Filed: Aug. 22, 2000
Latest Update: Mar. 02, 2020
Summary: 5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21 *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG 1R 3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV (/(&7521,& &,7$7,21 )(' $SS 3 WK &LU )LOH 1DPH DS ,9 ,PXVWFRQIHVVWKDWEHIRUHGHOYLQJLQWRWKLVFDVH,ZRXOG 81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6 KDYHEHHQVNHSWLFDOWKDWDSHUVRQZLWKDUHDGLQJGLVDELOLW\DV )257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7 VHULRXVDVWKHRQH*RQ]DOHVLQVLVWVKHKDVZRXOGEHDEOHWR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB VXUYLYH WKH ULJRUV RI PHGLFD
Summary: 5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21 *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG 1R 3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV (/(&7521,& &,7$7,21 )(' $SS 3 WK &LU )LOH 1DPH DS ,9 ,PXVWFRQIHVVWKDWEHIRUHGHOYLQJLQWRWKLVFDVH,ZRXOG 81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6 KDYHEHHQVNHSWLFDOWKDWDSHUVRQZLWKDUHDGLQJGLVDELOLW\DV )257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7 VHULRXVDVWKHRQH*RQ]DOHVLQVLVWVKHKDVZRXOGEHDEOHWR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB VXUYLYH WKH ULJRUV RI PHGLFDO..
More
5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21
*RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG 1R 3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH
RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV (/(&7521,& &,7$7,21 )(' $SS 3 WK &LU
)LOH 1DPH DS
,9
,PXVWFRQIHVVWKDWEHIRUHGHOYLQJLQWRWKLVFDVH,ZRXOG 81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6
KDYHEHHQVNHSWLFDOWKDWDSHUVRQZLWKDUHDGLQJGLVDELOLW\DV )257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7
VHULRXVDVWKHRQH*RQ]DOHVLQVLVWVKHKDVZRXOGEHDEOHWR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
VXUYLYH WKH ULJRUV RI PHGLFDO VFKRRO DQG EH FDSDEOH RI
SUDFWLFLQJ PHGLFLQH VXFFHVVIXOO\ DIWHUZDUG 1HYHUWKHOHVV
*RQ]DOHVKDVDSSDUHQWO\VDWLVILHGWKHIDFXOW\RIRQHRIWKLV
FRXQWU\¶VSUHHPLQHQWPHGLFDOVFKRROVWKDWKHZRXOGPDNHD 0,&+$(/ *21=$/(6 ;
YHU\JRRGSK\VLFLDQDQG,KDYHOLWWOHGRXEWWKDWWKHIDFXOW\RI 3ODLQWLII$SSHOODQW
WKH8QLYHUVLW\RI0LFKLJDQ0HGLFDO6FKRRODUHEHWWHUMXGJHV
WKDQ,RIZKRRXJKWWREHDOORZHGWRSUDFWLFHPHGLFLQH 1R
Y
)RUWKHUHDVRQVVHWIRUWKDERYH,EHOLHYHWKDWWKHGLVWULFW !
FRXUW¶VILQGLQJWKDW*RQ]DOHVGRHVQRWKDYHDGLVDELOLW\ZLWKLQ 1$7,21$/ %2$5' 2)
WKHPHDQLQJRIWKH$'$LVQRWVXSSRUWHGE\WKHUHFRUGDVLW 0(',&$/ (;$0,1(56
SUHVHQWO\H[LVWV7KHRQO\ILQGLQJFRQVLVWHQWZLWK*RQ]DOHV¶V 'HIHQGDQW$SSHOOHH
WHVWLPRQ\DQGWKHFRQFOXVLRQVRIWKHWZRH[SHUWVZKRKDYH
PHW ZLWK DQG H[DPLQHG KLP LV WKDW KH KDV D UDWKHU VHYHUH 1
UHDGLQJGLVDELOLW\$OWKRXJKWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWZDVREYLRXVO\
QRW UHTXLUHG WR FUHGLW *RQ]DOHV¶V WHVWLPRQ\ RU WKDW RI $SSHDOIURPWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV'LVWULFW&RXUW
'U *LRUGDQL WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW¶V GHFLVLRQ WR FUHGLW WKH IRUWKH(DVWHUQ'LVWULFWRI0LFKLJDQDW'HWURLW
WHVWLPRQ\ RI 'UV )ODQDJDQ DQG /LWFKIRUG SDUWLFXODUO\ 1R²/DZUHQFH3=DWNRII&KLHI'LVWULFW-XGJH
'U )ODQDJDQ VHHPV WR PH LUUHFRQFLODEOH ZLWK WKH GLVWULFW
FRXUW¶V UHFRJQLWLRQ RI 'U *LRUGDQL DV D ³FRPSHWHQW DQG $UJXHG-DQXDU\
DFFRPSOLVKHG SV\FKRORJLVW´ *RQ]DOH>V@ Y 1DW¶O %G RI
0HGLFDO ([DPLQHUV ) 6XSS G (' 0LFK 'HFLGHGDQG)LOHG$XJXVW
%HIRUH1(/62168+5+(,15,&+DQG*,/0$1
,ZRXOGWKHUHIRUHYDFDWHWKHRUGHURIWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWDQG &LUFXLW-XGJHV
UHPDQGWKLVFDVHIRUIXUWKHUSURFHHGLQJV7KHGLVWULFWFRXUW
FRXOGDOORZVXSSOHPHQWDOEULHILQJRULQWKHH[HUFLVHRILWV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
GLVFUHWLRQWKHWDNLQJRIDGGLWLRQDOHYLGHQFHRQWKHVXEMHFWRI
ZKHWKHU*RQ]DOHVLVOLNHO\WRVXFFHHGRQWKHPHULWVDQGWKHQ &2816(/
LI QHFHVVDU\ DGGUHVV WKH RWKHU IDFWRUV WKDW DUH UHOHYDQW LQ
GHWHUPLQLQJZKHWKHULQMXQFWLYHUHOLHIVKRXOGEHJUDQWHG $5*8('5LFKDUG-/DQGDX'<.(0$*266(77$QQ
$UERU0LFKLJDQIRU$SSHOODQW5R\&+D\HV,,,+$<(6
/$: ),50 &KDUOHYRL[ 0LFKLJDQ IRU $SSHOOHH
21%5,()5LFKDUG-/DQGDX'<.(0$*266(77$QQ
$UERU 0LFKLJDQ IRU $SSHOODQW 5R\ & +D\HV 5R\ &
*RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG 1R 1R *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG
RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV
+D\HV,,,+$<(6/$:),50&KDUOHYRL[0LFKLJDQIRU 7KHUHPLJKWZHOOKDYHEHHQRWKHUUHDVRQVZK\*RQ]DOHV
$SSHOOHH ZDVQRWOLNHO\WRVXFFHHGRQWKHPHULWV,QGHHGWKHUHPLJKW
KDYHEHHQUHDVRQVZHLJKLQJDJDLQVWJUDQWLQJLQMXQFWLYHUHOLHI
68+5+(,15,&+-GHOLYHUHGWKHRSLQLRQRIWKHFRXUWLQ HYHQLI*RQ]DOHVKDGHVWDEOLVKHGDOLNHOLKRRGRIVXFFHVVRQ
ZKLFK 1(/621 - MRLQHG *,/0$1 - SS WKHPHULWV%XWWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW¶VGHFLVLRQWRGHQ\LQMXQFWLYH
GHOLYHUHGDVHSDUDWHGLVVHQWLQJRSLQLRQ UHOLHIZDVEDVHGRQLWVILQGLQJWKDW*RQ]DOHVGLGQRWKDYHDQ\
GLVDELOLW\ZLWKLQWKHPHDQLQJRIWKH$'$DQGWKXVKDGQR
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB FKDQFHRIVXFFHVVRQWKHPHULWVDQGWKDWILQGLQJRQWKHEDVLV
RIWKHUHFRUGEHIRUHXVDSSHDUVWRPHWRKDYHEHHQFOHDUO\
23,1,21 HUURQHRXV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
,,,
68+5+(,15,&+ &LUFXLW -XGJH 3ODLQWLII 0LFKDHO
*RQ]DOHV ³*RQ]DOHV´ RU ³3ODLQWLII´ DSSHDOV WKH GLVWULFW ,DOVRGLVDJUHHZLWKWKHPDMRULW\¶VVWDWHPHQWWKDW*RQ]DOHV
FRXUW¶VGHQLDORIKLVUHTXHVWIRUSUHOLPLQDU\LQMXQFWLYHUHOLHI GRHV QRW ³ILW ZLWKLQ &RQJUHVV¶V YLVLRQ RI WKH GLVDEOHG
XQGHUWKH$PHULFDQVZLWK'LVDELOLWLHV$FW86& SRSXODWLRQ´0DM2SDW$OWKRXJKLWLVLQGLVSXWDEOHWKDW
HWVHT³$'$´3ODLQWLIIUHTXHVWHGWKDW'HIHQGDQW1DWLRQDO ³>S@HUVRQVZLWKPLQRUWULYLDOLPSDLUPHQWVVXFKDVDVLPSOH
%RDUGRI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV³1%0(´RU³'HIHQGDQW´EH LQIHFWHG ILQJHU DUH QRW LPSDLUHG LQ D PDMRU OLIH DFWLYLW\´
