Elawyers Elawyers
Washington| Change

Triple A in the USA v. Pheiffer, 96-3259 (2002)

Court: Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit Number: 96-3259 Visitors: 29
Filed: Aug. 26, 2002
Latest Update: Mar. 02, 2020
Summary: 5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21  5RVVERURXJK0IJ 1RV 3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH  &RHWDOY7ULPEOH  (/(&7521,& &,7$7,21  )(' $SS 3 WK &LU HWDO )LOH 1DPH DS DUHXQDEOHWRGLVFHUQDQ\IURPWKLVUHFRUG7KLVLVQRWDFDVH 81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6 LQZKLFKmFRQWUDFWXDOULJKWVKDYHDULVHQRUYHVWHGULJKWVKDYH EHHQDFTXLUHGXQGHU>D@SULRUGHFLVLRQlRIWKH2KLR6XSUHPH )257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7 &RXUW
More
5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21  5RVVERURXJK0IJ 1RV 3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH  &RHWDOY7ULPEOH  (/(&7521,& &,7$7,21  )(' $SS 3 WK &LU HWDO )LOH 1DPH DS DUHXQDEOHWRGLVFHUQDQ\IURPWKLVUHFRUG7KLVLVQRWDFDVH 81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6 LQZKLFKmFRQWUDFWXDOULJKWVKDYHDULVHQRUYHVWHGULJKWVKDYH EHHQDFTXLUHGXQGHU>D@SULRUGHFLVLRQlRIWKH2KLR6XSUHPH )257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7 &RXUW3HHUOHVV(OHF&RY%RZHUV1(G  BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 2KLR   VXFK WKDW WKH %UDG\ DQG 0D\ILHOG GHFLVLRQV ZRXOGQRWUHWURDFWLYHO\DSSO\WRWKHVHSODLQWLIIVjFODLPV7KH YDOLGLW\RIWKH,QWHQWLRQDO7RUW$FWZDVQHYHUDIILUPHGE\WKH 2KLR 6XSUHPH &RXUW DQG WKH ULJKWV FODLPHG E\ WKHVH 5266%2528*+ ; SODLQWLIIVGLGQRWDULVHXQGHUDQ\SULRUGHFLVLRQRIWKH2KLR 0$18)$&785,1* &2  6XSUHPH&RXUW,QGHHGWKH2KLR6XSUHPH&RXUWjVGHFLVLRQ   s2+1 52%(576  LQ 0D\ILHOG FDQ EH LQWHUSUHWHG RQO\ DV FRQILUPLQJ LWV  ,QWHUYHQRU  3$77 WKHVWDWXWH@LQLWVHQWLUHW\ ([HFXWLYH2IILFHUDQG QHJDWLQJDQ\ULJKWWRUHLPEXUVHPHQWRIVHWWOHPHQWPRQH\DQG  DWWRUQH\IHHVl0D\ILHOG1(GDW7KHSODLQWLIIV $GPLQLVWUDWRURI2KLR   PLVWDNHQO\EHOLHYHWKDW6%nZKLFKIRUPDOO\UHSHDOHG %XUHDXRI:RUNHUVj WKHXQFRQVWLWXWLRQDO,QWHQWLRQDO7RUW$FWDQGSURYLGHGIRUWKH &RPSHQVDWLRQs$0(6  GLVEXUVHPHQW RI WKH PRQH\V LQ WKH ,QWHQWLRQDO 7RUW &215$' s26(3+ '(7(56  )XQGnLPSDLUHG WKHLU FRQWUDFWXDO ULJKWV WR UHLPEXUVHPHQW 1 IURPWKHPRQH\VLQWKH,QWHQWLRQDO7RUW)XQG,QIDFWWKDW 'HIHQGDQWV$SSHOOHHV OHJLVODWLRQ KDG QR HIIHFW ZKDWVRHYHU RQ WKH ULJKWV WKH SODLQWLIIVFODLPZHUHLPSDLUHG,WZDVWKHMXGJPHQWRIWKH $SSHDOIURPWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV'LVWULFW&RXUW 2KLR 6XSUHPH &RXUW WKDW UHQGHUHG WKH ,QWHQWLRQDO 7RUW IRUWKH1RUWKHUQ'LVWULFWRI2KLRDW&OHYHODQG $FWnDQG KHQFH WKH ,QWHQWLRQDO 7RUW )XQG FUHDWHG E\ WKDW 1Rn'RQDOG&1XJHQW'LVWULFW $FWnQXOOLWLHV WKDW FRQIHUUHG QR ULJKWV DQG DIIRUGHG QR sXGJH SURWHFWLRQV7KLVMXGJPHQWHYHQLIHUURQHRXVLVQRWZLWKLQ WKHUHDFKRI WKHSURKLELWLRQRIWKH&RQVWLWXWLRQDJDLQVWWKH $UJXHG)HEUXDU\ LPSDLULQJRIFRQWUDFWVE\VWDWHOHJLVODWLRQ/RQJ6DXOW 86DW 'HFLGHGDQG)LOHG$XJXVW '$GGLWLRQDO&RQVWLWXWLRQDO&ODLPV %HIRUH68+5+(,15,&+6,/(5DQG%$7&+(/'(5 &LUFXLWsXGJHV 7KH SODLQWLIIV DOVR DVVHUW YLRODWLRQV RI WKH )LIWK $PHQGPHQWjV SURKLELWLRQ DJDLQVW WKH WDNLQJ RI SULYDWH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB SURSHUW\IRUSXEOLFXVHZLWKRXWSURYLGLQJMXVWFRPSHQVDWLRQ DQG WKH )RXUWHHQWK $PHQGPHQWjV SURWHFWLRQ DJDLQVW &2816(/ GHSULYDWLRQVRIOLIHOLEHUW\RUSURSHUW\ZLWKRXWGXHSURFHVV RI ODZ  7KHVH DOOHJHG YLRODWLRQV GHSHQG RQ WKH GHQLDO RI $5*8('  sRKQ ' 0DGGR[ $57(5  +$''(1 FRQWUDFW SURSHUW\ RU VXEVWDQWLYH ULJKWV WKDW ZHUH ZKROO\ :DVKLQJWRQ'&IRU$SSHOODQWV(OLVH:3RUWHU2)),&( GHULYHGIURP WKH,QWHQWLRQDO7RUW$FW7KHSODLQWLIIVKDYH 2) 7+( $77251( L@ILWGLGQRWJLYHHIIHFWWRWKDWDFWHLWKHUH[SUHVVO\RUE\ :DONHU $57(5  +$''(1 &OHYHODQG 2KLR 0DUN ) LPSOLFDWLRQWKLVFRXUWLVZLWKRXWMXULVGLFWLRQWRUHYLHZLWV .UXVH0&,17 KHUHLQDIWHU m)XQGl@ WR FRPSOHPHQW WKH 6WDWH XQGHUWKH([3DUWH KHUHLQDIWHU  5RVVERURXJK0IJ 1RV 1RV 5RVVERURXJK0IJ  &RHWDOY7ULPEOH   &RHWDOY7ULPEOH HWDO HWDO m5RVVERURXJKl@FRXOGDQGGLGREWDLQFRPPHUFLDOLQVXUDQFH MXGJPHQWXQGHU5XOH H 7KRVHPRWLRQVZHUHGHQLHGDQG SROLFLHVRUHQGRUVHPHQWVFDOOHGmVWRSJDSlLQVXUDQFHIRUWKH WKHSODLQWLIIVWLPHO\DSSHDOHGFKDOOHQJLQJRQO\WKHGLVPLVVDO