United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                         Fifth Circuit
                                                                                       F I L E D
                     IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                        July 26, 2006
                                  FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                   Charles R. Fulbruge III
                                                                                           Clerk

                                          No. 05-10826



WELLS FARGO BANK MINNESOTA, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION,
AS TRUSTEE FOR THE CERTIFICATE HOLDERS
OF FIRST UNION-LEHMAN BROTHERS-BANK OF
AMERICA COMMERCIAL MORTGAGE PASS-THROUGH
SERIES 1998-C2, AND ORIX CAPITAL MARKETS, LLC,

                                                                              Plaintiffs-Appellants,

                                              versus

WACHOVIA BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION,
formerly known as First National Bank, doing business
as Wachovia Securities,

                                                                              Defendant-Appellee.



                           Appeal from the United States District Court
                               for the Northern District of Texas



Before HIGGINBOTHAM, DAVIS, and STEWART, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:*

       Plaintiffs-Appellants Wells Fargo Bank Minnesota, NA (“Wells Fargo”), as trustee for the

holders of certain mortgage pass through certificates, and Orix Capital Markets, LLC, (“Orix”) filed

suit against defendant Wachovia Bank, NA, (“Wachovia”). The complaint alleged that Wachovia



   *
   Pursuant to 5th Cir. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not be published
and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5th Cir. R. 47.5.4.
breached its contractual obligation to maintain and deliver certain loan origination documents when

it destroyed the documents. The complaint also requested damages, alleging that the breach was a

conversion and that the breach reduced the value of certificates associated with the origination

documents. After approximately two weeks of trial, the district court denied recovery on the breach

of contract and conversion claims against Wachovia. We affirm.

                      I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       Wachovia was formerly known as “First Union National Bank, doing business as Wachovia

Securities.” First Union National Bank sold 271 multifamily and commercial mortgage loans to its

subsidiary, First Union Commercial Mortgage Securities, Inc. (“First Union Securities”). First Union

Securities similarly purchased commercial mortgage loans from Bank of America and Lehman

Brothers Capital. These were commercial mortgage backed securities transactions, through which

First Union Securities purchased mortgage loans pursuant to a Mortgage Loan Purchase Agreement

(“Purchase Agreement”) dated May 1, 1998.

       Pursuant to a Pooling and Servicing Agreement (“Pooling Agreement”) also dated May 1,

1998, First Union Securities deposited the loans into a trust called the First Union-Lehman

Brothers-Bank of America Commercial Mortgage Trust (“FULBBA Trust”). First Union Securities

also assigned all of its right, title, and interest in and to the mortgage loans to the Trustee for the

benefit of the certificate holders of the FULBBA Series 1998-C2 Trust. The effects of the

transactions were to “cash out” Wachovia for the original mortgage loans and to create a pool of

loans–a securitized trust–in which investors could purchase certificates of interest, thus transferring

the risk of nonpayment to the certificate holders.




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       The complaint filed against Wachovia in August 2002, as amended, asserted that Wachovia

did not deliver origination documents by the May 1998 closing as provided in the Purchase

Agreement. Instead, about four weeks after the closing, Wachovia destroyed these documents per

its policy. In 2002, Orix requested that Wachovia provide certain origination documents for all

Wachovia loans that were in the FULBBA Trust as required by the Purchase Agreement and Pooling

Agreement. Wachovia responded that it had previously provided the documents to Orix.

