United States Court of Appeals,

                                           Fifth Circuit.

                                          No. 91–5782.

                                Lawrence RABA, et al., Plaintiffs,

                                                 v.

                  UNITED STATES of America, Counter–Claimant–Appellee,

                                                 v.

                          Lawrence RABA, et al., Counter–Defendants,

                        Raymond Mirelez, Counter–Defendant–Appellant.

                                          Nov. 23, 1992.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas.

Before GOLDBERG, SMITH, and EMILIO M. GARZA, Circuit Judges.

       JERRY E. SMITH, Circuit Judge:

       Raymond Mirelez appeals a judgment finding him liable for $122,281.45, less credits for

payments, plus interest, pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 6621(a)(2). The district court determined Mirelez

was a responsible person, required to collect and pay over payroll taxes, who willfully failed to do

so under 

Finding no error, we affirm.

                                                 I.

       Mirelez started to work for the predecessor corporation to Cerna, Raba & Partners (CRP)

in 1984 as a bookkeeper. CRP was established to design and construct buildings. Lawrence Raba,

David Cerna, and Sebastino Ochoa were the principal shareholders and officers of CRP from 1983

to 1991. Mirelez gradually assumed a more prominent role in CRP, becoming a Vice President on

the Board of Directors in 1984 and Chief Financial Officer from 1984 until 1987. He grew to be, by

his own admission, the single most important individual directing the business affairs of CRP.

       Mirelez's duties were myriad. He prepared financial statements, drew up lists of accounts

payable and accounts receivable, and oversaw the preparation of CRP's checks. He gave lists of bills

to Cerna and Raba and suggested which ought to be paid. Cerna and Raba testified that they signed,
without question, checks Mirelez presented them.1 Mirelez prepared the Internal Revenue Service

(IRS) Forms 941 and payroll checks. Although Raba usually signed the tax forms, Mirelez signed

them on occasion.

          In the mid–1980's, while Cerna and Raba concentrated on CRP's daily architecture practice,

Mirelez was left in control of CRP's financial dealings. The district court found that during 1985 and

1986, Mirelez had significant control over the disbursement of CRP funds. It found his control so

great that he had the authority to determine on a daily basis which of CRP's creditors were to be paid.

          One of Mirelez's favorite creditors was himself. Between 1980 and 1986, Mirelez lent CRP

money. On June 5, 1985, he deposited $40,000 into CRP's corporate account; he was repaid

$60,000. Between November 5, 1985, and February 3, 1986, Mirelez lent $100,000 to CRP. CRP

repaid this loan in installments made to Mirelez between 1985 and September 2, 1987.

          Mirelez also had more inventive ways of obtaining money from CRP: The district court found

that he embezzled more than $350,000 from the company. In 1991, he pleaded guilty to nine counts

of felony theft for misappropriating CRP checks.2 In 1987, he altered the name of the payee on two

checks, substituting his own name for that of CRP. He deposited the funds from these checks into

his own account rather than paying them over to the IRS. Raba testified that but for the

misappropriation of funds by Mirelez, CRP would have been able to repay all the withholding taxes

it owed the IRS.

          By 1985, Mirelez became aware that CRP consistently was delinquent in the payment of its

payroll taxes. In early 1986, he told Cerna and Raba that IRS records showed that CRP's

employment taxes were delinquent. Mirelez represented to Cerna and Raba that CRP did not actually

owe any payroll taxes but that the taxes had been applied to the wrong employer identification

number.

          On October 31, 1988, and November 14, 1988, Cerna, Raba, and Mirelez were assessed a


   1
    During this time period, Cerna, Raba, and Ochoa were the only CRP officers who had
authority to sign checks on CRP's behalf. Mirelez never had check-signing authority.
   2
       All of these counts related to activities before the time periods at issue here.
100% penalty for failure to pay over payroll taxes to the IRS, pursuant to section 6672, in the amount

of $122,281.45. The quarters and amounts involved are as follows:

          Tax Period Ended        Amount

          December 31, 1985       $ 38,529.28

          April 30, 1986          59,799.35

          June 30, 1986 2,002.24

          December 31, 1986       21,950.58

                                                                                       ____________


          Total $122,281.45

On February 13, 1989, Raba filed a complaint against the government seeking a refund of $797.75.