RUGHUHGWRDOORZKLPH[WHQGHGWLPHWRWDNHWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV 0DM 2S DW , GR QRW XQGHUVWDQG KRZ WKH UHDGLQJ
0HGLFDO /LFHQVLQJ ([DPLQDWLRQ 6WHS ³6WHS LPSDLUPHQW GHVFULEHG E\ *RQ]DOHV DQG 'U *LRUGDQL FDQ
([DPLQDWLRQ´EHFDXVHRIDQDOOHJHGGLVDELOLW\ UHDVRQDEO\EHFRPSDUHGWRDQLQIHFWHGILQJHU
,%$&.*5281' )LQDOO\ , GLVDJUHH ZLWK WKH PDMRULW\¶V DVVHUWLRQ WKDW
UHFRJQL]LQJVHULRXVUHDGLQJLPSDLUPHQWVRIWKHVRUWGHVFULEHG
,QDIWHUVXFFHVVIXOO\FRPSOHWLQJWZR\HDUVRIPHGLFDO E\ *RQ]DOHV DV ³GLVDELOLWLHV´ ZRXOG VWUHWFK WKH $'$ ZHOO
VFKRRO DW WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 0LFKLJDQ 0HGLFDO 6FKRRO EH\RQGLWV LQWHQGHGSXUSRVH&RQJUHVVDQWLFLSDWHGWKDWLWV
³8006´*RQ]DOHVDSSOLHGWRWDNHWKH6WHS([DPLQDWLRQ GHILQLWLRQRI³DQLQGLYLGXDOZLWKDGLVDELOLW\´ZRXOGDSSO\WR
D SUHUHTXLVLWHWRSURFHHGLQJZLWKWKHWKLUG\HDURIPHGLFDO ³VRPH $PHULFDQV´ 86& D
VFKRRO7KH6WHS([DPLQDWLRQLVWKHILUVWRIWKUHH8QLWHG )RUW\WKUHHPLOOLRQLVWRRVPDOODQXPEHUWRLQFOXGHDOORIWKH
6WDWHV0HGLFDO/LFHQVLQJ([DPLQDWLRQV³860/(´UHTXLUHG SHRSOHLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVZKRUHTXLUHH\HJODVVHVRUFRQWDFW
IRUPHGLFDOOLFHQVXUHLQDOOVWDWHV7KH1%0(DGPLQLVWHUVWKH OHQVHVWRVHHQRUPDOO\VHH6XWWRQ86DWREVHUYLQJ
860/( WKDWFRXQWLQJSHUVRQVZKRFDQVHHQRUPDOO\ZLWKFRUUHFWLYH
OHQVHV DV ³GLVDEOHG´ ZRXOG GULYH WKH WRWDO RI ³GLVDEOHG´
%HIRUHWDNLQJWKH6WHS([DPLQDWLRQRQ-XQH SHUVRQVZHOORYHURQHKXQGUHGPLOOLRQDIDUJUHDWHUQXPEHU
*RQ]DOHV DVVHUWHG D OHDUQLQJ GLVDELOLW\ DQG UHTXHVWHG WKH WKDQ&RQJUHVVLQWHQGHGEHFRYHUHGE\WKH$'$EXWIRUW\
1%0(WRDOORZKLPH[WHQGHGWLPHRQHDQGDKDOIWLPHVWKH WKUHHPLOOLRQLVVWLOODYHU\ODUJHQXPEHU²ODUJHU,WKLQNWKDQ
VWDQGDUGWLPHRQWKHH[DPLQDWLRQ+HVXSSRUWHGKLVUHTXHVW WKHPDMRULW\LVZLOOLQJWRUHFRJQL]H
IRUWHVWDFFRPPRGDWLRQVZKLFKZDVHQGRUVHGE\8006
ZLWK D SV\FKRORJLFDO HYDOXDWLRQ ZKLFK *RUGRQ / 8OUH\
*RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG 1R 1R *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG
RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV
WHVWLPRQ\DVZHOODVWKDWRI'U*LRUGDQLWRWKHHIIHFWWKDW ³8OUH\´3K'SUHSDUHGLQZKHQ*RQ]DOHVZDVDQ
*RQ]DOHV LV D PHPEHU RI WKH PLQRULW\ RI LQGLYLGXDOV ZLWK XQGHUJUDGXDWHVWXGHQWDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLDDW'DYLV
VWURQJFRJQLWLYHDELOLW\EXWZLWKYHU\ZHDNUHDGLQJDELOLW\ ³8&'´
)XUWKHUPRUH'U/LWFKIRUG¶VWHVWLPRQ\GLGOLWWOHWRVXSSRUW ,Q 8OUH\ LQWHUYLHZHG *RQ]DOHV DQG UHSRUWHG WKDW
WKH1%0(¶VFODLPWKDW*RQ]DOHVGRHVQRWKDYHDOHDUQLQJ *RQ]DOHV¶VPDLQFRQFHUQZDVORZVFRUHVRQPXOWLSOHFKRLFH
GLVDELOLW\5DWKHU'U/LWFKIRUGWHVWLILHGWKDWWKHUHVXOWVRIWKH WHVWV HVSHFLDOO\ WKH 0HGLFDO &ROOHJH $SWLWXGH 7HVW
WHVWVDGPLQLVWHUHGE\'U*LRUGDQLVXSSRUWHGDILQGLQJRID ³0&$7´ ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKH LQWHUYLHZ 8OUH\ EDVHG KLV
ZULWLQJGLVRUGHU²DOWKRXJKKHGRXEWHGWKDWKDYLQJDZULWLQJ HYDOXDWLRQ RI *RQ]DOHV RQ D EDWWHU\ RI WHVWV :HFKVOHU
GLVRUGHUZRXOGKLQGHURQH¶VSHUIRUPDQFHRQWKH6WHSH[DP $GXOW,QWHOOLJHQFH6FDOH5HYLVHG:LGH5DQJH$FKLHYH
'U/LWFKIRUGQHYHUWKHOHVVIRUWKULJKWO\FRQFHGHGWKDWQHLWKHU 7HVW 5HYLVHG /HYHO ,, /HDUQLQJ (IILFLHQF\ 7HVW QG
KHQRUWKH1%0(KDGHYHUFRQGXFWHGDQ\VRUWRIHPSLULFDO (GLWLRQ 1HOVRQ'HQQ\ 5HDGLQJ 7HVW )RUP ( 8OUH\
VWXG\WRGHWHUPLQHZKHWKHUZULWLQJGLVDELOLWLHVKDYHDQ\HIIHFW GLDJQRVHG*RQ]DOHVDVKDYLQJDOHDUQLQJGLVDELOLW\8OUH\
RQKRZRQHSHUIRUPVRQWKH1%0(¶VH[DPLQDWLRQV FRQFOXGHGWKDW*RQ]DOHV³VKRZHGVLJQLILFDQWGLIILFXOW\ZLWK
WKHDXGLWRU\VHTXHQWLDOSURFHVVLQJRILQIRUPDWLRQDVVHHQE\
7KHTXHVWLRQRIZKHWKHUDFHUWDLQIRUPRIDFFRPPRGDWLRQ KLVSHUIRUPDQFHRQWKHDULWKPHWLFDQGGLJLWVSDQWHVWDVZHOO
LHPRUHWHVWLQJWLPHLVUHTXLUHGRUDSSURSULDWHIRUDJLYHQ DV RQ ERWK WKH YLVXDO DQG DXGLWRU\ PHPRU\ WHVWV IRU WKH
GLVDELOLW\ LV D TXHVWLRQ HQWLUHO\ VHSDUDWH IURP ZKHWKHU WKH /HDUQLQJ(IILFLHQF\([DP´8OUH\IRXQGLWDSSURSULDWHWKDW
LQGLYLGXDOKDVD³GLVDELOLW\´LQWKHILUVWSODFH6HH6KHSOHUY *RQ]DOHVEHJLYHQPRUHWLPHIRUVWDQGDUGL]HGWHVWLQJ
1RUWKZHVW2KLR'HYHORSPHQWDO&WU1R:/ DQGKHVXJJHVWHGWKDW*RQ]DOHVUHFRUGOHFWXUHVDQGUHYLHZ
DW
WK&LU)HEXQSXEOLVKHG*LOPDQ ZULWWHQOHFWXUHQRWHV
- GLVVHQWLQJ REVHUYLQJ WKDW WKH TXHVWLRQ RI ZKHWKHU WKH
SODLQWLII LQ DQ $'$ FDVH KDV D GLVDELOLW\ VKRXOG EH NHSW 8OUH\DOVRIRXQGWKDWRQWKH:HFKVOHU6FDOH*RQ]DOHV¶V
DQDO\WLFDOO\VHSDUDWHIURPRWKHUTXHVWLRQVVXFKDVZKHWKHU YHUEDO DQGSHUIRUPDQFHVNLOOVUDQJHG³IURPWKHDYHUDJHWR
FHUWDLQSURSRVHGDFFRPPRGDWLRQVDUHUHTXLUHGE\WKH$'$ VXSHULRUUDQJHZLWKYHUEDO,4SHUIRUPDQFH,4DQG
'DYLGVRQY0LGHOIRUW&OLQLF/WG)GWK
&LU VDPH 0DWWKHZ 'LOOHU -XGLFLDO %DFNODVK WKH
$'$DQGWKH&LYLO5LJKWV0RGHO%(5.(/(< - (03
/$% / ±FULWLFL]LQJMXGLFLDORSLQLRQVWKDW
GHQ\UHOLHIXQGHUWKH$'$DIWHUEHQGLQJRYHUEDFNZDUGVWR 8OUH\ LV DQ $VVRFLDWH &OLQLFDO 3URIHVVRU RI 3V\FKRORJ\ DW WKH 8&'
ILQGSODLQWLIIVQRWFRYHUHGE\WKHVWDWXWH³$IWHUDOODILQGLQJ
WKDWDSHUVRQLVSURWHFWHGE\WKH$'$RQO\OHDGVWRWKHFHQWUDO Ulrey wrote that the pattern of errors on Gonzales’s tests "strongly
TXHVWLRQ RI ZKHWKHU WKH >GHIHQGDQW@ KDV LPSURSHUO\ suggests an underlying processing disorder"; that "[b]oth Michael’s
GLVFULPLQDWHG DJDLQVW WKH LQGLYLGXDO´ ,Q YLHZ RI WKH problems with the sequential processing of information visually and
auditorily as well as discrepancies between his cognitive level and his
FRQFHVVLRQ E\ 'U /LWFKIRUG ZKRVH WHVWLPRQ\ WKH GLVWULFW reading rate and reading comprehension suggest an underlying learning
FRXUWFUHGLWHGWKDWWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHWHVWVDGPLQLVWHUHGE\'U disability related to slowness in language processing"; and that "the
*LRUGDQLVXSSRUWHGDILQGLQJRIDZULWLQJGLVRUGHUWKHGLVWULFW pattern of cognitive skills as well as his ability to improve his
FRXUW¶VFRQFOXVLRQWKDW*RQ]DOHVGLGQRWKDYHDQ\GLVDELOLW\ performance significantly with increasing 50% time document both his
IRUWKHSXUSRVHVRIWKH$'$DSSHDUVXQWHQDEOH learning disability and the need for the accommodation of increased time
for tests."
*RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG 1R 1R *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG
RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV
IXOO VFDOH ,4 ´ 8OUH\ FRQFOXGHG WKDW *RQ]DOHV KDV RI.XPKR7LUH&RDQG'DXEHUWDQGGHVHUYHVWREHFUHGLWHG
³VLJQLILFDQWVWUHQJWKVERWKLQYHUEDOFRQFHSWXDODELOLW\DVZHOO 6HH(NRWHN6LWH353&RPPLWWHHY6HOI)6XSSG
DVSHUFHSWXDORUJDQL]DWLRQ´ Q ' 8WDK FRQFOXGLQJ WKDW GLVWULFW FRXUWV
SUHVLGLQJ RYHU EHQFK WULDOV FDQ GHFLGH TXHVWLRQV RI
8&'KDGDUUDQJHGDFFRPPRGDWLRQVIRU*RQ]DOHVGXULQJ DGPLVVLELOLW\ DQG UHOLDELOLW\ DIWHU WKH SURIIHUHG HYLGHQFH LV
KLVWKLUGDQGIRXUWK\HDUVRIVWXG\EDVHGRQ8OUH\¶VUHSRUW SUHVHQWHGDWWULDO%UDGOH\Y%URZQ)6XSS
$OVR RQ WKH EDVLV RI 8OUH\¶V UHSRUW WKH 8006 SURYLGHG 1',QGJUDQWLQJDPRWLRQLQOLPLQHWRH[FOXGHXQUHOLDEOH
*RQ]DOHV ZLWK EDVLFDOO\ WKH VDPH DFFRPPRGDWLRQV KH H[SHUWHYLGHQFHIROORZLQJWKHFRPSOHWLRQRIDEHQFKWULDO
UHFHLYHGGXULQJKLVWKLUGDQGIRXUWK\HDUVDW8&'H[WHQGHG DII¶G)GWK&LU%\IDLOLQJWRFRQGXFWD
WLPHRQWHVWVDVVLVWDQFHZLWKQRWHWDNLQJDQGSHUPLVVLRQWR 'DXEHUWDQDO\VLVDVWR'U)ODQDJDQ¶VWHVWLPRQ\WKHGLVWULFW
WDSHFODVVURRPOHFWXUHV8006DOORZHG*RQ]DOHVGRXEOH FRXUW¶VFRQFOXVRU\VWDWHPHQWWKDWLWIRXQGWKHWHVWLPRQ\RI'U
WLPHRQH[DPLQDWLRQV )ODQDJDQ³PRUHSHUVXDVLYH´WKDQWKDWRI'U*LRUGDQLGRHV
QRWFRQVWLWXWHVXFKDQDQDO\VLVWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWHIIHFWLYHO\
7KH1%0(UHIHUUHG*RQ]DOHV¶VUHTXHVWDQGGRFXPHQWDWLRQ WHUPLQDWHG*RQ]DOHV¶VFDVHRQWKHPHULWVZLWKRXWHPSOR\LQJ
IRUH[WHQGHGWLPHRQWKH-XQH6WHS([DPLQDWLRQWR WKHHYLGHQWLDU\VDIHJXDUGVWKDWGLVWULFWFRXUWVDUHUHTXLUHGWR
'DZQ )ODQDJDQ 3K' DQ H[SHUW LQ WKH ILHOG RI OHDUQLQJ DSSO\ ZKHQ JHQXLQH LVVXHV RI PDWHULDO IDFW DUH LQ
GLVDELOLWLHV)ODQDJDQRSLQHGWKDW*RQ]DOHVGRHVQRWKDYHD GLVSXWH²LHDWDKHDULQJRUWULDO
OHDUQLQJGLVDELOLW\LQUHDGLQJDQGWKDWWKHGDWDLQWKHDUHDRI
ZULWWHQODQJXDJHLVLQVXIILFLHQWWRGLDJQRVHDZULWWHQODQJXDJH ,QDQ\HYHQW'U)ODQDJDQ¶VH[FOXVLYHUHOLDQFHRQWKHWHVW
GLVRUGHU7KH1%0(GHQLHG*RQ]DOHV¶VUHTXHVWIRUH[WHQGHG UHVXOWVDQGUHSRUWVRI'UV8OUH\DQG*LRUGDQLLVWURXEOHVRPH
6KHUHDVRQHGWKDWEHFDXVH*RQ]DOHVSHUIRUPHGZHOORQWHVWV
WKDWPHDVXUHGKLVFRJQLWLYHVNLOOVDQGEHFDXVHLQGLYLGXDOV¶
FRJQLWLYH SURFHVVHV DUH ³WKH EHVW SUHGLFWRUV RI UHDGLQJ
DFKLHYHPHQW´*RQ]DOHV¶VUHDGLQJDFKLHYHPHQW³RXJKWWREH
Ulrey reported that on the verbal test Gonzales revealed "significant
strength in verbal conceptual ability on the vocabulary, comprehension ZLWKLQWKHDYHUDJHRUEHWWHUUDQJHRIDELOLW\´,DPXQDEOHWR
and similarities verbal tests." He showed "excellent judgement and DFFHSWWKLVUHDVRQLQJ
abstract reasoning on both comprehension and similarities." On the
performance test, he exhibited "significant strength in perceptual &RUUHODWLRQ LV WKH SUREDELOLW\ WKDW WZR IDFWRUV VXFK DV
organization as seen on both block design and object assembly," and he FRJQLWLYH DELOLW\ DQG UHDGLQJ DELOLW\ ZLOO DFFRPSDQ\ HDFK
demonstrated "effective problem solving strategies on both block design RWKHU$VWURQJSRVLWLYHFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQFRJQLWLYHDELOLW\
and object assembly where he was able to solve even the most abstract DQG UHDGLQJDELOLW\ZRXOGPHDQWKDWJLYHQDODUJHHQRXJK
designs with a high level of efficiency." On the achievement test, he had VDPSOHRISHRSOHZLWKVWURQJFRJQLWLYHDELOLW\DSUHGLFWDEO\
a "reading decoding standard score of 114, equivalent to the 82nd
percentile and a written language or spelling standard score of 102, ODUJHSHUFHQWDJHZRXOGDOVRKDYHVWURQJUHDGLQJDELOLW\%XW
equivalent to the 58th percentile. Performance on the arithmetic *RQ]DOHVLVDSHUVRQQRWDVDPSOH'U)ODQDJDQ¶VIDLOXUHWR
calculation with standard time resulted in a score of 108 equivalent to the H[DPLQHRUHYHQPHHWZLWK*RQ]DOHVOHDYHVKHUVWXFNZLWK
70th percentile and with 50% more time improved his performance to a UHO\LQJRQWKHDUJXPHQWWKDW*RQ]DOHV¶VUHDGLQJDELOLW\RXJKW
standard score of 138, equivalent to the 98th percentile." WR EH JRRG EHFDXVH PRVW SHRSOH ZLWK FRJQLWLYH DELOLW\ DV
VWURQJ DV *RQ]DOHV¶V DOVR KDYH JRRG UHDGLQJ DELOLW\ 7KLV
)ODQDJDQ LV D PHPEHU RI WKH $PHULFDQ 3V\FKRORJLFDO $VVRFLDWLRQ UHDVRQLQJFRQIOLFWVZLWKDQGOHDYHVXQH[SODLQHG*RQ]DOHV¶V
DQG WKH 1DWLRQDO $VVRFLDWLRQ RI 6FKRRO 3V\FKRORJLVWV
*RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG 1R 1R *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG
RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV
'U )ODQDJDQ DOVR QHYHU UHYLHZHG *RQ]DOHV¶V VHFRQG RU WLPH VWDWLQJ KLV LPSDLUPHQW GLG QRW VLJQLILFDQWO\ LPSDLU D
WKLUG DSSOLFDWLRQV IRU WHVWLQJ DFFRPPRGDWLRQV ZKLOH WKRVH PDMRUOLIHDFWLYLW\ZLWKLQWKHIUDPHZRUNRIWKH$'$
DSSOLFDWLRQVZHUHDFWXDOO\SHQGLQJEHIRUHWKH1%0(HYHQ
WKRXJKWKHVXEMHFWRIWKHSUHVHQWOLWLJDWLRQZDV*RQ]DOHV¶V ,Q-XQHZKHQ*RQ]DOHVWRRNWKH6WHS([DPLQDWLRQ
WKLUGDSSOLFDWLRQIRUDFFRPPRGDWLRQV5DWKHUVKHUHYLHZHG ZLWKRXWDFFRPPRGDWLRQVKHIDLOHGWKHH[DPLQDWLRQ
WKHPRQO\IRUWKHSXUSRVHRIWHVWLI\LQJRQWKH1%0(¶VEHKDOI
LQ WKH SUHVHQW FDVH *RQ]DOHV¶V DWWRUQH\ LQ IDFW PDGH D )ROORZLQJLWVXVXDOSUDFWLFHWKH8006DOORZHG*RQ]DOHV
PRWLRQ LQ OLPLQH WR OLPLW 'U )ODQDJDQ¶V WHVWLPRQ\ WR WKH WREHJLQKLVWKLUG\HDUFOLQLFDOURWDWLRQVEHIRUHKHOHDUQHGWKH
VXEMHFWRIKHULQLWLDOUHSRUWLQZKLFKVKHFULWLFL]HG'U8OUH\¶V UHVXOWVRIKLV-XQH6WHS([DPLQDWLRQ:KHQ*RQ]DOHV
UHSRUW 7KH GLVWULFW FRXUW GHQLHG WKH PRWLRQ VWDWLQJ WKDW OHDUQHGWKDWKHKDGIDLOHGWKHH[DPLQDWLRQKHKDGFRPSOHWHG
³>W@KLVLVPHUHO\DKHDULQJQRWDWULDO´ RQHPRQWKRIDWKUHHPRQWKVXUJLFDOURWDWLRQ*RQ]DOHVFKRVH
WR WDNH D OHDYH RI DEVHQFH WR SUHSDUH WR UHWDNH WKH 6WHS
$FWXDOO\EHFDXVHWKH³SUHOLPLQDU\´LQMXQFWLYHUHOLHIWKDW ([DPLQDWLRQ
WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW GHQLHG ZDV WKH OLRQ¶V VKDUH RI WKH UHOLHI
*RQ]DOHVZDVVHHNLQJLQWKLVDFWLRQ,EHOLHYHWKDWWKHGLVWULFW %HIRUH VXEPLWWLQJ D UHTXHVW IRU H[WHQGHG WLPH RQ WKH
FRXUWVKRXOGKDYHFRQVLGHUHGPRUHFDUHIXOO\ZKDWHYLGHQFH 2FWREHU6WHS([DPLQDWLRQ*RQ]DOHVFRQVXOWHG%UXQR
ZRXOG KDYH EHHQ FRQVLGHUHG FRPSHWHQW DQG DGPLVVLEOH DW *LRUGDQL³*LRUGDQL´3K'*LRUGDQLGLDJQRVHG*RQ]DOHV
WULDO6HH$&+$5/(6 $/$1 :5,*+7 $57+85 5 0,//(5 DVKDYLQJDOHDUQLQJGLVDELOLW\*LRUGDQLEDVHGKLVGLDJQRVLV
0$5< .$< .$1( )('(5$/ 35$&7,&( $1' 352&('85( RQ*RQ]DOHV¶VKLVWRU\DQGRQIRUPDOWHVWLQJDQGFRQFOXGHG
