Elawyers Elawyers
Ohio| Change

Robinson v. Champaign Landmark, 01-3985 (2003)

Court: Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit Number: 01-3985 Visitors: 8
Filed: Apr. 18, 2003
Latest Update: Mar. 02, 2020
Summary: 5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21 3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH   ,QUH5RELQVRQ 1R (/(&7521,& &,7$7,21  )(' $SS 3 WK &LU )LOH 1DPH DS BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB &2816(/ 81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6 $5*8('  *UDG\ / 3HWWLJUHZ sU &2; 67(,1 )257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7 3(77,*5(:&ROXPEXV2KLRIRU$SSHOODQW5D\$&R[ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB &2; *,1*(5'D\WRQ2KLRIRU$SSHOOHH21%5,() *UDG\ / 3HWWLJUHZ sU &2; 67(,1  3(77,*5(: &ROXPEXV
More
5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21 3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH   ,QUH5RELQVRQ 1R (/(&7521,& &,7$7,21  )(' $SS 3 WK &LU )LOH 1DPH DS BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB &2816(/ 81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6 $5*8('  *UDG\ / 3HWWLJUHZ sU &2; 67(,1 )257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7 3(77,*5(:&ROXPEXV2KLRIRU$SSHOODQW5D\$&R[ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB &2; *,1*(5'D\WRQ2KLRIRU$SSHOOHH21%5,() *UDG\ / 3HWWLJUHZ sU &2; 67(,1  3(77,*5(: &ROXPEXV 2KLR IRU $SSHOODQW  5D\ $ &R[ &2; ,QUH67(9( ' 52%,1621 ; *,1*(5'D\WRQ2KLRIRU$SSHOOHH 'HEWRU   BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB  1R  23,1,21 67(9( ' 52%,1621 ! BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB  $SSHOODQW  s2+1052*(56&LUFXLWsXGJH7KLVFDVHLQYROYHVDQ  DWWHPSWWRJHWUHYLHZRIDQDUELWUDWLRQDZDUGLQDEDQNUXSWF\ Y  SURFHHGLQJ  5HYLHZ RI DQ DUELWUDWLRQ DZDUG LV OLPLWHG WR  SURSHU PRWLRQV WR YDFDWH RU PRGLI\ XQGHU WKH )HGHUDO &+$03$,*1 /$1'0$5.  $UELWUDWLRQ$FWDQG'HEWRUGLGQRWWLPHO\ILOHVXFKDPRWLRQ  :HWKHUHIRUHDIILUPWKHMXGJPHQWEHORZ ,1&  $SSHOOHH  ,3URFHGXUDO%DFNJURXQG 1 2Q$SSHDOIURPWKH%DQNUXSWF\$SSHOODWH3DQHO 7KLVFDVHDURVHRXWRIJUDLQFRQWUDFWVEHWZHHQDSURGXFHU RIWKH6L[WK&LUFXLW 5RELQVRQDQG$SSHOOHH&UHGLWRU&KDPSDLJQ/DQGPDUN,QF 1Rn'RQDOG(&DOKRXQsU >/DQGPDUN@5RELQVRQGLGQRWFRPSO\ZLWKWKHUHTXLUHPHQWV %DQNUXSWF\sXGJH RIWKHFRQWUDFWV7KHSDUWLHVjFRQWUDFWVKDGDFODXVHUHTXLULQJ DUELWUDWLRQ E\ WKH 1DWLRQDO *UDLQ DQG )HHG $VVRFLDWLRQ $UJXHG)HEUXDU\ >1*)$@WRUHVROYHFRQWUDFWXDOGLVSXWHV5RELQVRQUHIXVHGWR VXEPLWWRDUELWUDWLRQ/DQGPDUNEURXJKWDQ2KLRVWDWHFRXUW 'HFLGHGDQG)LOHG$SULO DFWLRQLQWKH&RXUWRI&RPPRQ3OHDV&KDPSDLJQ&RXQW\ 2KLRWRHQIRUFHWKHFRQWUDFWVjDUELWUDWLRQSURYLVLRQ7KH2KLR %HIRUH6,/(5DQG52*(56&LUFXLWsXGJHV*:,1 FRXUW RUGHUHG WKH SDUWLHV WR DUELWUDWH KROGLQJ WKDW m>D@OO 'LVWULFWsXGJH PDWWHUV RI GHIHQVH UDLVHG E\ WKH 'HIHQGDQW >'HEWRU@ DUH PDWWHUV UHODWLQJ WR FRQWURYHUV\ DERXW WKH FRQWUDFW DQG DUELWUDWLRQDV>VLF@WKHUHTXLUHGFRQWUDFWXDOPHDQVRIGHDOLQJ ZLWKFRQWURYHUVLHVLQWKLVFDVHl5RELQVRQGLGQRWDSSHDOWKH RUGHU UHIHUULQJ WKH FDVH WR DUELWUDWLRQ DQG 5RELQVRQ DQG 7KH +RQRUDEOH sDPHV 6 *ZLQ 8QLWHG 6WDWHV 'LVWULFW sXGJH IRU WKH 1RUWKHUQ 'LVWULFW RI 2KLR VLWWLQJ E\ GHVLJQDWLRQ /DQGPDUNHQWHUHGLQWRDQDJUHHPHQWWRDUELWUDWH  1R ,QUH5RELQVRQ   ,QUH5RELQVRQ 1R 5RELQVRQSULPDULO\FRQWHQGHGEHIRUHWKHDUELWUDWLRQSDQHO >R@UDODUJXPHQWVKDOOEHKHDUGRQ6HSWHPEHU WKDW /DQGPDUN XQLODWHUDOO\ PRGLILHG WKH FRQWUDFWV ZLWKRXW DIWHUZKLFKWKHLVVXHZLOOEHVXEPLWWHGRQWKHUHFRUG 5RELQVRQjV FRQVHQW  7KH DUELWUDWLRQ SDQHO UHMHFWHG ,IWKH&RXUWILQGVWKDW'HEWRUjV2EMHFWLRQLVEDUUHGE\UHV 5RELQVRQjV DUJXPHQW DQG RQ RU DERXW sXQH   WKH MXGLFDWDRUFROODWHUDOHVWRSSHOWKH2EMHFWLRQRI'HEWRU 1*)$SDQHODZDUGHG/DQGPDUNSOXVLQWHUHVWIURP PD\EHRYHUUXOHGZLWKRXWDQDFWXDOHYLGHQWLDU\KHDULQJ sDQXDU\   XQWLO SDLG  7KH SDQHO VWDWHG WKDW m>W@KH DQGWKH&ODLPPD\EHDOORZHG,IWKH&RXUWILQGVWKDWWKH FRQWUDFWVZHUHYDOLGFDVKJUDLQFRQWUDFWVFRQWDLQLQJGHOLYHU\ 'HEWRUjVREMHFWLRQLVQRWEDUUHGE\WKHGRFWULQHRIUHV REOLJDWLRQV VKLSPHQW SHULRGV DQG VSHFLILHG GHOLYHU\ MXGLFDWD RU FROODWHUDO HVWRSSHO WKHQ DQ HYLGHQWLDU\ ORFDWLRQVl  7KH DUELWUDWLRQ GHFLVLRQ EHFDPH ILQDO  GD\V KHDULQJRQ'HEWRUjV2EMHFWLRQVKDOOEHKHDUGRQ>2FWREHU ODWHU RQ RU DERXW sXO\    5RELQVRQ GLG QRW ILOH D DQG@ PRWLRQZLWKDGLVWULFWFRXUWWRYDFDWHWKHDZDUGVHH86& †QRUGLG/DQGPDUNILOHDMXGLFLDODFWLRQWRFRQILUPWKH )ROORZLQJWKH6HSWHPEHURUDODUJXPHQWDQGZLWKRXWD DZDUGVHHLG† VXEVHTXHQWKHDULQJWKHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUWHQWHUHGDQRSLQLRQ DQG RUGHU RYHUUXOLQJ 5RELQVRQjV REMHFWLRQ WR /DQGPDUNj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mHYLGHQW SDUWLDOLW\ RU FRUUXSWLRQ LQ WKH LPSDUWLDOWKDWWKHJUDLQFRQWUDFWVZHUHXQHQIRUFHDEOHEHFDXVH DUELWUDWRUVl86&† D  ,QGRLQJVRWKHFRXUWUHOLHG WKH\ IDLOHG WR PHHW WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV RI WKH &RPPRGLW\ RQ7KH$QGHUVRQV,QFY+RUWRQ)DUPV,QF)G ([FKDQJH$FW86&†HWVHTDQGRWKHUODZVDQGWKDW  WK&LU DQG+DUWHUY,RZD*UDLQ&R)G /DQGPDUNKDGEUHDFKHGILGXFLDU\GXWLHVWR5RELQVRQ,QLWV   WK &LU   WR UHMHFW DV D PDWWHU RI ODZ PHPRUDQGXP LQ RSSRVLWLRQ WR 5RELQVRQjV FKDOOHQJH 5RELQVRQjV FODLP WKDW WKH 1*)$ DUELWUDWLRQ SURFHVV LV /DQGPDUNDUJXHGLQWHUDOLDWKDW5RELQVRQZDVEDUUHGE\UHV V\VWHPDWLFDOO\ELDVHG7KHFRXUWDOVRUHOLHGRQWKHDEVHQFHRI MXGLFDWDDQGFROODWHUDOHVWRSSHOIURPSXUVXLQJLWVREMHFWLRQWR DQ\SURIIHURIHYLGHQFHEH\RQGWKHDUJXPHQWWKDWWKHV\VWHP WKHFODLP LVELDVHG7KHFRXUWDGGLWLRQDOO\IRXQGWKDWWKHDUELWUDWRUVGLG QRWH[FHHGRUPLVXVHWKHLUDXWKRULW\RUPDQLIHVWO\GLVUHJDUG %\DJUHHPHQWWKHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUWELIXUFDWHGWKHFDVHIRU WKH ODZ  +HUH WKH FRXUW UHMHFWHGnRQ WKH EDVLV RI FDVH KHDULQJ7KHDJUHHGRUGHUSURYLGHGWKDWWKHFRXUWZRXOGILUVW ODZn5RELQVRQjV DUJXPHQW WKDW WKH JUDLQ FRQWUDFWV LQ FRQVLGHU/DQGPDUNjVDUJXPHQWWKDW5RELQVRQjVREMHFWLRQZDV TXHVWLRQZHUHVXEMHFWWRWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRIWKH&RPPRGLW\ EDUUHG E\ UHV MXGLFDWD DQG FROODWHUDO HVWRSSHO  7KH RUGHU ([FKDQJH$FW SURYLGHGWKDWWKHSUHFOXVLRQLVVXHZDVWREHVXEPLWWHGRQWKH EDVLVRIZULWWHQPHPRUDQGDDQGWKDW $OWKRXJKWKHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUWUHMHFWHG5RELQVRQjV)$$ †  DUJXPHQWV FKDOOHQJLQJ WKH DUELWUDWLRQ DZDUG LW SURFHHGHG WR KROG DSSDUHQWO\ LQ WKH DOWHUQDWLYH WKDW UHV  7KH 1*)$ GHFLVLRQ LQ WKH UHFRUG LV XQGDWHG 7KH EDQNUXSWF\ FRXUW MXGLFDWD SUHFOXGHG WKH FRXUW IURP DGGUHVVLQJ WKH PHULWV RI IRXQG WKDW LW ZDV LVVXHG RQ RU DERXW WKH GDWH