA dismissed Pierre-Paul’s appeal on March 16, 2018. The BIA
held that Pierre-Paul did not adequately appeal the CAT issue. The BIA
affirmed the denial of asylum and withholding of removal because Pierre-Paul
failed to establish a nexus between persecution and his proposed particular
social group. The BIA did not decide whether Pierre-Paul’s group was legally



on the ground that the record was “inconclusive” as to whether evidence tampering is a crime
involving moral turpitude under the modified categorical approach.
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                                   No. 18-60275
cognizable.   Finally, as to the denial of cancellation of removal, the BIA
expressly declined to address Pierre-Paul’s statutory eligibility. Instead, the
BIA conducted a de novo review, balanced the equities, and concluded that, as
a matter of discretion, cancellation of removal was not warranted. In the BIA’s
view, Pierre-Paul’s lengthy criminal history outweighed the positive factors.
      Pierre-Paul now petitions for our review on various grounds. First, he
argues that the immigration court lacked jurisdiction because his original
notice to appear was defective.       He also challenges the denial of asylum,
withholding of removal, and cancellation of removal.            Finally, Pierre-Paul
argues that the immigration judge violated his due process rights by failing to
adhere to the procedural safeguards that were put in place after the
competency hearing. We consider each of these issues in turn.
                                            II.
      We first turn to Pierre-Paul’s argument that the immigration court
lacked jurisdiction because his original notice to appear did not include the
time and date of the initial hearing. Title 8 C.F.R. § 1003.14 states that the
immigration    court’s    “[j]urisdiction    vests,   and   proceedings    before   an
Immigration Judge commence, when a charging document is filed with the
Immigration Court . . . .” In turn, “charging document” is defined as “the
written instrument which initiates a proceeding” before the immigration court,
including a notice to appear. 8 C.F.R. § 1003.13. The regulations further
specify that “[i]n removal proceedings pursuant to [8 U.S.C. § 1229a], the
[government] shall provide in the Notice to Appear[] the time, place and date
of the initial removal hearing, where practicable.” 8 C.F.R. § 1003.18.
      Relying on the Supreme Court’s holding in Pereira that “[a] putative
notice to appear that fails to designate the specific time or place . . . is not a
‘notice to appear under [8 U.S.C. §] 1229(a),’” Pierre-Paul argues that his
notice to appear, which lacked the time and date of his proceeding, was not a
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                                       No. 18-60275
valid charging document under 8 C.F.R. § 1003.14. Pereira v. Sessions, 138 S.
Ct. 2105, 2113–14 (2018). In response, the government answers that the notice
to appear was not defective under the regulations.                      Alternatively, the
government relies on the BIA’s post-Pereira decision in Bermudez-Cota to
argue that, even if Pierre-Paul’s notice to appear were defective, the
immigration court complied with 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a) by adhering to a two-step
process and sending a subsequent notice of hearing containing the time and
date of the hearing. See Matter of Bermudez-Cota, 27 I. & N. Dec. 441, 445–46
(BIA 2018).
       We reject Pierre-Paul’s argument for three independent reasons. 2 First,
Pierre-Paul’s notice to appear was not defective. Second, assuming arguendo
that the notice to appear were defective, the immigration court cured the defect
by subsequently sending a notice of hearing that included the time and date of
the hearing.      Third, assuming arguendo that the notice to appear were
defective and the defect could not be cured, 8 C.F.R. § 1003.14 is not
jurisdictional. Rather, it is a claim-processing rule, and Pierre-Paul failed to
raise the issue in a timely manner.
                                              A.
       Pierre-Paul’s notice to appear was not defective.                 We have already
observed that the Supreme Court in Pereira addressed a “narrow question” of
whether a notice to appear that omits the time or place of the initial hearing
triggers the statutory stop-time rule for cancellation of removal. Mauricio-
Benitez v. Sessions, 