SG&LU 6XSSQRWLQJWKDWZKHQ WKDW*RQ]DOHVPHWWKHFULWHULDIRU5HDGLQJ'LVRUGHU
WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW FRQVROLGDWHV WKH PRWLRQ IRU SUHOLPLQDU\ DQG IRU 'LVRUGHU RI :ULWWHQ ([SUHVVLRQ *LRUGDQL
LQMXQFWLYHUHOLHIZLWKWKHWULDORQWKHPHULWV³LQJHQHUDOWKH DOVR IRXQG VWUHQJWKV LQ *RQ]DOHV¶V DELOLWLHV *LRUGDQL
HYLGHQWLDU\UXOHVDSSOLFDEOHWRWULDOVKRXOGJRYHUQGXULQJD
FRQVROLGDWHGKHDULQJ´EHFDXVHWKHKHDULQJ³UHDOO\LVDWULDORQ
WKHPHULWV´
*LRUGDQL LV DQ $VVRFLDWH 3URIHVVRU RI 3V\FKRORJ\ LQ 3V\FKLDWU\
$OWKRXJKLWDSSHDUVGRXEWIXOWKDWSULYDWHSODLQWLIIVVXLQJ 'LUHFWRU RI WKH 1HXURSV\FKRORJ\ &OLQLF DQG $VVRFLDWH 'LUHFWRU RI WKH
XQGHU7LWOH,,,RIWKH$'$DUHHQWLWOHGWRDMXU\WULDOVHH 1HXURSV\FKRORJ\ 'LYLVLRQ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 0LFKLJDQ *LRUGDQL LV QRW
86&DSSDUHQWO\DXWKRUL]LQJRQO\LQMXQFWLYHUHOLHI ERDUG FHUWLILHG
$VVRFLDWLRQ
LQ QHXURSV\FKRORJ\ E\ WKH $PHULFDQ 3V\FKRORJLFDO
DQG DWWRUQH\¶V IHHV LQ 7LWOH ,,, VXLWV EURXJKW E\ SULYDWH
SODLQWLIIV$EERWWY%UDJGRQ)6XSS'0H
7KH 1HXURSV\FKRORJ\ 'LYLVLRQ DGPLQLVWHUHG WKH IROORZLQJ
VXJJHVWLQJWKDWWKHUHLVQRULJKWWRDWULDOE\MXU\LQ DVVHVVPHQW SURFHGXUHV WR *RQ]DOHV :HFKVOHU $GXOW ,QWHOOLJHQFH 6FDOH
SULYDWHSODLQWLIIV¶VXLWVXQGHU7LWOH,,,WKHGLVWULFWFRXUWLV 7KLUG (GLWLRQ :$,6,,, :RRGFRFN-RKQVRQ 7HVWV RI $FKLHYHPHQW
VWLOOUHTXLUHGWRUHO\RQO\RQDGPLVVLEOHDQGUHOLDEOHH[SHUW 5HYLVHG :-5 :RRGFRFN 5HDGLQJ 0DVWHU\ 7HVWV ± 5HYLVHG )RUP *
WHVWLPRQ\HYHQZKLOHFRQGXFWLQJDEHQFKWULDO7KLVLVWUXH :507518 1HOVRQ'HQQ\ 5HDGLQJ 7HVW 1' +DOVWHDG5HLWDQ
1HXURSV\FKRORJLFDO 7HVW %DWWHU\ DQG $OOLHG 3URFHGXUHV :HFKVOHU
HYHQ WKRXJK GLVWULFW FRXUWV FRQGXFWLQJ EHQFK WULDOV KDYH 0HPRU\ 6FDOH ± 5HYLVHG :065 7HVW RI 9DULDEOHV RI $WWHQWLRQ
VXEVWDQWLDOIOH[LELOLW\LQDGPLWWLQJSURIIHUHGH[SHUWWHVWLPRQ\ 729$ $WWHQWLRQDO &DSDFLW\ 7HVWV $&7 'LJLW 9LJLODQFH 7HVW
DWWKHIURQWHQGDQGWKHQGHFLGLQJIRUWKHPVHOYHVGXULQJWKH 0LQQHVRWD 0XOWLSKDVLF 3HUVRQDOLW\ ,QYHQWRU\ ± Z 003, 3DWLHQW
FRXUVHRIWULDOZKHWKHUWKHHYLGHQFHPHHWVWKHUHTXLUHPHQWV +LVWRU\ ,QWHUYLHZ 7KH WHVWV ZHUH DGPLQLVWHUHG E\ /LVD 3URYRVW D
0DVWHU¶V /HYHO OLFHQVH SV\FKRORJLVW
*RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG 1R 1R *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG
RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV
UHSRUWHGWKDW*RQ]DOHV³VFRUHGZLWKLQWKHDYHUDJHWRVXSHULRU WRPDNLQJDFRPSHWHQWGLDJQRVLVRIDOHDUQLQJGLVDELOLW\6HH
UDQJHV´ RQ WKH LQWHOOLJHQFH WHVW ³ZLWK D PDUNHG GLIIHUHQFH '60,9S[[LLL³7KHVSHFLILFGLDJQRVWLFFULWHULDLQFOXGHG
EHWZHHQWKH9HUEDODQG3HUIRUPDQFHVXEVFDOHVRISRLQWV LQ'60,9DUHPHDQWWRVHUYHDVJXLGHOLQHVWREHLQIRUPHGE\
9HUEDO,4 3HUIRUPDQFH,4 )XOO6FDOH,4 FOLQLFDOMXGJPHQWDQGDUHQRWPHDQWWREHXVHGLQDFRRNERRN
´ *LRUGDQL FRPSDUHG *RQ]DOHV¶V UHDGLQJ VFRUHV WR IDVKLRQ´,QRWKHUFRQWH[WVZHDFFRUGVXEVWDQWLDOGHIHUHQFH
WKRVHRIIRXUWK\HDUFROOHJHVWXGHQWVDQGWRFROOHJHJUDGXDWHV WR WKH PHGLFDO RSLQLRQV RI WUHDWLQJ SK\VLFLDQV 6HH HJ
2Q UHDGLQJ FRPSUHKHQVLRQ WHVWV ZKHUH *RQ]DOHV¶V VFRUHV :DONHUY6HF¶\RI+HDOWK +XPDQ6YFV)G
ZHUHFRPSDUHGWRWKRVHRIWKHJHQHUDOSRSXODWLRQ*LRUGDQL WK&LUVRFLDOVHFXULW\GLVDELOLW\EHQHILWVFDVH
UHSRUWHG WKDW *RQ]DOHV VFRUHG ZLWKLQ WKH DYHUDJH UDQJH 7KH VDPH VKRXOG EH WUXH IRU WKH RSLQLRQ RI DQ H[DPLQLQJ
1RQHWKHOHVV *LRUGDQL VXSSRUWHG WKH PHGLFDO VFKRRO¶V SV\FKRORJLVW ZKR KDV GLDJQRVHG D GLVRUGHU WKDW FDQQRW EH
GHFLVLRQWRJUDQW*RQ]DOHVH[WUDWLPHRQH[DPVDQGDGGLWLRQDO UHOLDEO\GHWHFWHGWKURXJKWHVWVFRUHVDORQH
DFFRPPRGDWLRQVDQGUHFRPPHQGHGWKDW³WKLVDFFRPPRGDWLRQ
EHH[WHQGHGWRRWKHUVHWWLQJV´ 'U)ODQDJDQFRQFHGHGWKDWVKHGLGQRWGLDJQRVH*RQ]DOHV
6KH H[SODLQHG WKDW VKH LV DQ DFDGHPLFLDQ QRW D FOLQLFDO
*RQ]DOHVSUHVHQWHG*LRUGDQL¶VUHSRUWZLWKKLVUHTXHVWIRU SV\FKRORJLVW FRPSHWHQW WR GLDJQRVH OHDUQLQJ GLVDELOLWLHV LQ
H[WHQGHGWLPHRQWKH2FWREHU6WHS([DPLQDWLRQ7KH VSHFLILFLQGLYLGXDOV,QVWHDGKHURSLQLRQZDVEDVHGVROHO\RQ
1%0(GLGQRWPHHWZLWKRULQWHUYLHZ*RQ]DOHV5DWKHULW VHFRQGJXHVVLQJWKHFRQFOXVLRQVUHDFKHGE\'UV8OUH\DQG
VHQWWKHGRFXPHQWDWLRQ*RQ]DOHVVXEPLWWHGZLWKKLVUHTXHVW *LRUGDQLZKRKDGH[DPLQHG*RQ]DOHV
IRU DFFRPPRGDWLRQV WR DQ H[SHUW LQ WKH ILHOG RI OHDUQLQJ
GLVDELOLWLHV *HRUJH /LWFKILHOG 3K' ZKR UHYLHZHG WKH ,Q SDUWLFXODU 'U )ODQDJDQ WHVWLILHG WKDW EDVHG RQ KHU
PDWHULDOV DQG LVVXHG D UHSRUW $JDLQ WKH 1%0( GHQLHG UHYLHZRIWKHGDWDVXEPLWWHGWRWKH1%0(E\'UV8OUH\DQG
*LRUGDQL VKH FRXOG ILQG ³DEVROXWHO\ QR HYLGHQFH´ RI DQ
LPSDLUPHQW 6KH DOVR WHVWLILHG KRZHYHU WKDW KHU
PHWKRGRORJ\ IRU DVVHVVLQJ ZKHWKHU SHUVRQV KDYH OHDUQLQJ
Giordani reported that Gonzales’s scores on the Wechsler subtests GLVDELOLWLHVZDVRQO\D³WKHRUHWLFDOPRGHOWKDWKDVQRWEHHQ
ranged from "borderline impaired to superior." On academic achievement VXEMHFWHGWRULJRURXVHPSLULFDODQDO\VLVIRUWKHSXUSRVHVRI
tests, Gonzales scored "within the above average to superior range" in
mathematics "when solving basic written calculations, though his
GLDJQRVLVDQGWUHDWPHQW´7KLVOHDGVPHWRTXHVWLRQZKHWKHU
performance with word problems and related tasks fell somewhat lower KHUWHVWLPRQ\ZRXOGVDWLVI\WKH³JDWHNHHSHU´UHTXLUHPHQWVRI
and in the average to above average ranges." In cognitive skills, .XPKR 7LUH &R Y &DUPLFKDHO 86 DQG
Gonzales demonstrated excellent performance on a conceptual problem 'DXEHUWY0HUUHOO'RZ3KDUPDFHXWLFDOV,QF86
solving task requiring general mental flexibility and efficiently [sic] in )XUWKHUPRUH WR WKH H[WHQW 'U )ODQDJDQ
adapting one’s responses based on feedback from the environment FRQFOXGHGWKDWWKHUHZDVQRLQGLFDWLRQWKDW*RQ]DOHVKDGDQ\
(Category Test)." OHDUQLQJ GLVDELOLW\ WKDW FRQFOXVLRQ ZDV QRW VKDUHG E\ 'U
/LWFKIRUGWKH1%0(¶VRWKHUH[SHUWZLWQHVV'U/LWFKIRUG
/LWFKIRUG LV D FOLQLFDO SV\FKRORJLVW +H LV D GLSORPDW LQ FOLQLFDO WHVWLILHG WKDW WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH WHVWV DGPLQLVWHUHG E\ 'U
SV\FKRORJ\ LQ WKH 6WDWH RI 1HZ 5@HDGLQJLWVHOILVDPDMRUOLIHDFWLYLW\LQGHSHQGHQWRIWKH %0HULWV
PDMRU OLIH DFWLYLW\ RI VHHLQJ´ EXW VHH +LOHPDQ Y &LW\ RI
'DOODV )G Q WK &LU H[SUHVVLQJ 7LWOH ,,, RI WKH $'$ SURKLELWV GLVFULPLQDWLRQ DJDLQVW
GRXEWWKDWUHDGLQJLVD³PDMRUOLIHDFWLYLW\´IRUSXUSRVHVRIWKH SHUVRQVZLWKGLVDELOLWLHVLQSURIHVVLRQDOH[DPLQDWLRQVVXFKDV
5HKDELOLWDWLRQ$FW WKH860/(6WHS