LQGLFDWHG $ OHWWHU IURP WKH 5RELQVRQjVREMHFWLRQWRWKHFODLP 6HFUHWDU\ RI WKH 1*)$ VHQW WR WKH SDUWLHV UHJDUGLQJ WKH DUELWUDWLRQ GHFLVLRQ ZDV GDWHG sXQH   1R ,QUH5RELQVRQ   ,QUH5RELQVRQ 1R 5RELQVRQDSSHDOHGWRWKH%DQNUXSWF\$SSHOODWH3DQHOIRU 7KH$SSHOODWH3DQHOQRWHGDQmLQLWLDOIODZlLQWKHDUJXPHQW WKH 6L[WK &LUFXLW >$SSHOODWH 3DQHO@ FRQWHQGLQJ WKDW WKH EDVHG RQ  86& †  WKDW 5RELQVRQ ZDV mODWH LI KLV EDQNUXSWF\FRXUWHUUHGLQIDLOLQJWRFRQGXFWDQHYLGHQWLDU\ REMHFWLRQWR/DQGPDUNjVSURRIRIFODLPLVFRQVWUXHGDVKLV KHDULQJ  7KH $SSHOODWH 3DQHO DIILUPHG KROGLQJ WKDW HIIRUWWRYDFDWHWKHDUELWUDWLRQDZDUGl8QGHU86&† 5RELQVRQ IDLOHG WR GHPRQVWUDWH DQ\ JURXQGV IRU WKH QRWLFHRIDPRWLRQWRYDFDWHPXVWEHVHUYHGRQWKHDGYHUVH EDQNUXSWF\ FRXUW WR UHIXVH UHFRJQLWLRQ RI WKH DUELWUDWLRQ SDUW\ZLWKLQWKUHHPRQWKVDIWHUWKHDZDUGLVILOHGRUGHOLYHUHG DZDUGDQGQRWUHDFKLQJWKHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUWjVUHVMXGLFDWD 7KH$SSHOODWH3DQHOVWDWHGWKDWLWZDVQRWmVKXWWLQJWKHGRRU UXOLQJ RQ>5RELQVRQ@RQWKHWLPHOLQHVVLVVXHlDQGILQDOO\UHMHFWHG WKHLGHDWKDWWKHUHZDVDQ\VLJQLILFDQFHWR/DQGPDUNjVIDLOXUH 7KH$SSHOODWH3DQHOKHOGILUVWWKDW5RELQVRQZDVERXQGE\ WR KDYH REWDLQHG MXGLFLDO FRQILUPDWLRQ RI WKH DUELWUDWLRQ WKH2KLRVWDWHFRXUWGHFLVLRQWKDWWKHJUDLQFRQWUDFWVYDOLGO\ DZDUG UHTXLUHG DUELWUDWLRQ LQ WKH ILUVW SODFH  7KHQ UHO\LQJ RQ $QGHUVRQVVXSUDWKH$SSHOODWH3DQHOUHMHFWHGDVDPDWWHURI 7KH $SSHOODWH 3DQHO DIILUPHG ZLWKRXW UHDFKLQJ WKH UHV ODZ 5RELQVRQjV mJHQHUDOL]HG DUJXPHQWl WKDW 1*)$ MXGLFDWDLVVXHFRQFOXGLQJWKDWWKHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUWFRUUHFWO\ DUELWUDWRUV DUH mWDLQWHGl  7KH $SSHOODWH 3DQHO QRWHG WKDW IRXQGQRSODXVLEOHZD\LQZKLFK5RELQVRQFRXOGDWWDFNWKH 5RELQVRQKDGQRWDUJXHGWKDWDQ\RIWKHDUELWUDWRUVKDGEHHQ DUELWUDWLRQDZDUGDQGWKDWWKHFRXUWZDVWKHUHIRUHQRWLQHUURU ELDVHGLQWKHVHQVHWKDWRQHRUPRUHRIWKHPKDGDVWDNHLQWKH LQGHQ\LQJ5RELQVRQDmIXWLOHlHYLGHQWLDU\KHDULQJ RXWFRPH QRU GLG 5RELQVRQ LQGLFDWH WKDW KH KDG DQ\ VXEVWDQWLYHSURRIWRRIIHUEH\RQGWKHJHQHUDODUJXPHQWDERXW ,,6WDQGDUGRI5HYLHZ V\VWHPLFELDV :KHQDEDQNUXSWF\FRXUWMXGJPHQWKDVEHHQUHYLHZHGE\ 7KH$SSHOODWH3DQHOQH[WKHOGWKDWWKHDUELWUDWRUVGLGQRW