, 148 n.1 (5th Cir. 2018); see also 

.      The key to the Pereira decision was the stop-time rule’s



       2 In this circuit, alternative holdings are binding and not obiter dictum. Luna-Garcia
v. Barr, 

, 204 n.3 (5th Cir. 2019); Texas v. United States, 

, 178 n.158
(5th Cir. 2015), aff’d by an equally divided court sub nom., United States v. Texas, 

, 2272 (2016) (Mem.).
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                                   No. 18-60275
reference to “under,” which was “the glue that bonds the stop-time rule to [8
U.S.C. § 1229(a)’s] substantive time-and-place 

. The stop-time rule states that an alien’s “period of . . . continuous
physical presence” is “deemed to end . . . when the alien is served a notice to
appear under [8 U.S.C. § 1229(a)].” 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(d)(1) (emphasis added).
8 U.S.C. § 1229(a) specifies that a notice to appear must include the time and
place of the initial hearing.     8 U.S.C. § 1229(a)(1)(G)(i).     Looking to “the
intersection of those statutory provisions,” the Supreme Court held that “[a]
putative notice to appear that fails to designate the specific time or place . . . is
not a ‘notice to appear under [8 U.S.C. §] 1229(a).’” 

,
2113–14.
      Pierre-Paul seeks to extend Pereira’s narrow holding beyond the stop-
time rule context: Because his notice to appear omitted the time and date of
his initial hearing, he argues that it was defective and could not constitute a
charging document. The government responds by pointing us to our sister
circuits’ cases holding that Pereira does not extend outside the stop-time rule
context and by arguing that, to serve as a charging document, the notice to
appear needs to satisfy the regulations, not 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a).
      We reject Pierre-Paul’s argument and join the overwhelming chorus of
our sister circuits that have already rejected similar Pereira-based challenges.
See Nkomo v. Attorney Gen., No. 18-3109, 

, at *2–3 (3d Cir.
July 12, 2019); Ali v. Barr, 

, 986 (8th Cir. 2019); Banegas Gomez
v. Barr, 

, 110–12 (2d Cir. 2019); Soriano-Mendosa v. Barr, 768 F.
App’x 796, 801–02 (10th Cir. 2019); Santos-Santos v. Barr, 

, 490–
91 (6th Cir. 2019); Karingithi v. Whitaker, 

, 1161–62 (9th Cir.
2019); Leonard v. Whitaker, 746 F. App’x 269, 269–70 (4th Cir. 2018) (citing

n.1); see also Ortiz-Santiago v. Barr, 924


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                                      No. 18-60275
F.3d 956, 966 (7th Cir. 2019). 3 Pereira turned on the intersection of two
statutory texts and the word “under” that glued the stop-time rule to the time-
and-place 

; see also 8 U.S.C. §§ 1229(a),
1229b(d)(1). However, the regulations do not carry such glue and are not
textually bonded to 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a). See Banegas 

;

(“There is no ‘glue’ to bind § 1229(a) and [these]
regulations[.]”).
       As noted above, under 8 C.F.R. § 1003.14, proceedings before an
immigration judge commence when a charging document is filed. To constitute
a valid charging document, the regulations require that a notice to appear list
the nature of the proceedings, the legal authority for the proceedings, and the
warning about the possibility of in absentia removal, etc. 8 C.F.R. §§ 1003.15,
1003.26; see also 

(cataloguing required items
under the regulations). The government must include the time, date, and place
of the initial hearing only “where practicable.” 8 C.F.R. § 1003.18(b). Conflicts
between the regulations and 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a) arise and implicate Pereira
only when the government attempts to use a notice to appear that omits the
time or place to satisfy one of the statutorily defined functions that are
textually glued to 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a).
       Here, Pierre-Paul’s initial notice to appear complied with all of the
regulatory requirements. Even though his notice to appear did not include the
time and date of his initial hearing, the regulations do not require this
information. Thus, Pierre-Paul’s notice to appear was not defective.



       3 Among our sister circuits, so far, the Seventh Circuit stands alone in partially
accepting the Pereira-based argument that a notice to appear that does not contain the time
or place is defective. 

