IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT  United States Court of Appeals
                                                    Fifth Circuit

                                                 FILED
                                                                          October 22, 2009

                                     No. 09-60042                      Charles R. Fulbruge III
                                   Summary Calendar                            Clerk



CARLENE GRAHAM

                                                   Plaintiff-Appellant
v.

METROPOLITAN LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

                                                   Defendant-Appellee




               Appeal from the United States District Court for the
                         Southern District of Mississippi
                             USDC No. 4:07-CV-164


Before GARZA, DENNIS, and OWEN, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
       Carlene Graham (“Graham”) appeals from the district court’s grant of
summary judgment in Metropolitan Life Insurance Company’s (“MetLife”) favor,
dismissing Graham’s ERISA and state law claims which alleged that MetLife did
not pay the full amount owed to Graham as the beneficiary of her deceased
husband’s life insurance policy.           Holding that the district court properly
determined that the life insurance benefits were provided under an ERISA plan,


       *
         Pursuant to 5TH CIR . R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR .
R. 47.5.4.
                                      No. 09-60042

that there was no abuse of discretion in the plan administrator’s determination
that Graham was not entitled to an additional $45,000, and that Graham did not
show she was entitled to attorney’s fees, we affirm.
                                             I
       Carlene Graham’s deceased husband, Robert Graham, was employed by
Georgia-Pacific Corporation (“Georgia-Pacific”) until his retirement in 2002.
Robert Graham had life insurance under Georgia-Pacific’s LifeChoices benefits
program (“LifeChoices”). Georgia-Pacific initially funded the life and accidental
death portion of the LifeChoices program through Aetna, but beginning in 2002
those benefits were funded by MetLife. Under the plan documents, Georgia-
Pacific is the plan sponsor, administrator, and record keeper. Sykes HealthPlan
Service Bureau Inc. (“SHPS”) is Georgia-Pacific’s third-party administrator, with
responsibility for maintaining eligibility, enrollment, and coverage amount
records for participating employees and retirees. Georgia-Pacific designated
MetLife as the benefits claims administrator for the life insurance portion of
LifeChoices. MetLife processes and pays claims but relies on Georgia-Pacific
and SHPS for verification of eligibility and coverage.
       Graham’s husband died in February 2005. Graham was named as the
beneficiary of her husband’s LifeChoices life insurance benefits. She submitted
appropriate documentation to collect benefits.             Georgia-Pacific and SHPS
validated the claim and sent documentation to MetLife that Graham’s husband
had $8,000 in retiree life insurance coverage.             MetLife processed a claim
payment for $8,107.84, representing the $8,000 life insurance benefit plus
interest. Shortly after receiving the payment, Graham contacted MetLife and
stated that a Georgia-Pacific human resources employee, Sherry Arrington
(“Arrington”), had notified Graham that her husband was covered for $45,000.1


       1
      There is some dispute in the record whether the amount was $45,000 or $48,000.
Graham initially claimed coverage was for $48,000, but her suit alleges $45,000 of coverage.

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                                  No. 09-60042

Arrington maintains that she explained to Graham in writing that “if Mr.
Graham was approved for waiver of premium that he would be allowed to keep
his full amount of $48,000.” Such a waiver allows active-employee coverage to
continue without premium payments if the covered employee becomes disabled.
Neither Georgia-Pacific, SHPS, nor MetLife had any record of an approved
disability premium waiver. Graham was told that to pursue her claim for
additional benefits, she needed to submit proof that her husband had an
approved premium waiver for $45,000. In November 2005, MetLife denied
additional coverage but invited Graham to submit any documentation
supporting her claim.
      In July 2006, Graham submitted to MetLife an Aetna premium waiver
form and attending physician’s statement dated February1999. The form had
Arrington’s signature on the employer portion of the form showing that Robert
Graham had $45,000 of coverage through Fort James Corporation and was
seeking a premium waiver for disability.2 Graham offered no proof that the
premium waiver form was ever submitted to or approved by Aetna (or anyone
else), nor that any coverage, if it existed, transferred from Aetna to MetLife.
MetLife provided this documentation to Georgia-Pacific.           Georgia-Pacific
contacted Aetna but Aetna had no record of a premium waiver for Graham’s
husband.    Georgia-Pacific determined that it could not authorize payment
without proof of an approved premium waiver and MetLife closed the claim.
      Graham sued in Mississippi state court for breach of contract and bad
faith. MetLife removed and Graham then amended her complaint to add claims
under ERISA.      The district court granted MetLife’s motion for summary
judgment finding that Georgia-Pacific’s LifeChoices program is an ERISA plan
that preempted Graham’s state law claims, that Graham failed to prove she was