*RQ]DOHV¶V UHDVRQDEO\ JRRG SHUIRUPDQFH LQ KLJK VFKRRO $Q\ SHUVRQ WKDW RIIHUV H[DPLQDWLRQV UHODWHG WR
DQGKLVILUVWWZR\HDUVRIFROOHJHGRHVQRWIRUHFORVHDILQGLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQVOLFHQVLQJFHUWLILFDWLRQRUFUHGHQWLDOLQJIRU
WKDWKHKDVDUHDGLQJGLVDELOLW\&I$QGUHZ:HLV-XPSLQJWR SURIHVVLRQDO RU WUDGH SXUSRVHV VKDOO RIIHU VXFK
&RQFOXVLRQVLQ³-XPSLQJWKH4XHXH´6% / 5' H[DPLQDWLRQV LQ D SODFH DQG PDQQHU DFFHVVLEOH WR
ERRNUHYLHZREVHUYLQJWKDWOHDUQLQJGLVDEOHG SHUVRQVZLWKGLVDELOLWLHVRURIIHUDOWHUQDWLYHDFFHVVLEOH
VWXGHQWVRIWHQDUHFDXJKWLQD³&DWFK´VLWXDWLRQLQWKDW³LI DUUDQJHPHQWVIRUVXFKLQGLYLGXDOV
ZHH[FHOLQVRPHWDVNVWKHQZHPXVWQRWSRVVHVVDGLVDELOLW\
EXW LI ZH IDLO LQ RWKHU DUHDV WKHQ ZH PXVW EH MXVW OD]\ 86&$ :HVW 7KH '2- UHJXODWLRQV
FDUHOHVV RU LQDWWHQWLYH´ ,QGHHG *RQ]DOHV RIIHUHG D SURYLGH WKDW DQ H[DPLQDWLRQ FRYHUHG E\ WKLV VHFWLRQ EH
SODXVLEOHH[SODQDWLRQIRUKRZKHZDVDEOHWRJHWJRRGJUDGHV VHOHFWHG DQG DGPLQLVWHUHG WR DFFXUDWHO\ UHIOHFW WKH
ZLWKRXW IRUPDO DFFRPPRGDWLRQV GHVSLWH KDYLQJ D VHYHUH LQGLYLGXDO¶VDSWLWXGH RU DFKLHYHPHQW OHYHO UDWKHU WKDQ KLV
UHDGLQJ GLVDELOLW\ +H WHVWLILHG WKDW KH UHFHLYHG YHU\ LPSDLUPHQW
VLJQLILFDQWLQIRUPDODFFRPPRGDWLRQVLQKLJKVFKRROHJKLV
WHDFKHUVSHUPLWWHGKLPWRUHGRXQVDWLVIDFWRU\DVVLJQPHQWVDQG $FRYHUHGHQWLW\GLVFULPLQDWHVDJDLQVWDGLVDEOHGLQGLYLGXDO
WXUQLQXQWLPHGH[WUDFUHGLWSURMHFWV*RQ]DOHVDOVRWHVWLILHG ZKHQLWIDLOVWRPDNH³UHDVRQDEOHDFFRPPRGDWLRQVWRNQRZQ
WKDWLQFROOHJHKHZDVDEOHWRJHWIDLUO\JRRGJUDGHVZLWKRXW SK\VLFDORUPHQWDOOLPLWDWLRQV´86&E$
IRUPDODFFRPPRGDWLRQVVLPSO\E\HPSOR\LQJVWUDWHJLHVWKDW 7KHUHJXODWLRQVLPSOHPHQWLQJ7LWOH,,,RIWKH$'$IXUWKHU
DOORZHG KLP WR JHW E\ ZKLOH GRLQJ WKH EDUH PLQLPXP RI FODULI\WKDWVXFKDFFRPPRGDWLRQV³PD\LQFOXGHFKDQJHVLQ
UHDGLQJIRUH[DPSOHE\WDSHUHFRUGLQJOHFWXUHVDQGKDYLQJ
KLV IULHQGV UHDG WKHLU OHFWXUH QRWHV WR KLP ,I JHWWLQJ
UHDVRQDEO\JRRGJUDGHVZHUHWKHERWWRPOLQHWKHQ,ZRXOG
DJUHHWKDW*RQ]DOHVLVQRWGLVDEOHG*RQ]DOHVDIWHUDOOLV
FOHDUO\QRWVXEVWDQWLDOO\ZRUVH RII WKDQWKHDYHUDJHSHUVRQ 7KH UHOHYDQW LPSOHPHQWLQJ UHJXODWLRQ SURPXOJDWHG E\ WKH '2-
ZKHQLWFRPHVWRJHWWLQJUHDVRQDEO\JRRGJUDGHV XQGHU 7LWOH ,,, VWDWHV WKDW
>$@Q H[DPLQDWLRQ FRYHUHG E\ WKLV VHFWLRQ PXVW DVVXUH WKDW L
7KH H[DPLQDWLRQ LV VHOHFWHG DQG DGPLQLVWHUHG VR DV WR EHVW
%XWDSHUVRQ¶VDELOLW\WRJHWJRRGJUDGHVLVQRWWKHERWWRP HQVXUH WKDW ZKHQ WKH H[DPLQDWLRQ LV DGPLQLVWHUHG WR DQ
OLQH,ILWZHUHWKHQDVWXGHQW¶VDELOLW\WRDFKLHYHUHDVRQDEO\ LQGLYLGXDO ZLWK D GLVDELOLW\ WKDW LPSDLUV VHQVRU\ PDQXDO RU
KLJK PDUNV E\ ZKDWHYHU PHDQV ZLWKRXW IRUPDO VSHDNLQJ VNLOOV WKH H[DPLQDWLRQ UHVXOWV DFFXUDWHO\ UHIOHFW WKH
DFFRPPRGDWLRQV ZRXOG DV D SUDFWLFDO PDWWHU IRUHFORVH D LQGLYLGXDO¶V DSWLWXGH RU DFKLHYHPHQW OHYHO RU ZKDWHYHU RWKHU
IDFWRU WKH H[DPLQDWLRQ SXUSRUWV WR PHDVXUH UDWKHU WKDQ UHIOHFWLQJ
ILQGLQJWKDWKHKDVDUHDGLQJGLVDELOLW\²DFRQFOXVLRQWKDW, WKH LQGLYLGXDO¶V LPSDLUHG VHQVRU\ PDQXDO RU VSHDNLQJ VNLOOV
EHOLHYHLVLQFRUUHFW1RRQHIRUH[DPSOHZRXOGDUJXHWKDWD H[FHSW ZKHUH WKRVH VNLOOV DUH WKH IDFWRUV WKDW WKH H[DPLQDWLRQ
EOLQGVWXGHQWZKRLVDEOHWRJHWJRRGJUDGHVLQFROOHJHZLWK SXUSRUWV WR PHDVXUH>@
WKHKHOSRIIULHQGVDQGDQDSSURSULDWHO\FRQILJXUHGSHUVRQDO
&)5 EL
*RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG 1R 1R *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG
RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV
WKH OHQJWK RI WLPH SHUPLWWHG IRU FRPSOHWLRQ RI WKH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
H[DPLQDWLRQ´&)5E
',66(17
7KH1%0(GRHVQRWGLVSXWHWKDWLWLVD³FRYHUHGHQWLW\´ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
XQGHU6XEVHFWLRQ,,,RIWKH$'$7KH1%0(DOVRGRHVQRW
FRQWHVWLWVREOLJDWLRQWRSURYLGHUHDVRQDEOHDFFRPPRGDWLRQV 521$/' /(( *,/0$1 &LUFXLW -XGJH GLVVHQWLQJ
LQFOXGLQJ H[WUD WLPH WR WDNH WKH 6WHS LI D SHUVRQ KDV D *RQ]DOHVWHVWLILHGWKDWKHKDVJUHDWGLIILFXOW\UHDGLQJKLJKZD\
GLVDELOLW\ ,Q IDFW WKH 1%0(¶V RZQ SURFHGXUHV FOHDUO\ VLJQVZKLOHGULYLQJWKDWLQVWRUHVKHIHHOVFRPSHOOHGWRVLJQ
FRQWHPSODWHWKHDFFRPPRGDWLRQRILQGLYLGXDOVZLWKOHDUQLQJ FUHGLWFDUGUHFHLSWVEOLQGO\EHFDXVHUHDGLQJWKHPZRXOGWDNH
GLVDELOLWLHV KLPVRORQJWKDWLWZRXOGPDNHRWKHUFXVWRPHUVDQJU\DQG
WKDWRQHRIKLVDWWRUQH\VKDGWRUHDGWRKLPOLQHE\OLQHWKH
7KXVWKHRQO\TXHVWLRQLQWKLVFDVHLVZKHWKHU*RQ]DOHVLV FRPSODLQWWKH\SUHSDUHGRQKLVEHKDOILQWKHSUHVHQWFDVHVR
GLVDEOHG ZLWKLQ WKH PHDQLQJ RI WKH $'$ $ SHUVRQ LV WKDWKHFRXOGXQGHUVWDQGLW$VVXPLQJWKDWKHZDVWHOOLQJWKH
GLVDEOHGZLWKLQWKHPHDQLQJRIWKH$'$LIWKDWLQGLYLGXDO WUXWKDQGWKHUHLVQRVXJJHVWLRQWRWKHFRQWUDU\WKHQ,FDQQRW
VXIIHUV IURP ³D SK\VLFDO RU PHQWDO LPSDLUPHQW WKDW XQGHUVWDQG ZK\ KH VKRXOG QRW EH FRQVLGHUHG ³GLVDEOHG´
VXEVWDQWLDOO\OLPLWVRQHRUPRUHRIWKHPDMRUOLIHDFWLYLWLHVRI ZLWKLQWKHPHDQLQJRIWKH$'$
VXFKLQGLYLGXDO´86&$$:HVW
,
7KH$'$GRHVQRWGHILQHWKHWHUPV³SK\VLFDORUPHQWDO
LPSDLUPHQW´³VXEVWDQWLDOO\OLPLWV´RU³PDMRUOLIHDFWLYLWLHV´ $ SULPDU\ EDVLV IRU WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW¶V FRQFOXVLRQ WKDW
DQGQRDJHQF\KDVEHHQJLYHQDXWKRULW\WRLVVXHUHJXODWLRQV *RQ]DOHVGRHVQRWKDYHDUHDGLQJGLVDELOLW\LVWKDWKHZDVDEOH
LPSOHPHQWLQJWKHJHQHUDOO\DSSOLFDEOHSURYLVLRQVRIWKH$'$ WRJHWUHDVRQDEO\JRRGJUDGHVWKURXJKKLVILUVWWZR\HDUVRI
6HH86&6XWWRQY8QLWHG$LU/LQHV FROOHJHDQGDFKLHYHDYHUDJHVWDQGDUGL]HGWHVWVFRUHVZLWKRXW
,QF 86 6 &W IRUPDOGLVDELOLW\DFFRPPRGDWLRQV,I*RQ]DOHV¶VFODLPZDV
+RZHYHUWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI-XVWLFH³'2-´ZKLFK&RQJUHVV WKDW ³JHWWLQJ UHDVRQDEO\ JRRG JUDGHV LQ VFKRRO´ DQG
DVVLJQHG WR ZULWH WKH UHJXODWLRQV IRU 6XEFKDSWHU ,,, RI WKH ³DFKLHYLQJDYHUDJHVWDQGDUGL]HGWHVWVFRUHV´ZHUHPDMRUOLIH
$'$GHILQHV³SK\VLFDORUPHQWDOLPSDLUPHQW´DVLQFOXGLQJ DFWLYLWLHV ZLWKLQ WKH PHDQLQJ RI WKH $'$ DQG WKDW WKRVH
³VSHFLILFOHDUQLQJGLVDELOLWLHV´&)5 DFWLYLWLHV ZHUH WKH RQHV LQ ZKLFK KH ZDV VXEVWDQWLDOO\
7KH1%0(GRHVQRWDSSHDUWRGLVSXWHWKDW*RQ]DOHVKDVD LPSDLUHGWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWPLJKWKDYHKDGDSRLQW%XWWKDW
PHQWDOLPSDLUPHQW ZDVQRWKLVFODLPDQGLQDQ\HYHQWJHWWLQJUHDVRQDEO\JRRG
JUDGHV LQ VFKRRO DQG DFKLHYLQJ DYHUDJH VWDQGDUGL]HG WHVW
7KH'2-¶VUHJXODWLRQVIXUWKHUGHILQH³PDMRUOLIHDFWLYLWLHV´ VFRUHVDUHQRWUHFRJQL]HGDV³PDMRUOLIHDFWLYLWLHV´,QVWHDG
DVLQFOXGLQJ³ZDONLQJVHHLQJKHDULQJVSHDNLQJEUHDWKLQJ *RQ]DOHVFODLPVWKDWKHLVGLVDEOHGLQWKHPDMRUOLIHDFWLYLW\