. Ultimately, however, the Seventh
Circuit concluded that the immigration court’s jurisdiction was not affected because 8 C.F.R.
§ 1003.14 is a claim-processing rule. 

. We agree with this
second holding and discuss it below in Part II.C.
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                                   No. 18-60275
                                        B.
      Alternatively, assuming arguendo that Pierre-Paul’s notice to appear
were defective under 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a), the immigration court cured the defect
by subsequently mailing a notice of hearing that contained the time and date
of the initial hearing.
      The government relies on the BIA’s precedential opinion concluding that
a defective notice to appear can be cured “so long as a notice of hearing
specifying this information is later sent to the alien.” Bermudez-Cota, 27 I. &
N. Dec. at 447. The BIA also observed that “[t]he regulation does not specify
what information must be contained in a ‘charging document’ at the time it is
filed with an Immigration Court” and that the regulation does not “mandate
that the document specify the time and date of the initial hearing.” 

Several of our sister circuits have held that “[t]he BIA’s interpretation does not
conflict with the [Immigration and Nationality Act] and is consistent with the
regulations.” Banegas 

; see also Molina-Guillen v. U.S.
Attorney Gen., 758 F. App’x 893, 898–99 (11th Cir. 2019); 

–62; 

–15; but see Lopez v. Barr, 

, 405 (9th Cir. 2019) (holding that a defective notice to appear cannot
be cured); 

(same).
      We agree with the government, the BIA, and some of our sister circuits
that a defective notice to appear may be cured with a subsequent notice of
hearing. As a threshold matter, Pereira did not directly address whether a
defective notice to appear may be cured by a subsequent notice of hearing.
Pereira was served with a notice to appear that omitted the date and time of
his initial hearing, but he was never served with a subsequent notice of hearing
because the immigration court mailed the notice of hearing to a wrong address.

. “Because [the government] failed to serve Pereira
with a supplemental notice . . . , the Supreme Court was not called upon to,
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                                  No. 18-60275
and did not, address whether all the requirements of a notice to appear listed
in [8 U.S.C.] § 1229(a) must be contained in a single document.” 

(Callahan, J., dissenting).
      The two-step process comports with relevant statutory language. Title
8 U.S.C. § 1229(a) states that “written notice (in this section referred to as a
‘notice to appear’) shall be given . . . to the alien . . . specifying” the required
items including the time and place of the initial proceedings.            8 U.S.C.
§ 1229(a)(1)(G)(i). The noun “written notice” as used in § 1229(a) alone does
not specify that all the required items must be contained in a single document.
Matter of Hernandez, 27 I. & N. Dec. 520, 531 (BIA 2019) (declining to interpret
§ 1229(a) as requiring a single document). Although “written notice” is referred
to as “a ‘notice to appear’” in 8 U.S.C. § 1229, the fact that “the notice to appear
is generally issued in a single document” does not mean that “all the criteria
listed in § 1229(a) must be contained in a single document.” 

(Callahan, J., dissenting). Indeed, 1 U.S.C. § 1 informs us that “[i]n
determining the meaning of any Act of Congress, unless context indicates
otherwise[,] words importing the singular include and apply to several persons,
parties, or things.”
      Moreover, the two-step process also furthers “Congress’ aim” by ensuring
that aliens receive notice of the time and place of the proceedings. United
States v. Hayes, 

, 422 n.5 (2009); see also 

(observing that “an essential function of a notice to appear” is to “facilitate
appearance at [removal] proceedings”).         The two-step process allows the
government to fulfill this aim by furnishing the alien with the time and place
of his hearing. Thus, even if Pierre-Paul’s notice to appear were defective, the
immigration court cured the defect by mailing a notice of hearing containing
the date and time of the initial hearing.