      2
       Graham was previously employed by Fort James Corporation, which was subsumed
by Georgia-Pacific in 2000.

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                                         No. 09-60042

entitled to the claimed benefits under 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B), and that she
was not entitled to attorney’s fees under 29 U.S.C. § 1132(g)(1). Graham v.
Metro. Life Ins. Co., No. 4:07CV164 DPJ-JCS, 

(S.D. Miss. Jan.
8, 2009).
                                                II
       Graham contends that the LifeChoices policy is not an ERISA plan. She
relies on excerpts from the deposition of MetLife’s corporate deponent who had
trouble answering some questions about the claims procedure relevant to
Graham’s situation. From this testimony, Graham argues that a fact question
existed whether a reasonable person could ascertain the existence of an ERISA
plan. Graham also contends that she was entitled to have a jury determine
whether the LifeChoices plan qualified as an ERISA plan.                         We find both
contentions without merit.
       This court uses a three-prong test to determine whether an employee
benefit program is an ERISA plan. Shearer v. Southwest Serv. Life Ins. Co., 

, 279 (5th Cir. 2008). “To be an ERISA plan, an arrangement must be
(1) a plan, (2) not excluded from ERISA coverage by the safe-harbor provisions
established by the Department of Labor, and (3) established or maintained by
the employer with the intent to benefit employees.3 

       While Graham is correct that the “existence vel non of a plan is a question
of fact,” the appropriate question on summary judgment is whether the
“evidence would have allowed a reasonable trier-of-fact to find that an ERISA
plan did not exist.” McDonald v. Provident Indem. Life Ins. Co., 

, 235
(5th Cir. 1995). Nothing requires that this determination be made by a jury;



       3
         We see no evidence that the second and third prongs of this test were not met, but we
decline to discuss them because Graham made no argument before either the district court or
this court on this issue, and accordingly, it is waived. See, e.g., LeMaire v. La. Dep’t of Transp.
& Dev., 

, 387 (5th Cir. 2007); Askanse v. Fatjo, 

, 668 (5th Cir. 1997).

                                                4
                                       No. 09-60042

indeed, ERISA claims do not entitle a plaintiff to a jury. Borst v. Chevron Corp.,

, 1324 (5th Cir. 1994). To determine whether a plan exists, “a court
must determine whether from the surrounding circumstances a reasonable
person could ascertain the intended benefits, beneficiaries, source of financing,
and procedures for receiving benefits.” Meredith v. Time Ins. Co., 

,
355 (5th Cir. 1993). A reasonable person could make this determination by
reviewing Georgia-Pacific’s LifeChoices Summary Plan Description (“SPD”) and
the MetLife certificate of insurance for group term life benefits issued to
Georgia-Pacific and distributed to its employees. The SPD shows that the
intended benefits of the LifeChoices plan include, among other things, life
insurance coverage, that participants can designate beneficiaries, and that
Georgia-Pacific pays premiums and is the plan sponsor and administrator. The
MetLife certificate of insurance, distributed with a memorandum from Georgia-
Pacific shows that MetLife processes claims and pays life insurance benefits for
plan participants. Thus, there is no question of material fact that would allow
a reasonable fact finder to determine that an ERISA plan did not exist.4
                                              III
       Graham contends that even if her state law claims are preempted by
ERISA, the evidence nonetheless shows she is entitled to receive $45,000 in life
insurance benefits under 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B). According to Graham, the



       4
          Graham’s state law claims for breach of contract and bad faith are preempted.
Graham makes no argument to the contrary, nor could she. ERISA “supersede[s] any and all
State laws insofar as they may now or hereafter relate to an employee benefit plan.” ERISA
§ 504(a); 29 U.S.C. § 1144(a). “[A]ny state-law cause of action that duplicates, supplements,
or supplants the ERISA civil enforcement remed[ies] conflicts with the clear congressional
intent to make the ERISA remed[ies] exclusive and is therefore preempted.” Aetna Health Inc.
v. Davila, 

, 209 (2004). The breach of contract claim is preempted because it
duplicates the ERISA cause of action for benefits under 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B). See, e.g.,
Bank of La. v. Aetna U.S. Healthcare Inc., 

, 242 (5th Cir. 2006). Her bad faith
claim is likewise preempted. See Pilot Life Ins. Co. v. Dedeaux, 

, 51 (1987) (finding
bad faith claim under Mississippi law not saved from preemption).