OHDUQLQJDQGZRUNLQJ´,GHPSKDVLVDGGHG RIUHDGLQJZKLFKWKH1%0(GRHVQRWGLVSXWHLVDPDMRUOLIH
7KHOLVWLVPHUHO\LOOXVWUDWLYHQRWH[KDXVWLYHKRZHYHUFI DFWLYLW\XQGHUWKH$'$6HHHJ%DUWOHWWY1HZX@QDEOH WR SHUIRUP D PDMRU OLIH
DFWLYLW\WKDWWKHDYHUDJHSHUVRQLQWKHJHQHUDOSRSXODWLRQFDQ
SHUIRUP´ RU ³>V@LJQLILFDQWO\ UHVWULFWHG DV WR WKH FRQGLWLRQ
PDQQHURUGXUDWLRQXQGHUZKLFKDQLQGLYLGXDOFDQSHUIRUPD
SDUWLFXODUPDMRUOLIHDFWLYLW\DVFRPSDUHGWR WKHFRQGLWLRQ
PDQQHURUGXUDWLRQXQGHUZKLFKWKHDYHUDJHSHUVRQLQWKH
JHQHUDO SRSXODWLRQ FDQ SHUIRUP WKDW VDPH PDMRU OLIH
DFWLYLW\´7KXVWKH$'$FRPSDUHVWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIDQ
7KH 6HFRQG &LUFXLW¶V RSLQLRQ LQ %DUWOHWW ZDV YDFDWHG QRW UHYHUVHG
DQG WKH FDVH ZDV VHQW EDFN IRU IXUWKHU FRQVLGHUDWLRQ LQ OLJKW RI WKH
6XSUHPH &RXUW¶V UHFHQW GHFLVLRQV LQ 6XWWRQ Y 8QLWHG $LU /LQHV ,QF
86 6 &W 0XUSK\ Y 8QLWHG 3DUFHO 6HUY ,QF
86 6 &W DQG $OEHUWVRQV ,QF Y
$V DQ H[DPSOH WKH UHSRUW VWDWHV WKDW D SHUVRQ ZKR FDQ ZDON WHQ .LUNLQJEXUJ 86 6 &W 6LJQLILFDQWO\ WKH
PLOHV FRQWLQXRXVO\ EXW H[SHULHQFHV SDLQ RQ WKH HOHYHQWK PLOH LV QRW 6HFRQG &LUFXLW KDG UHYHUVHG WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW¶V KROGLQJ WKDW WKH SODLQWLII¶V
VXEVWDQWLDOO\ OLPLWHG LQ ZDONLQJ EHFDXVH PRVW SHRSOH DUH XQDEOH WR ZDON DELOLW\ WR VHOIDFFRPPRGDWH IRUHFORVHG D ILQGLQJ RI GLVDELOLW\ 6HH
HOHYHQ PLOHV ZLWKRXW VXIIHULQJ VRPH GLVFRPIRUW 6HH 6 5HS %DUWOHWW Y 1HZ DQLPSDLUPHQWIURPZRUNLQJ
WKDWRI³PRVWSHRSOH´ ZLWK RWKHUV@WKHQ WKDW H[FOXVLRQ FRQVWLWXWHV DQ
LPSDLUPHQWZKHQWKHTXHVWLRQ\RX¶UHDVNLQJLVZKHWKHU
*RQ]DOHVFODLPVWKDWKLVPHQWDOLPSDLUPHQWVVXEVWDQWLDOO\ WKHH[FOXVLRQLWVHOILVE\UHDVRQRIKDQGLFDS
OLPLWKLPLQWKHPDMRUOLIHDFWLYLWLHVRIUHDGLQJZULWLQJDQG
ZRUNLQJ 6XWWRQ6&WDWTXRWLQJ7URI2UDO$UJLQ6FKRRO
%GRI1DVVDX&RY$UOLQH271RS
5HDGLQJ DUJXPHQWRI6ROLFLWRU*HQHUDO,WIXUWKHUQRWHGWKDWHYHQ
WKH ((2& KDV UHVHUYDWLRQV DERXW LQFOXGLQJ ZRUNLQJ DV D
2QDSSHDO*RQ]DOHVFODLPVWKDWDOOWKHFUHGLEOHHYLGHQFH PDMRUOLIHDFWLYLW\DQG³KDVVXJJHVWHGWKDWZRUNLQJEHYLHZHG
HVWDEOLVKHGWKDWKLVUHDGLQJLVUHVWULFWHGZKHQFRPSDUHGWRWKH DVDUHVLGXDOOLIHDFWLYLW\FRQVLGHUHGDVDODVWUHVRUWRQO\µ>L@I
³DYHUDJH´ SHUVRQ *RQ]DOHV SRLQWV WR KLV RZQ WHVWLPRQ\ DQLQGLYLGXDOLVQRWVXEVWDQWLDOO\OLPLWHGZLWKUHVSHFWWRDQ\
UHJDUGLQJ KLV KLVWRU\ RI UHDGLQJ SUREOHPV DV ZHOO DV WKH RWKHUPDMRUOLIHDFWLYLW\¶´,GTXRWLQJ&)5SW
FOLQLFDOHYLGHQFH+HQRWHVWKDW'U8OUH\¶VUHSRUWFRQWDLQV $SSM
VSHFLILFLQIRUPDWLRQGHWDLOLQJ*RQ]DOHV¶VUHDGLQJDQGRWKHU
SURFHVVLQJGHILFLWVDVZHOODVKLVGLDJQRVLVEDVHGRQWKRVH )LQDOO\ WKHUH LV QR VXSSRUW LQ WKH OHJLVODWLYH KLVWRU\ IRU
*RQ]DOHV¶VSRVLWLRQ5DWKHUWKHOHJLVODWLYHKLVWRU\VXJJHVWV
VLPSO\ WKDW &RQJUHVV LQWHQGHG ³VXEVWDQWLDOO\ OLPLWV´ WR EH
7KH 6XSUHPH &RXUW UHFHQWO\ QRWHG WKDW ³VXEVWDQWLDOO\´ VXJJHVW LQWHUSUHWHGDVVLJQLILFDQWO\UHVWULFWHGLQDPDMRUOLIHDFWLYLW\LQ
³FRQVLGHUDEOH´ ³VSHFLILHG WR D ODUJH GHJUHH´ DQG ³LQ D VXEVWDQWLDO UHODWLRQ WR WKH DYHUDJH SHUVRQ ZLWKLQ WKH SRSXODWLRQ 7KH
PDQQHU´ DQG WKDW ³VXEVWDQWLDO´ PHDQV ³FRQVLGHUDEOH LQ DPRXQW YDOXH RU
6HQDWH 5HSRUW IURP WKH &RPPLWWHH RQ /DERU DQG +XPDQ
ZRUWK´ ³EHLQJ WKDW VSHFLILHG WR D ODUJH GHJUHH RU LQ WKH PDLQ´ ³UHODWLQJ
WR RU SURFHHGLQJ IURP WKH HVVHQFH RI D WKLQJ HVVHQWLDO´ DQG ³RI DPSOH RU
5HVRXUFHVVXEPLWWHGE\6HQDWRU.HQQHG\VWDWHVDVIROORZV
FRQVLGHUDEOH amount, quantity or dimensions."
Sutton, 119 S. Ct. at 2145.
The Supreme Court’s review of these definitions confirms that the ADA 3HUVRQVZLWKPLQRUWULYLDOLPSDLUPHQWVVXFKDVDVLPSOH
addresses impairments that limit an individual, not in a trivial or even LQIHFWHGILQJHUDUHQRWLPSDLUHGLQDPDMRUOLIHDFWLYLW\
moderate manner, but in a major way, to a considerable amount, or to a $SHUVRQLVFRQVLGHUHGDQLQGLYLGXDOZLWKDGLVDELOLW\IRU
large degree. Under this standard, Gonzales is clearly not disabled under SXUSRVHV RI WKH ILUVW SURQJ RI WKH GHILQLWLRQ ZKHQ WKH
the ADA. LQGLYLGXDO¶VLPSRUWDQWOLIHDFWLYLWLHVDUHUHVWULFWHGDVWR
WKHFRQGLWLRQVPDQQHURUGXUDWLRQXQGHUZKLFKWKH\FDQ
*RQ]DOHV WHVWLILHG WKDW WKURXJKRXW KLV OLIH KH KDV KDG GLIILFXOW\ EHSHUIRUPHGLQFRPSDULVRQWRPRVWSHRSOH
UHDGLQJ ERWK LQ DQG RXW RI VFKRRO +H DOVR WHVWLILHG WKDW KH KDV WURXEOH
UHDGLQJ VWUHHW VLJQV DQG FRPSOHWLQJ FRQVXPHU WUDQVDFWLRQV EHFDXVH RI KLV
UHDGLQJ SUREOHPV
7KH GLVVHQW ZRXOG FUHGLW *RQ]DOHV¶V WHVWLPRQ\ WKDW ³KH IHHOV
FRPSHOOHG WR VLJQ FUHGLW FDUG UHFHLSWV EOLQGO\ EHFDXVH UHDGLQJ WKHP ZRXOG
WDNH KLP VR ORQJ WKDW LW ZRXOG PDNH RWKHU FXVWRPHUV DQJU\ DQG WKDW RQH
RI KLV DWWRUQH\V KDG WR UHDG WR KLP OLQH E\ OLQH WKH FRPSODLQW WKH\ SUHSDUHG
RQ KLV EHKDOI LQ WKH SUHVHQW FDVH VR WKDW KH FRXOG XQGHUVWDQG LW´ $OWKRXJK
WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW GLG QRW VSHFLILFDOO\ PDNH WKH ILQGLQJ ZH WKLQN
*RQ]DOHV¶V YHUEDO UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI KLV LPSDLUPHQW LV LQFRQVLVWHQW ZLWK
KLV VXFFHVV RQ WKH 6$7 DQG 0&$7 %RWK WHVWV DUH WLPHG DQG *RQ]DOHV
WRRN WKHVH H[DPV ZLWKRXW DFFRPPRGDWLRQ
*RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG 1R 1R *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG
RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV
7KXVZHPXVWSUHVXPHWKDWLIWKH'2-ZDQWHGWRPRGLI\WKH GHILFLWV )XUWKHUPRUH 'U *LRUGDQL ZKR WHVWLILHG DW WKH
GHILQLWLRQRI³VXEVWDQWLDOO\OLPLWV´UHJDUGLQJWKH³PDMRUOLIH KHDULQJFRQFOXGHGWKDW*RQ]DOHVPHWWKH'60,9FULWHULDIRU
DFWLYLW\ RI ZRUNLQJ´ LW ZRXOG KDYH H[SUHVVO\ GRQH VR ,Q 5HDGLQJ'LVRUGHUDIWHUFRQGXFWLQJDIXOOQHXURSV\FKRORJLFDO
RWKHUZRUGVWKH'2-¶VVLOHQFHLVGLVSRVLWLYHKHUH6HH3ULFH HYDOXDWLRQRI*RQ]DOHV
Y 1DWLRQDO %G RI 0HG ([DPLQ¶UV )6XSS
6' : 9D KROGLQJ WKDW EHFDXVH &RQJUHVV 5HJDUGLQJ*RQ]DOHV¶VUHDGLQJLPSDLUPHQWWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW
DXWKRUL]HGWKH'2-WRPDNHLVVXHUHJXODWLRQVIRU6XEFKDSWHU IRXQGWKDW
,,,FRXUWVPXVWJLYHWKHLUGHFLVLRQVFRQWUROOLQJZHLJKWXQOHVV
DUELWUDU\RUPDQLIHVWO\FRQWUDU\WRWKHVWDWXWHVHHJHQHUDOO\ >Z@KHQFRPSDUHGWRSRROHGQRUPVSODLQWLII>µ@VVFRUHV
%UDJGRQ Y $EERWW 86 %XW VHH DUH VTXDUHO\ LQ WKH DYHUDJH WR VXSHULRU UDQJH 2I WKH
%DUWOHWW ) 6XSS DW DGRSWLQJ ((2& WHVW ZLWK PRUHWKDQWZHOYHWHVWVDGPLQLVWHUHGE\'U*LRUGDQLLQ
UHVSHFW WR WKH PDMRU OLIH DFWLYLW\ RI ZRUNLQJ DQG SODLQWLIIVFRUHGVLJQLILFDQWO\EHORZDYHUDJHLQRQO\