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                                       No. 18-60275
                                             C.
       Even if Pierre-Paul’s notice to appear were defective, and even if that
defect could not be cured, 8 C.F.R. § 1003.14 is not jurisdictional but is a claim-
processing rule. 4 Pierre-Paul argues that the regulation is jurisdictional based
on its language. In its 28(j) letter, the government cites to Chief Judge Wood’s
opinion from the Seventh Circuit that concluded that 8 C.F.R. § 1003.14 is not
jurisdictional but is instead a claim-processing rule. 

–64. In Ortiz-Santiago, the Seventh Circuit concluded that, although
the alien’s notice to appear was defective and the defect could not be cured, the
alien could not prevail because he waited too long and did not raise the claim-
processing rule until his appeal was pending before the BIA. 

       We agree with the Seventh Circuit’s treatment of 8 C.F.R. § 1003.14 as
a claim-processing rule. “Characterizing a rule as a limit on subject-matter
jurisdiction ‘renders it unique in our adversarial system.’” Fort Bend Cty. v.
Davis, 

, 1849 (2019) (quoting Sebelius v. Auburn Reg’l Med. Ctr.,

, 153 (2013)). “Unlike most arguments, challenges to subject-
matter jurisdiction may be raised by the defendant ‘at any point in the
litigation,’ and courts must consider them sua sponte.” 

v. Thaler, 

, 141 (2012)). While “harsh consequences” follow a
failure to comply with jurisdictional rules, less harsh consequences follow a
failure to comply with non-jurisdictional claim-processing rules. United States
v. Kwai Fun Wong, 

, 1632 (2015). A claim-processing rule is a
rule that “seek[s] to promote the orderly progress of litigation by requiring that
the parties take certain procedural steps at certain specified times.”
Henderson v. Shinseki, 

, 435 (2011). A claim-processing rule is


       4 Having concluded that the notices to appear omitting the time, date, or place are not
defective, none of our sister circuits except the Seventh Circuit needed to address whether 8
C.F.R. § 1003.14 was jurisdictional.
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mandatory to the extent a court must enforce the rule if a party properly raises
it. Fort Bend 

. “But an objection based on a mandatory
claim-processing rule may be forfeited ‘if the party asserting the rule waits too
long to raise the point.’” 

v. United States, 

,
15 (2005)).
      Congress has not “clearly state[d]” that the immigration court’s
jurisdiction depends on the content of notices to appear. Arbaugh v. Y & H
Corp., 

, 515 (2006). Congress has delineated the subject matter of
the immigration court’s purview by providing that “[a]n immigration judge
shall . . . decid[e] the inadmissibility or deportability of an alien,” but it has not
made the immigration court’s jurisdiction dependent upon notices to appear.
8 U.S.C. § 1229a(a)(1); Banegas 

. This congressional
silence heavily weighs against treating the requirements relating to notices to
appear as jurisdictional. See 

(“[W]hen Congress does
not rank a [requirement] as jurisdictional, courts should treat the restriction
as nonjurisdictional in character.”).
      Furthermore, the fact that the Attorney General promulgated 8 C.F.R.
§ 1003.14 also weighs against treating it as a jurisdictional rule. “While an
agency may adopt rules and processes to maintain order, it cannot define the
scope of its power to hear cases.”       

.        The
Supreme Court’s opinion in Union Pacific Railroad Company, which rejected
the argument that a National Railroad Adjustment Board regulation was
jurisdictional, is instructive. Union Pac. R.R. Co. v. Bhd. of Locomotive Eng’rs
& Trainmen, 

, 83–84 (2009). The Board’s regulation provided that,
in railroad labor disputes cases, “[n]o petition shall be considered by any
division of the Board unless the subject matter has been [first discussed in a
settlement conference].” 29 C.F.R. § 301.2(b). Observing that “Congress gave
the Board no authority to adopt rules of jurisdictional dimension,” the Court
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                                       No. 18-60275
held that the Board’s regulation was a claim-processing rule. Union Pac. R.R.

–84. Likewise, there is no congressional grant of authority
to the Attorney General to adopt jurisdictional rules regarding removal
proceedings. 5 Title 8 C.F.R. § 1003.14 is, therefore, a claim-processing rule.
       Because 8 C.F.R. § 1003.14 is a non-jurisdictional, claim-processing rule,
any alleged defect with the charging document must be raised properly and
can be forfeited if the alien waits too long to raise it. 