The government filed an answer and counterclaim alleging, among other things, that Mirelez was a

person responsible for CRP's unpaid employment taxes for the fourth quarter of 1985 and the first,

second, and fourth quarters of 1986.3

          In May 1991, the district court held a bench trial to determine whether Mirelez was a

"responsible person" who had willfully failed to pay over withholding taxes under section 6672. The

court concluded that Mirelez had violated the statute and on September 24, 1991, entered judgment

in the government's favor.

                                                    II.

          Title 26 U.S.C. §§ 3102 and 3402 require employers to withhold from employees' wages the

amount owed by every employee for federal income taxes and social security contributions. The

employer holds the funds in trust for the United States. Howard v. United States, 

, 733

(5th Cir.1983). When a corporate employer does not pay over the withheld taxes, the government

may impose a penalty under section 6672(a).4 In order to be found liable under this section, a person

   3
    The United States settled its claims against Raba and Cerna in 1991, each for $60,000, plus
interest.
   4
       Section 6672(a) reads as follows:

                           (a) General rule.—Any person required to collect, truthfully account for,
must be a "responsible person"5 and must act "willfully" in not paying the withheld taxes. Wood v.

United States, 

, 414 (5th Cir.1987).

       The district court found that Mirelez was a responsible person who willfully failed to pay over

taxes to the United States under section 6672. We review these findings under a clearly erroneous

standard. Gustin v. United States, 

, 491 (5th Cir.1989).

                                                  A.

       We generally take a "broad view of who qualifies as a responsible person." 

. See also Turnbull v. United States, 

, 178 (5th Cir.1991); Morgan v. United

States, 

, 284 (5th Cir.1991); 

. Determining whether an

individual is a responsible person is a question of "status, duty and authority." 

. See also Mazo v. United States, 

(5th Cir.), cert. denied, 

, 

, 

(1979). The crucial examination is whether a person had the "effective power to

pay taxes." 

. In other words, we look behind a person's official title or job

description to determine whether he had the actual duty or ability to pay over the taxes owed.

        In 

, we held that the former president of a corporation, whose

employees still perceived of him as the "boss," and who retained authority to sign checks and

negotiate with the IRS, was a responsible person under section 6672. We considered the following

factors to determine responsible person status:

       (1) holding an office or owning stock in the corporation;

       (2) managing the day-to-day operations of the business;



               and pay over any tax imposed by this title who willfully fails to collect such tax, or
               truthfully account for and pay over such tax, or willfully attempts in any manner to
               evade or defeat any such tax or the payment thereof, shall, in addition to other
               penalties provided by law, be liable to a penalty equal to the total amount of the
               tax evaded, or not collected, or not accounted for and paid over. No penalty shall
               be imposed under section 6653 for any offense to which this section is applicable.
   5
    In Slodov v. United States, 

, 246 n. 7, 

, 1784 n. 7, 

(1978), the Court pointed out that cases decided under § 6672 generally refer to "the person
required to collect, truthfully account for, and pay over any tax imposed by this title" by the
phrase "responsible person." A responsible person is any person who performs any one of the
three functions referred to above. 

98 S.Ct. at 1786.
       (3) making decisions as to disbursement of funds and payment of creditors; and

       (4) check-signing authority.

While Mirelez did not have authority to sign CRP checks, he was a CRP officer who

managed the daily financial affairs of the firm, including deciding how funds were spent and which

creditors were paid.

       In 

, we held that the chairman of the board of a corporation was a

responsible person because he had a substantial financial interest in the corporation, took an active

role in decisions made by the board of directors, had check-signing authority, and ran the daily

operations of the corporation. We rejected the chairman's attempt to disqualify himself from

responsible person status simply because he was not responsible for ensuring the payment of payroll

taxes. 

cannot allow Mirelez to disqualify himself from responsible status simply

because he does not fit into every category we have ever listed.

