NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 11a0545n.06

                                          No. 10-1408

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                       FILED

G. SCOTT WHITING,                               )                                 Aug 08, 2011
                                                )                           LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                     )
                                                )
v.                                              )    ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                )    STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
ALLSTATE INSURANCE CO.,                         )    EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
                                                )
       Defendant-Appellee.                      )



       Before: SUTTON and COOK, Circuit Judges; GREER, District Judge.*


       SUTTON, Circuit Judge. Scott Whiting, a former employee of Allstate Insurance Company,

challenges the dismissal of his defamation claim. Because businesses have a qualified privilege to

communicate about their employees, this claim fails as a matter of law.


                                                I.


       Whiting began working for Allstate in 1986 as a support staff member and over the years

earned several promotions. During his tenure, Whiting received many favorable reviews and several

awards for his service.




       *
       The Honorable J. Ronnie Greer, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of
Tennessee, sitting by designation.
No. 10-1408
Whiting v. Allstate Ins. Co.

       At the heart of Whiting’s complaint is an insurance-claims practice known as “managed

disposition,” by which some Allstate offices allegedly regulated their monthly payout numbers by

off-setting large claims against many smaller claims. At times, Whiting says, his supervisors

instructed him to delay claims payments. At other times, they removed his authority to pay large

claims at the end of the month, which also had the effect of delaying payments.


       On June 27, 2006, Whiting sent an email to Dennis Shelton, a claims adjuster in Indiana,

authorizing him to pay a claim for more than $100,000 but telling him to delay the payment until

after July 1. Shelton noted the delay in the customer’s file.


       In January 2007, an Allstate investigator contacted Whiting about the delayed claim payment.

The investigator wrote a report discussing the email exchange with Shelton as well as notations in

the files about Whiting’s instructions to delay the payment.


       After reviewing this report, Allstate in-house counsel Susan Rosborough asked Christi

Rushing, a human resources manager, to fire Whiting. The discharge letter said that “Whiting

instructed a remote adjuster to delay a claim payment with a significant dollar amount until after the

end of the second quarter” of 2006 and concluded that “Whiting violated the Allstate Code of Ethics

. . . by delaying payments on a claim.” R.40-19 at 2. This behavior, the letter added, violated the

following ethics provision:


       As one of Allstate’s core values, integrity must be part of all business goals and
       activities. We treat every stakeholder accordingly. We act honestly and deal fairly
       and ethically with customers, suppliers, competitors and other employees.

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No. 10-1408
Whiting v. Allstate Ins. Co.


R.40-19 at 3. According to the letter, the Allstate Human Resources Policy Guide recommended

immediate discharge for offenses of this sort. Because Whiting had worked at Allstate for more than

twenty years, the discharge letter required the signatures of three managers, each of whom reviewed

this letter and signed it.


        On June 11, 2007, Allstate fired Whiting, citing a breach of ethics.


        On June 12, 2007, Whiting received a phone call from John Barrett, a property manager at

the home office in Illinois, offering his condolences and relaying that he heard Whiting had been

fired for a breach of ethics. Whiting received other phone calls over the next month from other

employees and vendors who had heard about the firing.


         Whiting filed this lawsuit against Allstate in Michigan state court, claiming defamation.

Allstate removed the case to federal court based on diversity jurisdiction. 28 U.S.C. § 1332. At that

point, Whiting added a wrongful termination claim to his complaint, and after discovery Allstate

successfully moved for summary judgment on both claims. Whiting now appeals the dismissal of

his defamation claim.


                                                 II.


        Under Michigan law, a statement is defamatory if it tends to harm the reputation of another

by lowering the estimation of that person in the community or by deterring third parties from



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No. 10-1408
Whiting v. Allstate Ins. Co.

associating with him. Smith v. Anonymous Joint Enter., 

, 540 (Mich. 2010).

Among other elements of the claim, a plaintiff must establish that the defendant made an

unprivileged communication to a third party, 

a problem for Whiting: The record

does not contain any unprivileged communication by Allstate to any third party about this discharge.


        In his complaint, Whiting says that Harry Wright (Claim Field Director) and Dan Hebel

(Vice President of the Eastern Territory of Field Claims) “made statements regarding plaintiff which

said, directly or by implication, that [Whiting] had behaved in violation of Allstate’s ethical

standards . . . [and] practices and policies.” R.35 ¶ 32. Later in the complaint, Whiting mentions

“false statements made by Hebel, Wright and other Allstate employees,” but he never identifies other

employees or statements. R.35 ¶ 34.


        Whiting’s brief points to three defamatory statements involving six speakers. Two of the

statements are included in the discharge letter: that Whiting “violated the Allstate Code of Ethics”

and that he “violated company policy.” Whiting Br. 31–32. The third is a general accusation that

Whiting was “verbally castigated” for having committed a breach of ethics because three Allstate

employees (Susan Rosborough, in-house counsel; Christi Rushing, human resources manager; Luke

Yang, internal investigator) spoke to each other and with Whiting about the internal investigation.