; see also Fort Bend 

. Pierre-Paul never challenged
the validity of his notice to appear before the immigration judge or the BIA.
He has raised the issue for the first time in his petition for review. Assuming
arguendo that Pierre-Paul’s notice to appear were defective, and the defect
could not be cured, Pierre-Paul waited too long to raise this issue. 6




       5  Although 6 U.S.C. § 521(a) places the Executive Office of Immigration Review
“subject to the direction and regulation of the Attorney General under [8 U.S.C. § 1103(g)],”
these statutory provisions do not clearly authorize the Attorney General to adopt
jurisdictional rules.

       6 Ultimately, whether we call 8 C.F.R. § 1003.14 jurisdictional or non-jurisdictional
matters little because the outcome would be the same. Even if the requirement to include
the time and date of the initial hearing were somehow jurisdictional, under our case law, an
alien who fails to object to the notice to appear and concedes his removability “waive[s] his
challenge to the [immigration judge’s] jurisdiction over the removal proceedings.” Sohani v.
Gonzales, 191 F. App’x 258 (5th Cir. 2006); Nunez v. Sessions, 

, 505 n.2 (5th Cir.
2018) (applying the administrative exhaustion requirement to arguments relating to an
allegedly defective notice to appear); see also Qureshi v. Gonzales, 

, 990 (7th Cir.
2006) (“When a petitioner expressly concedes removability as charged in the [notice to
appear], he waives any objection to the [immigration judge’s] finding of removability,
including the argument that the [immigration judge] lacked jurisdiction to find him
removable.”); United Transp. Union v. Surface Transp. Bd., 

, 1245 (D.C. Cir.
1997) (“Arguments as to agency jurisdiction, however, cannot be raised for the first time on
appeal except in the very limited case[.]”). Pierre-Paul cannot prevail because he waived his
challenge by failing to object to the notice to appear and conceding his removability.
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                                  No. 18-60275
                                      ***
      To summarize, the regulations, not 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a), govern what a
notice to appear must contain to constitute a valid charging document. Under
the regulations, a notice to appear is sufficient to commence proceedings even
if it does not include the time, date, or place of the initial hearing. Pierre-
Paul’s notice to appear was not defective because it included all other
information required by the regulations. Even assuming that Pierre-Paul’s
notice to appear were defective, the immigration court cured that defect by
subsequently mailing a notice of hearing that contained all pertinent
information. Finally, even assuming that Pierre-Paul’s notice to appear were
defective and the defect could not be cured, Pierre-Paul’s challenge fails
because 8 C.F.R. § 1003.14 is not jurisdictional. Instead, 8 C.F.R. § 1003.14 is
a claim-processing rule.    An alien must properly raise the issue or risk
forfeiting it. Here, Pierre-Paul forfeited the issue by waiting too long.
                                       III.
      We now turn to Pierre-Paul’s challenge to the denial of asylum,
withholding of removal, and cancellation of removal. The government argues
that we lack jurisdiction to review these issues, and we agree.
      The government raises two jurisdictional bars.        As to the denial of
asylum and withholding of removal, the government argues that the criminal
alien bar in 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C) prevents our review.                  Under
§ 1252(a)(2)(C), “no court shall have jurisdiction to review any final order of
removal against an alien who is removable by reason of having committed a
criminal offense covered [by, inter alia, 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)].” Because Pierre-
Paul was removed under § 1227(a)(2)(B)(i), we lack jurisdiction to review the
denial of asylum and withholding of removal, except to the extent Pierre-Paul
raises legal or constitutional questions. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D); Iruegas-
Valdez v. Yates, 

, 810 (5th Cir. 2017).
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                                      No. 18-60275
       Pierre-Paul has failed to present a question of law for which our
jurisdiction is preserved under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D).                      Pierre-Paul
challenges the BIA’s finding that he could not prove the nexus. The nexus
issue, however, is a factual question reviewed under the substantial evidence
standard, and, thus, an issue which this court lacks jurisdiction to entertain.
See 

; see also Thuri v. Ashcroft, 

,
791 (5th Cir. 2004) (observing that whether an alien demonstrated the
requisite nexus is a factual question).
       As to the denial of cancellation of removal, the government argues that
the discretionary act bar in 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B) precludes our review.
Under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i), “no court shall have jurisdiction to review—
(i) any judgment regarding the granting of relief under . . . [8 U.S.C. § 1229b].”
See also 8 U.S.C. § 1229b (cancellation of removal); Sattani v. Holder, 

, 372 (5th Cir. 2014) (“We lack jurisdiction to review any judgment
regarding the granting or denying of discretionary relief in the form of
cancellation of removal, unless the appeal involves constitutional questions or
questions of law.”). Here, the BIA declined to cancel removal as a matter of
discretion.     Therefore, Pierre-Paul’s challenge to the BIA’s denial of
cancellation of removal falls squarely within the jurisdictional bar under
§ 1252(a)(2)(B)(i). 7




       7Pierre-Paul also challenges the immigration judge’s conclusion that Pierre-Paul was
statutorily ineligible for cancellation of removal and that his group was not a cognizable
particular social group for asylum and withholding of removal. However, we review only the
BIA’s order and review the immigration judge’s order only if the BIA’s reasoning rests on the
immigration judge’s reasoning. Hernandez-Castillo v. Sessions, 

, 204 (5th Cir.
2017). Because the BIA declined to reach these issues, they are not properly before us.

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                                       No. 18-60275
                                             IV.
       Pierre-Paul’s final argument is that the immigration judge violated his
due process rights by failing to adhere to the procedural safeguards that a
previous immigration judge put in place because Pierre-Paul was mentally
incompetent. Pierre-Paul does not challenge the adequacy of the procedural
safeguards but alleges that the immigration judge failed to abide by those
safeguards. The BIA held that the immigration judge properly handled the
procedural safeguards. 8 We agree with the BIA that the immigration judge
did not violate Pierre-Paul’s due process rights.
       “If it is impracticable by reason of an alien’s mental incompetency for the
alien to be present at the proceeding, the Attorney General shall prescribe
safeguards to protect the rights and privileges of the alien.”                     8 U.S.C.
§ 1229a(b)(3).     “If an Immigration Judge determines that [an alien] lacks
sufficient competency to proceed with the hearing, . . . [then the immigration
judge] ha[s] discretion to determine which safeguards are appropriate, given
the particular circumstances in a case before them.” Matter of M-A-M-, 25 I. &
N. Dec. 474, 481–82 (BIA 2011); see also Diop v. Lynch, 

, 75 (4th
Cir. 2015) (“Inherent in this process is a high degree of flexibility and discretion
for the fact-finder to tailor his approach to the case at hand.”). In M-A-M-, 25
I. & N. Dec. at 483, the BIA observed that examples of appropriate safeguards
include, but are not limited to:
       [R]efusal to accept an admission of removability from an
       unrepresented respondent; identification and appearance of a
       family member or close friend who can assist the respondent and
       provide the court with information; docketing or managing the


       8 Although Pierre-Paul failed to raise the issue before the BIA, because the BIA sua
sponte reached the issue, we have jurisdiction to review it. Lopez-Dubon v. Holder, 

, 644 (5th Cir. 2010) (“[I]f the BIA deems an issue sufficiently presented to consider it on
the merits, such action by the BIA exhausts the issue as far as the agency is concerned and
that is all that [8 U.S.C.] § 1252(d)(1) requires to confer our jurisdiction.”).
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                                   No. 18-60275
         case to facilitate the respondent’s ability to obtain legal
         representation and/or medical treatment in an effort to restore
         competency; participation of a guardian in the proceedings;
         continuance of the case for good cause shown; closing the hearing
         to the public; waiving the respondent’s appearance; actively aiding
         in the development of the record, including the examination and
         cross-examination of witnesses; and reserving appeal rights for the
         respondent.