       In 

, we held that a corporate officer who had actual authority to pay

delinquent taxes, but chose instead to pay other creditors, was a responsible person. In 

, we found that a minority shareholder and executive vice president of a corporation was

a responsible person because he had the responsibility for hiring and firing employees and determined

which bills were to be paid. Likewise, in Neckles v. United States, 

, 940 (5th Cir.1978),

we decided that a de facto officer of a corporation, even though he received no salary and held no

title, was a responsible person because he had the authority to pay creditors and did so, knowing that

taxes were due the government. Having "significant control over disbursements" was sufficient for

section 6672 liability to attach. 

Mirelez also had the authority to pay creditors and chose

to pay them instead of the government.

       Distilling the key elements of "responsibility" from these cases, and applying them to the case

at hand, we cannot say that the district court's decision was erroneous. Mirelez was an officer—Chief

Financial Officer—of CRP during the contested quarters. He was responsible for the daily financial

operations of the company. He was involved in preparing CRP's bills, deciding which bills to pay,

and disbursing funds to pay them. He also took care of payroll taxes and prepared (and occasionally
signed) the payroll tax reporting forms. While Mirelez never had the authority to sign checks on his

own, he did have a virtually free hand to disburse funds as he pleased because Raba and Cerna—those

with the power to sign checks—rubber-stamped whatever Mirelez put in front of them. Mirelez had

effective power to pay taxes.

       Mirelez tries to relieve himself of liability through two arguments, neither of which relies upon

Fifth Circuit jurisprudence. First, he cites a number of Claims Court and Seventh and Ninth Circuit

cases as standing for the proposition that a court must look through the nominal functions of

corporate officers to find the person or persons who have actual power to decide how funds are

disbursed. Following this suggestion, we find that Mirelez had such authority.

       For example, Mirelez relies upon White v. United States, 

, 516, 

(1967), where the court said that the purpose of section 6672 is to find "where the ultimate authority

for the decision not to pay the taxes lies." The court went on to decide that a chief executive officer

who set prices, negotiated contracts, and paid creditors, was a responsible person. 

at

519. The court, however, did note that more than one person may be a responsible person and

suggested that a person in charge of disbursing funds, especially if he had authority to decide which

creditors to pay, also could be a responsible person.

       The reasoning in this line of cases does not provide much succor to Mirelez. Mirelez, as the

most important financial officer of CRP, had the authority not to pay the delinquent taxes. At the

very least, he could, and did, control which creditors were paid. So, even under White, Mirelez

would be considered a responsible person.

       Mirelez goes on to assert that Godfrey v. United States, 

(Fed.Cir.1984),

vindicates him as well. He notes that the court held that the unrenumerated chairman of the board

of a corporation was not a responsible person. 

The court found that while the chairman

had participated in hiring employees, approving settlements, and authorizing borrowing, he was not

a responsible person because, among other things, he was not authorized to sign checks, did not

participate in the daily financial management, and did not exercise control over the col lection and

payment of taxes. 

distinguishable from our case.         Mirelez did participate in daily financial

management. In fact, he controlled the day-to-day fiscal affairs of CRP. He also did participate in

the preparation and payment of tax forms. No matter how hard Mirelez attempts to fit into Godfrey

's shoes, he cannot.

        Mirelez's second argument is that he cannot be a responsible person because he did not meet

any of the following five criteria: He claims that since he (1) did not have check-writing authority,

(2) did not participate in the daily fiscal management of a corporation, (3) did not control the payroll,

(4) did not determine which creditors would be paid, and (5) did not own a significant portion of a

corporation's stock, he cannot be held a responsible person. If we apply Mirelez's own logic, and

look beyond form to substance, we find that although Mirelez did not sign checks, he could simply

present checks to Cerna or Raba for their uninquisitive signatures.