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                                         No. 09-60042

1999 premium waiver form that she produced is proof of her entitlement.
Graham also contends that the district court should have reviewed MetLife’s
denial of the claim de novo, rather than for abuse of discretion, because MetLife
had no discretion to determine eligibility for benefits.
       We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment in ERISA cases
de novo, applying the same standard as the district court. Wade v. Hewlett-
Packard Dev. Co. Short Term Disability Plan, 

, 537 (5th Cir. 2009).
A district court reviews de novo an administrator’s denial of benefits under an
ERISA plan unless the plan gives the administrator “discretionary authority to
determine eligibility for benefits or to construe the terms of the plan.” Dutka v.
AIG Life Ins. Co., 

, 212 (5th Cir. 2009) (citing Firestone Tire &
Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 

, 115 (1989)).                            “Regardless of an
administrator’s ultimate authority to determine benefit eligibility, however,
factual determinations made by the administrator during the course of a benefits
review will be rejected only upon the showing of an abuse of discretion.”
Meditrust Fin. Servs. Corp. v. Sterling Chems., Inc., 

, 213 (5th Cir.
1999).
       Here, the district court reviewed the denial of benefits under an abuse of
discretion standard because it found that the decision to deny the claim turned
on the factual question whether Robert Graham obtained a premium waiver for
coverage of $45,000. Graham, 

at * 4. We agree that this is a
factual question properly reviewed for abuse of discretion.5


       5
         Moreover, both the Georgia-Pacific SPD and the MetLife group life insurance policy
issued to Georgia-Pacific include a grant of discretionary authority. The SPD states that
Georgia-Pacific has “complete discretionary authority to control the operation and
administration of the plan . . . including, but not limited to, the power to construe the terms
of the plan, to determine status and eligibility for benefits . . . .” The MetLife policy states, in
relevant part: “[T]he Plan administrator and other Plan fiduciaries shall have discretionary
authority to interpret the terms of the Plan and to determine eligibility for and entitlement
to Plan benefits.”

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                                 No. 09-60042

      In applying the abuse of discretion standard to an administrator’s factual
determinations we analyze whether the administrator acted arbitrarily or
capriciously.   “If the plan fiduciary’s decision is supported by substantial
evidence and is not arbitrary and capricious, it must prevail.” Ellis v. Liberty
Life Assurance Co., 

, 273 (5th Cir. 2004). “Substantial evidence is
more than a scintilla, less than a preponderance, and is such relevant evidence
as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” 

Under 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B), Graham bears the initial
burden of proving entitlement to ERISA benefits. See Perdue v. Burger King
Corp., 

, 1254 (5th Cir. 1993). Georgia-Pacific told Graham that to
prove her entitlement to the additional $45,000 in benefits, she had to
substantiate the existence of an approved premium waiver. Graham does not
argue that the terms of the LifeChoices plan did not require such proof. Rather,
she contends that the record is sufficient to prove her entitlement to $45,000.
Graham’s only evidence was a February 1999 physician statement and premium
waiver form filled out nearly six years before his death by her husband’s
previous employer, indicating a $45,000 life insurance policy under a plan
funded by Aetna, not MetLife. Graham offered no evidence that the form was
ever submitted to her husband’s previous employer or Georgia-Pacific or to any
insurer.   Nor did she offer any evidence that her husband had received a
premium waiver approval. The record shows that Georgia-Pacific, SHPS, and
MetLife investigated whether a premium waiver had ever been approved,
including by contacting Aetna. Absolutely no evidence exists that any of these
entities received Robert Graham’s premium waiver form, let alone approved it.
We find no abuse of discretion in the determination that Graham failed to show
that a valid, approved premium waiver existed entitling her to an additional
$45,000 of life insurance benefits.



                                       7
                                  No. 09-60042

                                        IV
      Finally, Graham contends that the district court abused its discretion in
denying her request for attorney’s fees under 29 U.S.C. § 1132(g)(1). Section
1132(g)(1) provides that a court “in its discretion may allow a reasonable
attorney’s fee and costs of action to either party.” The district court’s denial of
attorney’s fees and costs under ERISA is reviewed on appeal for abuse of
discretion.   Bannister v. Ullman, 

, 408 (5th Cir. 2002).            In
conducting such review, we consider the following factors:
      (1) the degree of the opposing party’s culpability or bad faith; (2) the
      ability of the opposing party to satisfy an award of attorney’s fees;
      (3) whether an award of attorney’s fees would deter other persons
      who will be acting under similar circumstances; (4) whether the
      party seeking attorney’s fees sought to benefit all participants in an
      ERISA plan or to resolve a significant legal question under ERISA;
      and (5) the relative merits of the parties’ positions.
Pitts ex rel. Pitts v. Am. Sec. Life Ins. Co., 

, 358 (5th Cir. 1991). No
single factor is determinative, but “together they are the nuclei of concerns”
guiding our review. 

.
      The district court denied attorney’s fees, stating that Graham’s claim was
lacking under these factors. We agree and find no abuse of discretion. MetLife
did not act in bad faith, an award would have no deterrent effect, Graham
admits that her case raises no important questions under ERISA, nor does it
seek to benefit all plan participants. At most, the only factor that weighs in
favor of attorney’s fees is that MetLife presumably has a greater ability to pay
them than does Graham.
                                         V

      For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.




                                         8