         However, as the BIA has explained, these procedural safeguards are not
a license for a mentally incompetent alien to fabricate narratives that are
contrary to objective facts. “A situation could arise in which an applicant who
is deemed incompetent by the immigration judge sincerely believes his account
of events, although they are highly implausible to an outside observer.” Matter
of J-R-R-A-, 26 I. & N. Dec. 609, 611 (BIA 2015). In such cases, the BIA has
instructed immigration judges to assess the situation on a case-by-case basis
and to generally bifurcate the analysis between subjective beliefs and objective
facts.     

the alien’s subjective belief as true, “[t]he
Immigration Judge should then focus on whether the applicant can meet his
burden of proof based on the objective evidence of record and other relevant
issues.” 

         Here, the procedural safeguards for Pierre-Paul included crediting
Pierre-Paul’s narrations of fact, as contained in his application for asylum and
withholding of removal, as true; assuming the subjectivity of his fear of
returning to Haiti as true; and allowing his counsel to ask leading questions
during the hearing. Pierre-Paul argues that the immigration judge failed to
credit his testimony as true on three occasions, and he points to three
statements made by the immigration judge in discussing Pierre-Paul’s
application for cancellation of removal.
         In response, the government argues that the immigration judge did not
diverge from the procedural safeguards, and we agree. The immigration judge
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                                  No. 18-60275
agreed to, and did in fact, accept Pierre-Paul’s narration of facts as contained
in his application for asylum and withholding of removal as true.             The
immigration judge, however, did not commit to accepting all of Pierre-Paul’s
narrative as true with regard to cancellation of removal.
      The government also argues that even if the immigration judge had
promised to accept all of Pierre-Paul’s statements as true, the immigration
judge in fact treated Pierre-Paul’s narrative as “credible.” We agree with the
government, and the immigration judge properly concluded that Pierre-Paul
fell short because “the objective evidence of record” did not warrant cancelling
removal. J-R-R-A-, 26 I. & N. Dec. at 612. Pierre-Paul first argues that the
immigration judge contradicted Pierre-Paul’s testimony that he would make
an effort to control his mental illness by observing that it was “highly
questionable that [Pierre-Paul] will maintain his medication regime.” The
immigration judge understandably based this statement on the fact that
Pierre-Paul “failed to continue with his recommended treatment plans” and
that he “was convicted of four additional offenses after he was initially released
on bond from immigration detention.”
      Pierre-Paul also argues that the immigration judge refused to accept his
explanation of the events preceding his 2010 assault conviction. Pierre-Paul
testified that he and his two friends attacked a man only because the man,
without provocation, pointed a gun at them first. However, the immigration
judge observed that Pierre-Paul’s account was “in stark contrast to the victim
and investigating officer’s explanations” that the man confronted Pierre-Paul
and his friends for selling drugs in his apartment complex and that they shot
him. However, despite finding the discrepancy “concerning,” the immigration
judge continued to treat Pierre-Paul as “credible.” Finally, Pierre-Paul alleges
that the immigration judge believed the statements of the detention center’s
physicians who questioned whether Pierre-Paul fabricated a mental illness.
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                                No. 18-60275
This allegation is meritless as the immigration judge accepted that Pierre-Paul
was schizophrenic based on his “extensive medical history.”
      In declining to cancel removal, the immigration judge properly weighed
the totality of facts and circumstances—including both Pierre-Paul’s
statements as well as other evidence about Pierre-Paul’s past crimes and
failures to continue with mental treatment. We see no variance from the
procedural safeguards that amounts to due process violations.
                                      V.
      We DENY IN PART Pierre-Paul’s petition for review as it relates to the
immigration court’s jurisdiction and its handling of procedural safeguards for
Pierre-Paul. We DISMISS IN PART for lack of jurisdiction as to the denial of
asylum, withholding of removal, and cancellation of removal.




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