       Wells Fargo, as trustee for the FULBBA Trust certificate holders, and Orix, individually and

as the Trust’s Master and Special Servicer, filed suit seeking damages for Wachovia’s failure to

deliver the documents and for Wachovia’s conversion of the documents. The February-March 2005

bench trial lasted eight days. Among the district court’s findings and conclusions were the following:

Wachovia represented and warranted under the Purchase Agreement that, at the time of the May

1998 closing, Wachovia had delivered to the Trustee specific documents that constitute the

“mortgage file” for each of the 271 Wachovia loans. These documents included the original Mortgage

Note, any endorsements thereto, original executed assignment of the mortgage, any related

assignment of leases, or any other recorded document, original assignment of unrecorded documents

related to the mortgage loan, and an original or copy of lender’s title insurance. The Purchase

Agreement also provided that for each loan Wachovia would deliver to the Master Servicer, by the

May 1998 closing date, all other documents and records that were (1) in its possession, (2) not

required to be delivered to the Trustee, and (3) neither attorney-client privileged materials nor

“internal credit analysis.” About four weeks after the closing, Wachovia discarded borrower-related

documents that should have been delivered or maintained under the Purchase Agreement; most of




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these documents were neither attorney-client privileged materials nor “internal credit analysis”

materials.

          Based upon Orix’s acts, statements, and omissions during 2000-2005, the district court also

found little or no indication that the certificates or the loan pool were impaired due to the missing

documents. The district court concluded that, although Wachovia had breached the Purchase

Agreement, Pooling Agreement, and other agreements by destroying mortgage loan documents, Orix

and the Trust failed to prove damages proximately caused by the alleged breach of contract; the

damages alleged are speculative and remote as to both causation and amount. The district court also

determined that the plaintiffs’ claims for negligence, breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing,

conversion, and spoilation all arise from the breach of contract claim, and are not viable because New

York law does not recognize independent actions for these claims when they arise from a breach of

contract. The district court questioned the plaintiffs’ standing to sue, but avoided ruling on that issue

because it found insufficient proof of damages.

          Wells Fargo and Orix appeal the denial of recovery on their breach of contract and conversion

claims.

                                     II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

          It is well established that for bench trials, we review the district court’s factual findings for

clear error and review de novo its conclusions of law. Houston Exploration Co. v. Halliburton

Energy Servs., Inc., 

, 779 (5th Cir. 2004); FDIC v. McFarland, 

, 536 (5th

Cir. 1994); Gebreyesus v. F.C. Schaffer & Assocs., Inc., 

, 642 (5th Cir. 2000). “A

finding is ‘clearly erroneous’ when although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on

the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.”


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Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, N.C., 

, 573 (1985) (alteration and quotation marks

omitted).

        If the district court’s account of the evidence is plausible in light of the record viewed
        in its entirety, the court of appeals may not reverse it even though convinced that had
        it been sitting as the trier of fact, it would have weighed the evidence differently.
        Where there are two permissible views of the evidence, the factfinder’s choice
        between them cannot be clearly erroneous.

“‘In applying the clearly erroneous standard to the findings of a district court sitting

without a jury, appellate courts must constantly have in mind that their function is not to decide

factual issues de novo.’” 

(quoting Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc., 

, 123 (1969)).

                                          III. DISCUSSION

        Wells Fargo and Orix assert that the district court’s finding that they did not establish the

“fact” of damage is clear error, and that the proper question is whether the value of the loan pool

Wachovia delivered to the Trust in May1998 (i.e., loans delivered without the contractually promised

documentation) was lower than the value of the loan pool Wachovia promised to deliver. Wells Fargo

and Orix contend that it is the value of the pool, and not the value of the individual certificates, that

is at issue. Wells Fargo and Orix also assert that the conversion claim arises from Wachovia’s

post-closing destruction of documents, and not from Wachovia’s failure-to-deliver-documents breach

of contract.

        By contrast, Wachovia asserts, inter alia, that the real issue on appeal is whether in 1998 the

value to the original certificate holders would have been less had the certificate holders known certain

documents would later be discarded. Wachovia maintains that there is no clear error in the district

court’s ruling.


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       After presentation of testimony and other evidence for eight days, the district court rejected

the claims for damages because Wells Fargo and Orix “offered no persuasive evidence that they

suffered any damages proximately caused by any alleged breach” of the various contracts by

Wachovia. The district court saw and heard eight days of testimony and other evidence. On the

record before us, we cannot say the district court’s findings were clearly erroneous.