        The district court found that Mirelez's authority was so absolute that Cerna and Raba never

went against one of his decisions. In addition, while Mirelez might not have had formal, written

authority to pay creditors, according to the district court he did have "authority to determine on a

day-to-day basis which creditors of CRP were to be paid." Finally, Mirelez admits that he was the

most important person directing the daily financial affairs of CRP. These facts indicate that Mirelez

was far from "a simple bookkeeper of a closely held corporation, who neither signed nor had

authority to sign checks...."

        Mirelez finally would have us hold that the fact that he did not have check-signing authority

is dispositive of whether he is a responsible person under the statute. We decline this invitation. To

do differently would open the door to a host of evasive tactics. Officers with otherwise unfettered

authority simply would deprive themselves of permission to sign corporate checks in order to avoid

the designation of "responsible person."

        Additionally, our cases have never held that check writing power is a prerequisite to

responsible person status. In Brown v. United States, 

, 591 (5th Cir.1972), cert. denied,

, 

, 

(1973), we found liable under section 6672 a corporate

officer who only had authority to co-sign checks. We stated that if we held "to the contrary—that
lack of individual authority to sign corporate checks insulated [a person] from liability—we would

surely open the door to protective co-signing arrangements. The effect of such a holding would tend

to emasculate section 6672." 

refuse to do such harm to the statute.

          The district court concluded that Mirelez was a responsible person. We agree. The record

indicates strong support for this conclusion, based upon Mirelez's unhindered role in conducting the

daily financial affairs of CRP during the periods in question.

                                                    B.

          Section 6672 will impose liability on a responsible person only if the person "willfully" fails

to collect, account for, or pay over withheld taxes. Willfulness does not require a showing of "bad

motive or evil intent." 

. See also 

; 

. Willfulness is normally proved by evidence that the responsible person paid other creditors

with knowledge that withholding taxes were due at the time to the government. 

.

          In Morgan, 

we held that a responsible corporate officer who wrote checks to

himself and another creditor, despite knowledge that his company owed withholding taxes to the

federal government, acted willfully. Similarly, in 

, we determined that a

responsible person acted willfully when, after receiving notice that payroll taxes were past due, he

paid creditors more than the amount of unpaid withholding taxes. Finally, in 

, we declared that "[a] considered decision not to fulfill one's obligation to pay the taxes owed,

evidenced by payments made to other creditors in the knowledge that the taxes are due, is all that is

required to establish willfulness."

          The district court found that Mirelez acted willfully by preferring himself to the IRS after he

knew of the payroll tax delinquency.         Once again, we agree with this conclusion, which is

substantiated by record evidence.6

   6
    The burden of proving lack of willfulness is on the taxpayer. 

.
Mirelez has not successfully shown that his behavior was not willful. He relies upon several Court
of Claims cases for the propositions that (1) willful does not mean with evil intent and (2) willful
requires more than negligence. These propositions are not controversial. Mirelez claims that the
position of the United States would hold him liable for willful failure to pay withholding taxes
        The record shows that Mirelez knew of the payroll tax due the IRS by at least early 1986.

During the end of 1985 and the beginning of 1986, he made large loans to CRP and was repaid during

this same period. As the person preparing CRP's checks, awaiting the willing signatures of Raba and

Cerna, Mirelez preferred himself over the IRS. Furthermore, Mirelez also misrepresented the

withholding delinquency to Raba and Cerna and continued to appropriate, for his personal use, checks

intended to be paid to the IRS during the period in question, thus additionally hindering CRP's efforts

to repay the outstanding withholding tax. All of these activities support the finding that Mirelez

willfully failed to pay over payroll taxes to the United States.

       The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.




simply because he had knowledge of delinquency. Yet this is not the government's position. The
government contends that Mirelez not only knew of the delinquency, but also proceeded to pay
other creditors, namely himself. This payment of other creditors fulfills the willfulness
requirement in this circuit.