        There is some reason to doubt whether Whiting’s pleading suffices to bring into play the

statements mentioned in his briefs. See Scheid v. Fanny Farmer Candy Shops, Inc., 

,


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No. 10-1408
Whiting v. Allstate Ins. Co.

436 (6th Cir. 1988) (“complaint must contain either direct or inferential allegations respecting all

the material elements to sustain a recovery under some viable legal theory”); cf. Gonyea v. Motor

Parts Fed. Credit Union, 

, 299 (Mich. Ct. App. 1991) (a claimant must plead the

elements of a defamation claim with specificity, including the allegedly defamatory words, the

connection between the words and the plaintiff and their publication). Even if we overlook this

potential pleading deficiency, none of the statements referenced in the complaint or briefs satisfies

the prerequisites of an unprivileged defamatory statement.


       Under Michigan law, as under the law of most (if not all) States, employers have a qualified

privilege “to defame an employee by making statements to other employees whose duties interest

them in the subject matter.” 

Supervisory employees frequently have the need, sometimes

the duty, to comment on the behavior and work habits of their charges. See Beaumont v. Brown, 

, 527 (Mich. 1977); Cole v. Knoll, Inc., 

, 1134 (W.D. Mich. 1997).

Consistent with the imperatives of managing a company, to say nothing of common sense,

supervisory employees thus may “discuss . . . allegations, . . . make appropriate inquiries, and . . .

commit their findings to writing” without violating the defamation laws. 

could one

run a company? “Employers responsible for hiring and firing” must be able “to hear accusations of

employee misconduct which warrant dismissal” and deal with them appropriately—which often

includes further communications with other supervisors and employees. Merritt v. Detroit Mem’l

Hosp., 

, 126–27 (Mich. Ct. App. 1978).




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No. 10-1408
Whiting v. Allstate Ins. Co.

        This privilege covers all of the targeted statements. Each statement concerns Whiting’s

behavior as an Allstate employee—his instruction to a claims adjuster to delay payment on an

authorized claim.     And each of the speakers was a supervisory employee involved in the

investigation and discussion of Whiting’s behavior. Three of the employees—Yang, Rosborough

and Rushing—were directly responsible for overseeing the behavior of employees and for

participating in the investigation and documentation of misbehavior. The other three—Hebel,

Wright and Karleen Zuzich—were executive managers who oversaw Whiting and other employees

like him. All six employees had an interest in Whiting’s conduct on the job, and their positions

required them to investigate this incident and decide whether it required his firing. The privilege

thus covers their conversations and written communications.


        The privilege, we recognize, is not without limits. It does not extend to defamatory

communications made to other employees who are not supervisors but “simply fellow employees

in the identical work” as the person defamed. Sias v. Gen. Motors Corp., 

, 360

(Mich. 1963); see also Patillo v. Equitable Life Assurance Soc’y, 

, 699–700 (Mich.

Ct. App. 1993); Horton v. 48th Dist. Court, 

, 765 (E.D. Mich. 2006). In

Whiting’s case, however, all six of the relevant employees had supervisory roles. See Cole, 984 F.

Supp. at 1134.


        Whiting insists that the supervisory employees violated the privilege by disseminating the

defamatory documents to lower-level employees. But no evidence supports this claim. “[R]umors

. . . circulating in the work place” by themselves do not suffice to establish a triable issue of fact in

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No. 10-1408
Whiting v. Allstate Ins. Co.

a defamation claim, 

Whiting admits that he “[doesn’t] know who” originated

the rumors and that only one person mentioned the code of ethics to him. R.40-4 at 62, 76–77, 101.


       A claimant, we also recognize, may overcome the privilege by showing actual malice—that

the supervisor made the defamatory statement with “knowledge of its falsity or reckless disregard

of the truth.” 

. Whiting alleges that his supervisors knew that delaying

claim payments was an accepted business practice at Allstate and contends that at least some of the

supervisory employees “feigned ignorance” of the practice in their depositions. R.11 at 59–60.

       The record, however, does not permit the inference that the six supervisory employees knew

of any such practice within the Michigan office. Five of the supervisors worked in Allstate offices

in other States and supervised the Michigan office from a distance. The sixth supervisor worked in

the Michigan office but in the human resources department, a distinct division (physically and in

terms of substantive responsibility) from the claims area where Whiting worked.


       Two of the six supervisors reviewed only the termination request, which outlined Whiting’s

behavior and the relevant policy sections, but gave no indication that Whiting had told investigators

that his behavior conformed with the instructions of his superiors and the practice in the Michigan

office. The four other supervisors reviewed Yang’s investigation report, which contained conflicting

information—Whiting’s statement that Lionel Beckles directed him to delay the claim payment and

the contrary testimony of Beckles himself, who denied telling Whiting to delay a claim payment and

who emailed the office’s employees instructing them not to delay payments. At most, the Yang

report reveals that Whiting heard one thing and Beckles testified he said something else.         In

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No. 10-1408
Whiting v. Allstate Ins. Co.

respecting one version of what was said, including the version supported by an office-wide email,

the supervisors hardly showed knowledge of a falsity or for that matter any reckless disregard of the

truth.


                                                III.


         For these reasons, we affirm.




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