       We agree with the district court that the showing of damages was “speculative and remote.”

We recognize that, in general, a loan pool with a complete set of origination documents may be more

valuable than a loan pool without all the origination documents. Nevertheless, the record supports

the district court’s conclusion. For example, several ratings agencies–including Orix–reviewed the

loans yet did not criticize the loan origination process. Orix concluded that the collateral pool was

“above average in real estate quality” compared to other similar transactions and that the loans were

“generally well-underwritten” and secured by “relatively good properties.” Importantly, Orix’s due

diligence review occurred after the documents had been destroyed and, during its review, Orix never

inquired into the existence of the origination documents at issue. On this record, we find that the

presence or absence of the origination documents did not affect Orix’s decision to purchase the

certificates. Moreover, the record contains testimony that the market value of the loans increased

after the absence of the origination documents became public knowledge. This undermines the claim

that the documents had significant value.

       Additionally, approximately eleven days before the instant trial, Orix announced an offering

of certificates in a new and larger loan pool. The new loan pool is comprised of certificates Orix owns

in 16 trusts–including the FULBBA Trust. The FULBBA 1998-C2 certificates account for almost

thirty per cent of the new loan pool. The preliminary offering memorandum published to potential


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investors in this new loan pool mentioned lawsuits involving the FULBBA Trust and included the

amount of attorneys’ fees the Trust had incurred , but did not mention defects in the documentation

or that such a defect negatively affected the value of the FULBBA Trust certificates. If the FULBBA

Trust certificates at bar would have had a lower value to the trust’s original certificate holders had

the original holders known about the missing origination documents, then it seems Orix would have

disclosed this as material information when repackaging the FULBBA Trust loans as part of the new

offering. Yet Orix did not disclose that the FULBBA Trust loan pool was tainted due to the absence

of origination documents. The district court properly found that this nondisclosure militated against

the claim that Wachovia’s failure to deliver the origination documents reduced the value of the

certificates’ underlying loan pool.

        The district court’s finding that Wachovia destroyed documents that it was contractually

bound to deliver is supported by the record. The testimony and other evidence indicate that the

absence of the documents at issue did not negatively affect the value of the loan pool and associated

certificates, either initially or by the time of trial. Wells Fargo and Orix cannot prevail in their action

to recover damages for Wachovia’s breach of contract.

        As to the conversion claim, the district court stated that “New York law does not recognize

an independent action for conversion arising from a breach of contract.” Wells Fargo and Orix agree

that this is a correct statement of New York law. They contend, however, that they are entitled to

damages from conversion because Wachovia had a duty to maintain the origination documents in

addition to the duty to deliver the documents. We disagree.

        Wachovia Bank’s contractual obligation to deliver the documents necessarily involved a

contractual obligation to maintain the documents. The single act of destroying the origination


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documents is, at most, both breach and conversion. In the instant factual scenario, the distinction

between “delivering” documents and “maintaining” documents is artificial. New York law does not

recognize a separate claim for conversion arising from a breach of contract. See Priolo Commc’ns.,

Inc. v. MCI Telecomms. Corp., 

, 377 (N.Y. 1998) (“The plaintiff’s claim alleging

conversion merely restates its cause of action to recover damages for breach of contract and does not

allege a separate taking. A claim to recover damages for conversion cannot be predicated on a mere

breach of contract.”); MBL Life Assurance Corp. v. 555 Realty Co., 

, 124 (stating

“a claim of conversion cannot be predicated on a mere breach of contract” and holding that a

defendant is entitled to dismissal of a conversion action where “the plaintiff failed to submit evidence

demonstrating a wrong independent from the contract claim”). Accordingly, Wells Fargo and Orix

cannot prevail in their action to recover damages for conversion that arose from Wachovia’s breach

of contract.

                                         IV. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the district court’s judgement is AFFIRMED.




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