SXUSRVH RI FRYHULQJ WKH QHZ ULVN RI ORVV IURP HPSOR\HH RIWKHLUIHGHUDOFODLPV FODLPVIRUZRUNSODFHLQMXULHVFUHDWHGE\%ODQNHQVKLS)URP $XJXVW   RQZDUG 2KLR HPSOR\HUV LQFOXGLQJ $1$/ W@KHsXGLFLDOSRZHURIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVVKDOOQRWEH SURWHFWLRQIRUQHJOLJHQWDFWVEXWQRWIRULQWHQWLRQDOFRQGXFW FRQVWUXHGWRH[WHQGWRDQ\VXLWLQODZRUHTXLW\FRPPHQFHG DQGWKDWWKH,QWHQWLRQDO7RUW$FWGLGQRWIXUWKHUWKHSXUSRVHV RUSURVHFXWHGDJDLQVWRQHRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVE\&LWL]HQVRI RI$UWLFOH,,6HFWLRQRIWKH2KLR&RQVWLWXWLRQUDWKHULW DQRWKHU 6WDWH RU E\ &LWL]HQV RU 6XEMHFWV RI DQ\ )RUHLJQ FLUFXPYHQWHG WKDW VHFWLRQ FRPSOHWHO\  ,G DW  6WDWHl86 &2167 DPHQG;,$QXQFRQVHQWLQJVWDWHLV $QQRXQFLQJWKDWLQWHQWLRQDODFWVFRPPLWWHGE\DQHPSOR\HU LPPXQHIURPVXLWVEURXJKWLQIHGHUDOFRXUWVE\FLWL]HQVRI HYHQLIFRPPLWWHGDWWKHZRUNSODFHDUHRXWVLGHWKHVFRSHRI WKDWVWDWHDVZHOODVFLWL]HQVRIDQRWKHUVWDWHDQGVXLWVDJDLQVW WKHSXUSRVHVRIWKH2KLR&RQVWLWXWLRQLGWKH2KLR6XSUHPH VWDWHRIILFLDOVDUHEDUUHGZKHQmWKHVWDWHLVWKHUHDOVXEVWDQWLDO &RXUWKHOGWKDWDQHPSOR\HHKDVWKHULJKWWRUHFHLYHZRUNHUVj SDUW\ LQ LQWHUHVWl  3HQQKXUVW 6WDWH 6FK  +RVS Y FRPSHQVDWLRQEHQHILWVDQGKDVLQDGGLWLRQDFDXVHRIDFWLRQ +DOGHUPDQ86  m>5@HOLHIVRXJKW DJDLQVW DQ HPSOR\HU IRU DQ H[FHVV RI GDPDJHV RYHU WKH QRPLQDOO\DJDLQVWDQRIILFHULVLQIDFWDJDLQVWWKHVRYHUHLJQLI WKH GHFUHH ZRXOG RSHUDWH DJDLQVW WKH ODWWHUl  ,G DW   5RVVERURXJK0IJ 1RV 1RV 5RVVERURXJK0IJ  &RHWDOY7ULPEOH   &RHWDOY7ULPEOH HWDO HWDO  E   KROGLQJ WKDW XQGHU 2KLR ODZ DQ XQFRQVWLWXWLRQDO DPRXQWUHFHLYHGRUUHFHLYDEOHXQGHUWKH2KLR&RQVWLWXWLRQ VWDWXWHZKHWKHUVWDWHRUIHGHUDOLVLQUHDOLW\QRODZWKDWLWV LGDW XQFRQVWLWXWLRQDOLW\ GDWHV IURP WKH WLPH RI WKH ODZjV HQDFWPHQWDQGWKHVWDWXWHLVWKHUHIRUHLQRSHUDWLYHDVLILWKDG ,QUHVSRQVHWR%UDG\WKH2KLR*HQHUDO$VVHPEO\HQDFWHG QHYHU EHHQ SDVVHG  7KH GLVWULFW FRXUW IXUWKHU KHOG WKDW D DQXQFRGLILHGODZ6%WK*HQ$VVHP5HJ6HVV FRQWUDFW UHVWLQJ RQ DQ XQFRQVWLWXWLRQDO VWDWXWH FUHDWHV QR 2KLR  HQDFWHG >KHUHLQDIWHUm6%@ZKLFKZDV REOLJDWLRQWKDWFRXOGEHLPSDLUHGE\VXEVHTXHQWOHJLVODWLRQ VLJQHG E\ WKH *RYHUQRU RQ sXQH   DQG EHFDPH 7KH GLVWULFW FRXUW DFNQRZOHGJHG DQ H[FHSWLRQ WR WKLV HIIHFWLYH RQ 6HSWHPEHU    6%  †  IRUPDOO\ SULQFLSOH ZKHUH D OHJLVODWLYH DFW KDV EHHQ KHOG WR EH UHSHDOHGWKHXQFRQVWLWXWLRQDO,QWHQWLRQDO7RUW$FW6HFWLRQ FRQVWLWXWLRQDO SDUWLFXODUO\ E\ WKH 2KLR 6XSUHPH &RXUW D RI6%UHTXLUHGWKHWUDQVIHURIWKH)XQGjVDVVHWVLQWRD VXEVHTXHQWMXGLFLDOGHFLVLRQKROGLQJWKHDFWXQFRQVWLWXWLRQDO QHZ,QWHQWLRQDO7RUW'LVEXUVHPHQW)XQGWKDWZDVWREHLQWKH PD\EHOLPLWHGWRSURVSHFWLYHRSHUDWLRQRQO\$FFRUGLQJO\ FXVWRG\ RI WKH 6WDWH 7UHDVXUHU EXW QRW SDUW RI WKH VWDWH WKHFRXUWVDLGULJKWVDFTXLUHGXQGHUDVWDWXWHDGMXGJHGE\D WUHDVXU\DQGZDVWREHXVHGVROHO\WRmSD\DWWRUQH\jVIHHV FRXUW WR EH FRQVWLWXWLRQDO DUH YDOLG OHJDO ULJKWV WKDW DUH WRDWWRUQH\VIRUVHUYLFHVSURYLGHGRQEHKDOIRIDQHPSOR\HU SURWHFWHGE\WKHFRQVWLWXWLRQQRWE\MXGLFLDOGHFLVLRQ%XWWKH XQGHUIRUPHUVHFWLRQRIWKH5HYLVHG&RGHIRUDWWRUQH\jV FRXUWKHOGWKDWWKLVH[FHSWLRQGLGQRWDSSO\WRWKH,QWHQWLRQDO IHHV ILOHG RQ RU EHIRUH 2FWREHU  l XS WR D WRWDO 7RUW$FWEHFDXVHWKDWVWDWXWHKDGQHYHUEHHQDGMXGJHGWREH DPRXQW QRW WR H[FHHG  WR SD\ IRU WKH FRVWV RI FRQVWLWXWLRQDODQGLWLVWKHJHQHUDOUXOHWKDWDQ\RQHDVVXPLQJ DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ RI WKH )XQG LQ DQ DPRXQW QRW WR H[FHHG WKHYDOLGLW\RIOHJLVODWLRQGRHVVRDWKLVRZQSHULO0RUHRYHU DQGIURPWKHPRQH\VUHPDLQLQJWRSURUDWHDFUHGLW WKH FRXUW SRLQWHG RXW WKH 2KLR 6XSUHPH &RXUWjV 0D\ILHOG WRWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHDVVHVVPHQWRIHPSOR\HUVWKDWKDGSDLG GHFLVLRQ PDGH LW FOHDU WKDW %UDG\jV LQYDOLGDWLRQ RI WKH LQWR WKH ,QWHQWLRQDO 7RUW )XQG UHGXFLQJ VXFK FUHGLW IRU ,QWHQWLRQDO7RUW$FWDSSOLHGUHWURDFWLYHO\ DPRXQWVSDLGRXWHLWKHULQDZDUGVRUDWWRUQH\jVIHHVSXUVXDQW WRWKHSULRUVHFWLRQ$VRI)HEUXDU\WKH %HFDXVHWKHXQFRQVWLWXWLRQDO,QWHQWLRQDO7RUW$FWFUHDWHG )XQGKDGWRWDODVVHWVRI QRHQIRUFHDEOHLQWHUHVWRUSURSHUW\ULJKWLQ5RVVERURXJKWKH GLVWULFW FRXUW FRQFOXGHG WKH FRXQWV LQ 5RVVERURXJKjV 7KH%UDG\GHFLVLRQDQGWKHHQDFWPHQWRI6%ZHUH FRPSODLQWDOOHJLQJFRQWUDFWVFODXVHDQGGXHSURFHVVYLRODWLRQV IROORZHGE\DQ2KLR6XSUHPH&RXUWSHUFXULDPGHFLVLRQRQ DQG DQ XQFRQVWLWXWLRQDO WDNLQJ IDLOHG WR VWDWH FODLPV XSRQ 6HSWHPEHUKROGLQJWKDW%UDG\jVLQYDOLGDWLRQRIWKH ZKLFK UHOLHI PD\ EH JUDQWHG  %HFDXVH 5RVVERURXJKjV ,QWHQWLRQDO7RUW$FWLQLWVHQWLUHW\KDGQHJDWHGDQ\ULJKWRI FRQVWLWXWLRQDOFODLPVIDLOHGWKHFRXUWKHOGLWV†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sDQXDU\  DIWHU WKH %UDG\ GHFLVLRQ DIWHU 6%  EHFDPH HIIHFWLYH DQG DIWHU WKH ,Q sDQXDU\  5RVVERURXJK ZDV VXHG IRU GDPDJHV LQ 0D\ILHOG GHFLVLRQ 5RVVERURXJK VHWWOHG WKH VWDWH FRXUW VWDWHFRXUWSXUVXDQWWR25&†E\DZRUNHUZKRKDG ODZVXLWV DULVLQJ RXW RI WKH  H[SORVLRQ DQG SDLG WKH EHHQLQMXUHGDQGE\WKHHVWDWHVRIWZRZRUNHUVZKRKDGEHHQ SODLQWLIIV WKH DJUHHG DPRXQWV  5RVVERURXJK WKHQ VRXJKW NLOOHG LQ DQ H[SORVLRQ DW LWV 2KLR PDQXIDFWXULQJ SODQW RQH UHLPEXUVHPHQWIURPWKH)XQGDQGXQVXFFHVVIXOLQWKDWHIIRUW \HDUHDUOLHU1RGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIOLDELOLW\ZDVPDGHE\WKH DPHQGHGWKHFRPSODLQWLQWKLVDFWLRQWRLQFOXGHWKHIDFWRI VWDWHFRXUW,Q6HSWHPEHUVKRUWO\EHIRUHWKHHIIHFWLYH VHWWOHPHQW RI WKH VWDWH ODZVXLWV DQG WKH VWDWH GHIHQGDQWVj GDWHRI6%5RVVERURXJKEURXJKWWKLVDFWLRQLQIHGHUDO IDLOXUHWRUHLPEXUVH FRXUWDJDLQVWs:HVOH\7ULPEOH$GPLQLVWUDWRURIWKH2KLR %XUHDXRI:RUNHUVj&RPSHQVDWLRQDQG0DU\(OOHQ:LWKURZ 5RVVERURXJKjVFRPSODLQWDOOHJHGVL[VHSDUDWHFRXQWV)LUVW 7UHDVXUHURIWKH6WDWHRI2KLRLQWKHLURIILFLDOFDSDFLWLHV   5RVVERURXJKFODLPHGWKDWWKH,QWHQWLRQDO7RUW$FWKDGYHVWHG VHHNLQJDMXGJPHQWGHFODULQJWKDW6%YLRODWHGYDULRXV LQ2KLRHPSOR\HUVFRQWUDFWXDOULJKWVWRLQGHPQLILFDWLRQE\WKH RI 5RVVERURXJKjV FRQVWLWXWLRQDO ULJKWV DQG UHTXLULQJ WKDW )XQG IRU GDPDJHV DWWRUQH\j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jV YHVWHG FRQWUDFWXDO ULJKWV WR UHLPEXUVHPHQW IURP WKDW )XQG  7KH  VHFRQG FRXQW FODLPHG WKDW 5RVVERURXJK KDG SDLG LWV $,3/7, + 'HYHU\ :LOOLDP 3IHLIIHU DQG & sDPHV &RQUDG VXFFHHGHG 7ULPEOH s .HQQHWK %ODFNZHOO DQG sRVHSK 7 'HWHUV SUHPLXPVLQWRWKH,QWHQWLRQDO7RUW)XQGDVUHTXLUHGE\2KLR VXFFHHGHG :LWKURZ ODZDQGWKHGHQLDORILWVFODLPVIRUUHLPEXUVHPHQWIURPWKDW  )XQG YLRODWHG WKH GXH SURFHVV FODXVH RI WKH )RXUWHHQWK $OVR QDPHG DV GHIHQGDQWV LQ WKLV DFWLRQ DUH VHYHUDO FRUSRUDWH $PHQGPHQW,QWKHWKLUGFRXQW5RVVERURXJKFODLPHGWKDW HQWLWLHV ZKLFK 5RVVERURXJK VXHV ERWK LQGLYLGXDOO\ DQG DV UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV 6%  DQG WKH VWDWH GHIHQGDQWVj GHQLDO RI LWV FODLPV IRU RI D FHUWLILHG FODVV RI SULYDWH HPSOR\HUV VHHNLQJ LQ D VWDWH FRXUW DFWLRQ WR KDYH WKH DVVHWV RI WKH ,QWHQWLRQDO 7RUW )XQG WUDQVIHUUHG WR WKH :RUNHUVj UHLPEXUVHPHQWIURPWKH)XQGGHSULYHGLWRISURSHUW\ZLWKRXW &RPSHQVDWLRQ )XQG )XUWKHU WKHUH DUH DOVR VHYHUDO DGGLWLRQDO SODLQWLIIV FRPSHQVDWLRQ LQ YLRODWLRQ RI WKH )LIWK DQG )RXUWHHQWK ZKR ZHUH SHUPLWWHG WR LQWHUYHQH LQ WKH LQVWDQW DFWLRQ HDFK RI WKHP DVVHUWV $PHQGPHQWV5RVVERURXJKjVIRXUWKFRXQWDVVHUWHGD† FODLPV DJDLQVW WKH ,QWHQWLRQDO 7RUW )XQG )LQDOO\ SODLQWLIIV 7ULSOH $ DQG FODLP DJDLQVW WKH VWDWH GHIHQGDQWVj DFWLRQV  IRU WKH DOOHJHG 5\NRQ VXHG WKH VWDWH GHIHQGDQWV LQ VHSDUDWH DFWLRQV UDLVLQJ FODLPV FRQVWLWXWLRQDOYLRODWLRQV7KHILIWKFRXQWGHPDQGHGWKDWWKH HVVHQWLDOO\ VLPLODU WR WKRVH UDLVHG E\ 5RVVERURXJK WKH 7ULSOH $ DQG DVVHWV RI WKH )XQG EH SODFHG LQ D FRQVWUXFWLYH WUXVW WR LQGHPQLI\5RVVERURXJK&RXQWVL[DVVHUWHGVWDWXWRU\ULJKWV 5\NRQ DFWLRQV ZHUH FRQVROLGDWHG ZLWK 5RVVERURXJKjV DFWLRQ LQ WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW DQG GLVPLVVHG DQG KDYH EHHQ FRQVROLGDWHG ZLWK 5RVVERURXJKjV DSSHDO IRU EULHILQJ DQG DUJXPHQW %HFDXVH RXU GLVSRVLWLRQ RI WKLV DFWLRQ XQGHUWKH,QWHQWLRQDO7RUW$FW ZLWK UHJDUG WR 5RVVERURXJK LV GLVSRVLWLYH RI WKH FODLPV RI DOO SODLQWLIIV DJDLQVW DOO GHIHQGDQWV LW LV QRW QHFHVVDU\ IRU XV WR GHVFULEH LQ DQ\ GHWDLO 2Q6HSWHPEHUWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWJUDQWHGWKHVWDWH WKH FODLPV RI WKH LQWHUYHQRU SODLQWLIIV RU 7ULSOH $ DQG 5\NRQ RU GHIHQGDQWVjPRWLRQWRGLVPLVVSXUVXDQWWR5XOHV E  DQG 5RVVERURXJKjV FODLPV DJDLQVW WKH FRUSRUDWH GHIHQGDQWV
Source:  CourtListener

Can't find what you're looking for?

Post a free question on our public forum.
Ask a Question
Search for lawyers by practice areas.
Find a Lawyer