)6XSSG6'1<GHQ\LQJPRWLRQ RQHWKH'LJLW6SDQ,QWKH'LJLW6SDQWHVWDGPLQLVWHUHG
IRU UHFRQVLGHUDWLRQ H[SODLQLQJ WKDW XVH RI WKH PDMRU OLIH E\ 'U *LRUGDQL LQ SODLQWLII UHFHLYHG D VFRUH RI
DFWLYLW\RIZRUNLQJVWDQGDUGIURP7LWOH,LVFRQVLVWHQWZLWKWKH ILYHZKLFKLVVLJQLILFDQWO\EHORZDYHUDJHDQGERUGHUOLQH
VSLULWDQGOHWWHURIWKH$'$DQG'2-³UXOHRILQWHUSUHWDWLRQ´ LPSDLUHG+RZHYHUSODLQWLII¶VVFRUHRQWKH'LJLW
ZKLFKVDQFWLRQVWKHXVHRIUHJXODWLRQVIURPDGLIIHUHQWWLWOHWR 6SDQ WHVW LV FOHDUO\ VXVSHFW ,Q SODLQWLII WRRN
DVVLVWLQLQWHUSUHWLQJDFRQFHSWWKDWLVQRWDGGUHVVHGLQLWVRZQ DQRWKHU 'LJLW 6SDQ WHVW ZLWK 'U 8OUH\ LQ ZKLFK KH
UHJXODWLRQVDII¶G)GG&LUYDFDWHG UHFHLYHG D WHQ ZHOOZLWKLQWKHDYHUDJHUDQJH'U
6 &W ,Q DQ\ HYHQW DV SUHYLRXVO\ QRWHG )ODQDJDQDQG'U/LWFKIRUGWHVWLILHGDWWKHKHDULQJWKDW
&RQJUHVVGLGQRWFRQIHUDXWKRULW\RQWKH((2&RUWKH'2- EHFDXVHRIWKHZLGHGLVFUHSDQF\EHWZHHQWKHWZRVFRUHV
IRU WKDW PDWWHU WR LVVXH UHJXODWLRQV UHJDUGLQJ WKH SURSHU WKH'LJLW6SDQWHVWLVDQXQUHOLDEOHLQGLFDWRURISODLQWLII¶V
LQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHWHUP³GLVDELOLW\´6HH6XWWRQ6&W DELOLW\
DWGHFOLQLQJWRGHFLGHWKHYDOLGLW\RIRUZKDWGHIHUHQFH
LVGXHWKH((2&¶VUHJXODWLRQVGHILQLQJ³GLVDELOLW\´XQGHUWKH 7KHORZHUFRXUWUHFRJQL]HG'U*LRUGDQLDVD³FRPSHWHQWDQG
$'$EHFDXVHWKHSDUWLHVDFFHSWHGWKHUHJXODWLRQVDVYDOLG DFFRPSOLVKHG´ SV\FKRORJLVW EXW XOWLPDWHO\ IRXQG WKH
WHVWLPRQ\RI'UV/LWFKIRUGDQG)ODQDJDQ³PRUHSHUVXDVLYH´
0RUHRYHU3ODLQWLII¶VFODLPWRDGLVDELOLW\LQWKHPDMRUOLIH DQGDJUHHGZLWKWKHLUFRQFOXVLRQWKDWEDVHGRQ*RQ]DOHV¶V,4
DFWLYLW\RIZRUNLQJLVLWVHOISUREOHPDWLF$OEHLWLQGLFWXP VFRUHV KLV SHUIRUPDQFH IHOO ZLWKLQ WKH DYHUDJH WR VXSHULRU
WKH6XSUHPH&RXUWUHFHQWO\TXHVWLRQHGZKHWKHUZRUNLQJFDQ UDQJHZKHQFRPSDUHGWRPRVWSHRSOH*LYHQWKHVHILQGLQJV
EHGHHPHGD³PDMRUOLIHDFWLYLW\´XQGHUWKH$'$ WKHGLVWULFWFRXUWFRQFOXGHGWKDWKDGQRWGHPRQVWUDWHGWKDWKH
VXIIHUHGIURP³DQ$'$GHILQHGGLVDELOLW\´WKDWVXEVWDQWLDOO\
:HQRWHWKDWWKHUHPD\EHVRPHFRQFHSWXDOGLIILFXOW\ DIIHFWVDPDMRUOLIHDFWLYLW\
LQGHILQLQJ³PDMRUOLIHDFWLYLWLHV´WRLQFOXGHZRUNIRULW
VHHPV³WRDUJXHLQDFLUFOHWRVD\WKDWLIRQHLVH[FOXGHG 8SRQUHYLHZRIWKHUHFRUGZHFDQQRWVD\WKDWWKHGLVWULFW
FRXUW¶V ILQGLQJV RU FUHGLELOLW\ DVVHVVPHQWV DUH FOHDUO\
HUURQHRXV)ODQDJDQ'HIHQGDQW¶VH[SHUWZLWQHVVWHVWLILHGDW
7KH OLPLWDWLRQ FODLPHG E\ *RQ]DOHV LV LQ UHDOLW\ D OLPLWDWLRQ RQ KLV
WKHHYLGHQWLDU\KHDULQJWKDW8OUH\¶VUHSRUWGLGQRWVXSSRUWD
DELOLW\ WR UHDG QRW KLV DELOLW\ WR ZRUN DQG KH PDLQWDLQV WKDW KLV GLDJQRVLVRI3ODLQWLIIKDYLQJDUHDGLQJGLVRUGHU6KHVWDWHG
LPSDLUPHQWV GR QRW UHVWULFW KLV DELOLW\ WR GR WKH ZRUN RI D GRFWRU
*RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG 1R 1R *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG
RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV
WKDWWKHGDWDVKHUHYLHZHGLQWHUPVRI*RQ]DOHV¶VFRJQLWLYH ZKLFKJRYHUQVHPSOR\PHQWZKHQLQIDFWKHLVRQO\DOOHJLQJ
SURFHVVHVDQGUHDGLQJ DFKLHYHPHQWSURYLGHGDEVROXWHO\QR DFODLPXQGHU7LWOH,,,
HYLGHQFHRIDQLPSDLUPHQW6KHSUHVHQWHGDWDEOHRIFRJQLWLYH
SURFHVVHV FORVHO\ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK UHDGLQJ DFKLHYHPHQW DV 7KH GLVWULFW FRXUW DSSHDUV WR KDYH PLVWDNHQO\ DQDO\]HG
DVVHVVHG E\ 8OUH\ DQG *LRUGDQL DQG FRQFOXGHG WKDW LQ ³DOO *RQ]DOHV¶V DUJXPHQW DV D FODLP XQGHU 7LWOH ,
DUHDV WKDW ZHUH DVVHVVHG DOO FRJQLWLYH SURFHVVHV WKDW ZHUH 1RWZLWKVWDQGLQJ*RQ]DOHV¶VFODLPSURSHUO\XQGHUVWRRGVWLOO
DVVHVVHG WKDW DUH IRXQG WR XQGHUOLH RU KHOS XV H[SODLQ RU IDLOVIRUSUHFLVHO\WKHVDPHUHDVRQWKDW3ODLQWLII¶VDOOHJDWLRQV
XQGHUVWDQGUHDGLQJDFKLHYHPHQWKHSHUIRUPHGLQWKHDYHUDJH WKDWKHKDVDOHDUQLQJGLVDELOLW\IDLOVZKHQFRPSDUHGWR³PRVW
WRVXSHULRUUDQJH´$OVRVKHVWDWHGWKDWLQQLQHVXEWHVWVRI SHRSOH´KLVLPSDLUPHQWVGRQRWVXEVWDQWLDOO\OLPLWKLVDELOLW\
YHUEDODELOLW\YHUEDOH[SUHVVLRQDQGYHUEDOFRPSUHKHQVLRQ WRZRUN6HH&)5SW$SS%'2-LQWHUSUHWDWLYH
WKDW³KLVSHUIRUPDQFHZDVLQWKHDYHUDJHWRVXSHULRUUDQJH JXLGHOLQHV7LWOH,,,
DFURVVDYDULHW\RIWKRVHWDVNV´6KHIXUWKHUWHVWLILHGWKDWLQ
SKRQRORJLFDOSURFHVVLQJKLVVFRUHZDVLQWKHDYHUDJHUDQJH 7R JHW DURXQG WKLV SUREOHP 3ODLQWLII FRQWHQGV WKDW ZH
LQYLVXDODXGLWRU\OHDUQLQJKHSHUIRUPHGLQWKHYHU\VXSHULRU VKRXOG ORRN WR WKH ((2&¶V GHILQLWLRQ RI ³VXEVWDQWLDOO\
UDQJHDQGRQDQLQGXFWLYHUHDGLQJWDVNKHSHUIRUPHGLQWKH OLPLWHG´DVLWUHODWHVWRWKH³PDMRUOLIHDFWLYLW\RIZRUNLQJ´D
VXSHULRUUDQJH GHILQLWLRQWKDWGLIIHUVVKDUSO\IURPWKHGHILQLWLRQDSSOLFDEOH
LQHYHU\RWKHUFRQWH[W
)ODQDJDQ DOVR DGGUHVVHG WKH RQH DUHD PHPRU\ VSDQ RQ
ZKLFK*RQ]DOHVVFRUHGLQWKHLPSDLUHGUDQJHRQ*LRUGDQL¶V 7KH WHUP VXEVWDQWLDOO\ OLPLWV PHDQV VLJQLILFDQWO\
HYDOXDWLRQ6KHQRWHGWKDWRQ8OUH\¶VHYDOXDWLRQ*RQ]DOHV UHVWULFWHGLQWKHDELOLW\WRSHUIRUPHLWKHUDFODVVRIMREVRU
VFRUHGZLWKLQWKHDYHUDJHUDQJHRQWKHVDPHWHVWDQGWKDWRQ DEURDGUDQJHRIMREVLQYDULRXVFODVVHVDVFRPSDUHGWR
DQRWKHUPHPRU\VSDQWHVWLQ*LRUGDQL¶VHYDOXDWLRQ*RQ]DOHV¶V WKHDYHUDJHSHUVRQKDYLQJFRPSDUDEOHWUDLQLQJVNLOOV
SHUIRUPDQFHZDVDYHUDJH6KHVWDWHGWKDWWKHGLVFUHSDQFLHV DQGDELOLWLHV7KHLQDELOLW\WRSHUIRUPDVLQJOHSDUWLFXODU
LQKLVVFRUHVVXJJHVW³DYHU\XQXVXDOSDWWHUQRISHUIRUPDQFH MRE GRHV QRW FRQVWLWXWH D VXEVWDQWLDO OLPLWDWLRQ LQ WKH
EXWRQHWKDWLVH[SODLQHGTXLWHVLPSO\E\SRVVLEO\XQUHOLDELOLW\ PDMRUOLIHDFWLYLW\RIZRUNLQJ
RUDFKDQFHRFFXUUHQFH´6KHFRQFOXGHGWKDW*RQ]DOHVFOHDUO\
GHPRQVWUDWHGDYHUDJHDELOLW\LQPHPRU\VSDQ &)5 ML HPSKDVLV DGGHG
*RQ]DOHVFODLPVWKDWXQGHUWKLVWHVWKHPXVWEHFRPSDUHG
ZLWKRWKHUSHUVRQVZKRKDYHFRPSOHWHGWKHLUVHFRQG\HDURI
PHGLFDO VFKRRO DQG WKDW ZKHQ KH LV FRPSDUHG WR WKLV
UHIHUHQFH JURXS KLV GLIILFXOW\ ZLWK UHDGLQJ DQG ZULWLQJ LV
7KH GLVVHQW FULWLFL]HV 'U )ODQDJDQ IRU UHO\LQJ RQ WHVWV WKDW PHDVXUH
*RQ]DOHV¶V FRJQLWLYH VNLOOV VNLOOV ZKLFK SUHGLFW UHDGLQJ DELOLW\ ,W VKRXOG XQTXHVWLRQDEO\DQLPSDLUPHQW
EH QRWHG WKDW 'U )ODQDJDQ DOVR WRRN LQWR DFFRXQW WKH UHVXOWV RI WHVWV WKDW
UHIOHFWHG *RQ]DOHV¶V DFWXDO UHDGLQJ DFKLHYHPHQW OHYHO :H GHFOLQH WR WUDQVSODQW WKLV GHILQLWLRQ IURP WKH 7LWOH ,
UHJXODWLRQVLQWRWKH7LWOH,,,UHJXODWLRQV/LNHWKH((2&LQ
7KH GLVVHQW IDXOWV 'U )ODQDJDQ EHFDXVH VKH GLG QRW H[DPLQH 7LWOH,WKH'2-LQ7LWOH,,,DOVRLQFOXGHG³ZRUNLQJ´LQLWVOLVW
*RQ]DOHV 7KH GLVVHQW DOVR DWWDFNV KHU FRQFOXVLRQV EHFDXVH KHU
RI³PDMRUOLIHDFWLYLWLHV´DQGLWVGHILQLWLRQRI³VXEVWDQWLDOO\
PHWKRGRORJ\ IRU DVVHVVLQJ ZKHWKHU SHUVRQV KDYH OHDUQLQJ GLVDELOLWLHV
LQYROYHG D WKHRUHWLFDO PRGHO WKDW KDG QRW EHHQ HPSLULFDOO\ DQDO\]HG IRU
OLPLWV´ LV RWKHUZLVH LGHQWLFDO WR WKH ((2&¶V ³JHQHUDO
SXUSRVHV RI WUHDWPHQW DQG GLDJQRVLV 7KH GLVVHQW WKHUHIRUH LQWLPDWHV WKDW
SRSXODWLRQ´ GHILQLWLRQ RI WKH VDPH WHUP LQ &)5
)ODQDJDQ¶V WHVWLPRQ\ PLJKW QRW VDWLVI\ WKH ³JDWHNHHSHU´ UHTXLUHPHQWV RI M IRU PDMRU OLIH DFWLYLWLHV RWKHU WKDQ ZRUNLQJ
*RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG 1R 1R *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG
RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV
OHDUQLQJGLVDELOLW\GLGQRWDIIHFWKLVDFDGHPLFVXFFHVVZKLFK /LWFKILHOG'HIHQGDQW¶VRWKHUH[SHUWZLWQHVVWHVWLILHGWKDW
GLGQRWIDOOEHORZWKHDYHUDJHVWXGHQWRIKLVDJH
WKHUHDGLQJWHVWVFRUHVWKDWZHUHVXEPLWWHGZHUHLQWKH
(YHQ LI VHOIDFFRPPRGDWLRQV HQKDQFHG 3ODLQWLII¶V DYHUDJH WR DERYH DYHUDJH UDQJH RQ WKH :LGH 5DQJH
SHUIRUPDQFHWRWKDWRIPRVWSHRSOHKHLVQRWGLVDEOHGXQGHU $FKLHYHPHQW7HVWWKH:RRFRFN>VLF@5HDGLQJ0DVWHU\
WKH $'$ 5HFHQWO\ WKH 6XSUHPH &RXUW UXOHG WKDW LQ 7HVWDQGWKH:RRGFRFN-RKQVRQ%URDG5HDGLQJ
GHWHUPLQLQJZKHWKHULQGLYLGXDOVDUHGLVDEOHGXQGHUWKH$'$ ,QDGGLWLRQWKH:RRGFRFN5HDGLQJ0DVWHU\7HVW
WKH\VKRXOGEHH[DPLQHGLQWKHLUFRUUHFWHGVWDWH6HH6XWWRQ SODFHGKLVUHDGLQJWRWDOUHDGLQJVFRUHUHDGLQJVNLOOVFRUH
6&WDWVHHDOVR0XUSK\Y8QLWHG3DUFHO6HUY DQGUHDGLQJFRPSUHKHQVLRQVFRUHLQWKHDYHUDJHUDQJH
,QF 86 6&W ,Q 7KH VFRUHV ZHUH DOPRVW H[DFWO\ HTXLYDOHQW WR KLV IXOO
DGGLWLRQ LQ $OEHUWVRQV WKH 6XSUHPH &RXUW KHOG WKDW DQ VFDOH,4$QGDOORIKLVSHUIRUPDQFHVRQWKDWWHVWZHUH
LQGLYLGXDOZKRVHERG\GHYHORSHGFRSLQJPHFKDQLVPVZDVQRW DWDFROOHJHJUDGXDWHJUDGHOHYHOVL[WHHQSRLQWQLQH
GLVDEOHGZLWKLQWKHIUDPHZRUNRIWKH$'$6HH$OEHUWVRQV
,QF Y .LUNLQJEXUJ 86 6&W /LWFKILHOGDOVRH[SODLQHGWKDWWKH³DJHOHYHOQRUPV´XVHGRQ
WKH:RRGFRFNWHVWGRQRWDSSUR[LPDWHWKHDYHUDJHSHUVRQDV
ZHOO DV SRROHG QRUPV GR 2Q WKH :RRGFRFN 5HDGLQJ
,Q VKRUW WKHUH LV UHFRUG HYLGHQFH WR VXSSRUW WKH GLVWULFW 0DVWHU\*RQ]DOHVVFRUHGLQWKHDYHUDJHUDQJHHYHQWKRXJK
FRXUW¶V FRQFOXVLRQ WKDW *RQ]DOHV GRHV QRW KDYH D UHDGLQJ WKHVH WHVWV FRPSDUHG KLV SHUIRUPDQFH WR WKDW RI FROOHJH
GLVDELOLW\IRUSXUSRVHVRIWKH$'$ JUDGXDWHV KLV DJH SHHUV ZKLFK LV ³D VWDWLVWLFDOO\ GULYHQ
VWDQGDUGRIDQDYHUDJHSHUVRQDWKLVDJHOHYHO´/LWFKILHOG
:ULWLQJ H[SODLQHG WKDW³SRROHGQRUPV´XVHGRQWKH1HOVRQ'HQQ\
5HDGLQJ 7HVW ³VDPSOH IURP WKH QLQWK WHQWK HOHYHQWK
7KH GLVWULFW FRXUW GLG QRW VHSDUDWHO\ DGGUHVV *RQ]DOHV¶V
DOOHJHGZULWLQJGLVDELOLW\*RQ]DOHVFRUUHFWO\QRWHVWKDWWKH
1%0(DFNQRZOHGJHGWKDWKLV³GLDJQRVLVRIDZULWLQJGLVRUGHU
LVVXSSRUWHGE\WKHWHVWGDWD´7KH1%0(DOVRVWDWHGWKDW
.XPKR 7LUH &R Y &DUPLFKDHO 86 DQG 'DXEHUW Y
³ZULWLQJLVQRWDFRQVWUXFWWKDWLVPHDVXUHGE\WKH860/(VR 0HUUHOO 'RZ 3KDUPDFHXWLFDOV ,QF 86
WKDW ZHDN SHUIRUPDQFH LQ WKLV DUHD ZRXOG QRW LPSDFW \RXU 7KH GLVVHQW¶V UHDVRQLQJ LV IODZHG $OWKRXJK DV DQ DFDGHPLF
DFFHVV WR WKH 860/( SURJUDP´ *RQ]DOHV RIIHUHG QR SV\FKRORJLVW 'U )ODQDJDQ LV QRW TXDOLILHG WR GLDJQRVH D UHDGLQJ GLVRUGHU
HYLGHQFHWRUHIXWHWKLV,QDQ\HYHQWIRUWKHUHDVRQVGLVFXVVHG VKH LV TXDOLILHG WR DQDO\]H *RQ]DOHV¶V WHVW UHVXOWV DQG H[SUHVV DQ RSLQLRQ
DERYH*RQ]DOHVKDVIDLOHGWRHVWDEOLVKWKDWKHLVVXEVWDQWLDOO\ DV WR KRZ KLV UHDGLQJ DELOLW\ FRPSDUHV ZLWK WKDW RI WKH DYHUDJH SHUVRQ
'U )ODQDJDQ IRFXVHG ³RQ ZKHWKHU 0U *RQ]DOHV KDV D UHDGLQJ GLVRUGHU
OLPLWHGE\DQ\DOOHJHGZULWLQJLPSDLUPHQWZKHQFRPSDUHGWR WKDW ULVHV WR WKH OHYHO RI D GLVDELOLW\ WKDW UHSUHVHQWV DQ LPSDLUPHQW´ 7KH
WKHDYHUDJHSHUVRQ GLVVHQW JRHV WRR IDU LQ LQWHUSUHWLQJ 'U )ODQDJDQ¶V WHVWLPRQ\ DV VHFRQG
JXHVVLQJ WKH FOLQLFDO GLDJQRVHV RI 'UV 8OUH\ DQG *LRUGDQL
:RUNLQJ 6LPLODUO\ WKH IDFW WKDW 'U )ODQDJDQ UHOLHG RQ D WKHRUHWLFDO PRGHO WKDW
KDG QRW EHHQ HPSLULFDOO\ DQDO\]HG IRU SXUSRVHV RI GLDJQRVLV DQG WUHDWPHQW
$OWHUQDWLYHO\*RQ]DOHV¶VFODLPWKDWKHLVGLVDEOHGLQWKH GRHV QRW SUHFOXGH KHU IURP DGGUHVVLQJ WKH VXEVWDQWLDO OLPLWDWLRQ TXHVWLRQ
PDMRU OLIH DFWLYLW\ RI ZRUNLQJ +H IXUWKHU DOOHJHV WKDW WKH 'U )ODQDJDQ GLG QRW SXUSRUW WR PDGH D GLDJQRVLV RU VXJJHVW WUHDWPHQW
VKH RQO\ GHWHUPLQHG ZKHWKHU *RQ]DOHV¶V WHVW UHVXOWV ZHUH FRQVLVWHQW ZLWK
GLVWULFW FRXUW PLVXQGHUVWRRG WKDW KH ZDV DOOHJLQJ DQ D VXEVWDQWLDO LPSDLUPHQW LQ KLV UHDGLQJ DELOLW\ 7KLV VKH ZDV TXDOLILHG WR
HPSOR\PHQWGLVFULPLQDWLRQFODLPXQGHU7LWOH,RIWKH$'$ GR XQGHU WKH JDWHNHHSHU UHTXLUHPHQWV RI .XPKR DQG 'DXEHUW
*RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG 1R 1R *RQ]DOHVY1DWLRQDO%RDUG
RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV RI0HGLFDO([DPLQHUV
WZHOIWKIUHVKPDQFROOHJHVHFRQGWKLUGDQGIRXUWK\HDURI FRPPHQVXUDWH ZLWK ZKDW LV H[SHFWHG JLYHQ KLV ,4´ ,Q
FROOHJH´DQGWKXVEHWWHUDSSUR[LPDWHWKHDYHUDJHSHUVRQ RWKHU ZRUGV *RQ]DOHV¶V DFKLHYHPHQWV DUH QRW WHUULEO\
LQFRQVLVWHQWZLWKKLV,4VFRUHV
)LQDOO\ LW VKRXOG EH QRWHG WKDW FRQVLVWHQW ZLWK WKH
1%0(¶V H[SHUWV *LRUGDQL UHSRUWHG WKDW *RQ]DOHV VFRUHG 1HLWKHUGRHV3ODLQWLIIILWZLWKLQ&RQJUHVV¶VYLVLRQRIWKH
ZLWKLQWKHDYHUDJHUDQJHRQUHDGLQJFRPSUHKHQVLRQWHVWVDV GLVDEOHGSRSXODWLRQ,QWKHLQWURGXFWRU\VHFWLRQWRWKH$'$
FRPSDUHGWRWKHJHQHUDOSRSXODWLRQ7KXV*RQ]DOHV¶VRZQ ³)LQGLQJV DQG 3XUSRVH´ &RQJUHVV GHVFULEHV WKH GLVDEOHG
H[SHUWXQGHUPLQHV*RQ]DOHV¶VDVVHUWLRQ³WKDWGHVSLWHKLVEHVW SRSXODWLRQ LW VHHNV WR SURWHFW ,W SUHVHQWV WKH GLVDEOHG DV
HIIRUWVWRZRUNDURXQGKLVSUREOHPKHLVVWLOOQRWDEOHWRUHDG LVRODWHGDQGVHJUHJDWHGLQGLYLGXDOVDVLQGLYLGXDOVZKRRIWHQ
QHDUO\DVZHOODVWKHDYHUDJHSHUVRQ´'LVVHQWLQJ2SDW KDYH³QROHJDOUHFRXUVHWRUHGUHVVGLVFULPLQDWLRQ´DQGDV
,Q VKRUW *RQ]DOHV¶V LPSDLUPHQW VLPSO\ GRHV QRW PHHW WKH WKRVHZKR³DVDJURXSRFFXS\DQLQIHULRUVWDWXVLQRXUVRFLHW\
'2-¶VGHILQLWLRQRI³VXEVWDQWLDOO\OLPLWV´EHFDXVHKHFDQUHDG DQG DUH VHYHUHO\ GLVDGYDQWDJHG VRFLDOO\ YRFDWLRQDOO\
DVZHOODVWKHDYHUDJHSHUVRQ HFRQRPLFDOO\DQGHGXFDWLRQDOO\´86&$D
,Q 3D]HU Y 1HZ R@QH RI WKH PDMRU LQGLFDWRUV RI MXVW DERXW HYHU\
GHILQLWLRQ RI D OHDUQLQJ GLVDELOLW\ LV D VLJQLILFDQW DELOLW\
DFKLHYHPHQW GLVFUHSDQF\´ EXW WKDW *RQ]DOHV ³LV DFKLHYLQJ 3ODLQWLII XUJHV WKLV &RXUW WR UHO\ XSRQ 'RH Y 1%0( &DVH 1R &
:+2 1' &D DQ XQSXEOLVKHG GHFLVLRQ 'RH KDV D
IDFWXDO VLPLODULW\ WR WKH LQVWDQW FDVH LQ WKDW LWV VXEMHFW D PHGLFDO VWXGHQW
DOOHJHV D UHDGLQJ GLVDELOLW\ DQG VHHNV GRXEOH WLPH RQ WKH 6WHS
([DPLQDWLRQ ,Q 'RH KRZHYHU WKH FRXUW FUHGLWHG SODLQWLII¶V H[SHUW
ZLWQHVVHV DQG WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW LQ WKH LQVWDQW FDVH FUHGLWHG 'HIHQGDQW¶V
ZLWQHVVHV