DGLVWULFWFRXUWZHUHYLHZWKHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUW VILQGLQJVRI H[FHHG WKHLU DXWKRULW\  86& †  EHFDXVH 5RELQVRQjV IDFWIRUFOHDUHUURUDQGWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW VOHJDOFRQFOXVLRQVGH DUJXPHQWUHJDUGLQJWKHQDWXUHRIWKHJUDLQFRQWUDFWVZDVDQ QRYR,QUH+LJKODQG6XSHUVWRUHV,QF)G DUJXPHQW WKDW WKH DUELWUDWRUV HUUHG QRW WKDW WKH\ H[FHHGHG WK&LU :KHUHWKH$SSHOODWH3DQHOVXEVWLWXWHVIRUWKH WKHLU DXWKRULW\  7KH $SSHOODWH 3DQHO DOVR KHOG WKDW WKH GLVWULFWFRXUWSXUVXDQWWR86&† E  LWIROORZVWKDW DUELWUDWRUV KDG QRW mPDQLIHVWO\ GLVUHJDUGHG WKH ODZl ZHUHYLHZWKH%DQNUXSWF\$SSHOODWH3DQHOjVOHJDOFRQFOXVLRQV 'DZDKDUH Y 6SHQFHU  )G   WK &LU   GHQRYR +HUH WKH $SSHOODWH 3DQHO IRXQG WKDW WKHUH ZDV QRWKLQJ LQ 5RELQVRQjVDUJXPHQWWRLQGLFDWHWKDWDQ\SURRIFRXOGKDYH ,,,$QDO\VLV EHHQ RIIHUHG WKDW WKH DUELWUDWRUV ZHUH ZURQJ LQ WKHLU LQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHSDUWLHVjFRQWUDFWV7KH$SSHOODWH3DQHO :KLOHZHILQGQRHUURULQWKH$SSHOODWH3DQHOjVDSSOLFDWLRQ DOVR KHOG WKDW WKLV FRXUWjV GHFLVLRQ LQ $QGHUVRQV VXSUD RI WKH )$$ FULWHULD IRU UHYLHZ RI DQ DUELWUDWLRQ DZDUG ZH UHTXLUHG UHMHFWLRQ RI 5RELQVRQjV DUJXPHQWV DV D PDWWHU RI DIILUPRQDOWHUQDWHWKUHVKROGJURXQGV7KLVFRXUWKDVKHOG ODZ WKDWDUELWUDWLRQDZDUGVXQGHUWKH)$$DUHELQGLQJXQOHVVD PRWLRQWRYDFDWHRUPRGLI\KDVEHHQILOHGLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWK 7KH $SSHOODWH 3DQHO WKHQ EULHIO\ FRQVLGHUHG 5RELQVRQjV WKHWHUPVRIWKDW$FW1RVXFKPRWLRQZDVILOHGDQGHYHQ DUJXPHQW WKDW KH ZDV HQWLWOHG WR MXGLFLDO UHYLHZ RI WKH FRQVWUXLQJ5RELQVRQjVREMHFWLRQWR/DQGPDUNjVFODLPDVVXFK XQFRQILUPHGDUELWUDWLRQDZDUGHYHQWKRXJKVXFKDQDUJXPHQW DPRWLRQLWZDVXQWLPHO\,WZDVWKHUHIRUHQRWQHFHVVDU\IRU ZRXOGPRUHORJLFDOO\KDYHEHHQFRQVLGHUHGDWWKHWKUHVKROG WKHEDQNUXSWF\FRXUWWRFRQVLGHUWKHJURXQGVIRUFKDOOHQJLQJ DQDUELWUDWLRQDZDUGXQGHUWKH)$$ 1R ,QUH5RELQVRQ   ,QUH5RELQVRQ 1R ,Q&RUH\Y1 V@lIRUSXUSRVHVRI DIILUPHG WKH GLVPLVVDO RI D ODZVXLW DJDLQVW WKH 1HZ 1 R@QFH DQ DUELWUDWRU KDV UHQGHUHG D GHFLVLRQ WKH DZDUG LV 8QGHU86&†QRWLFHRIDPRWLRQWRYDFDWHPXVWEH ELQGLQJRQWKHSDUWLHVXQOHVVWKH\FKDOOHQJHWKHXQGHUO\LQJ VHUYHG RQ WKH DGYHUVH SDUW\ ZLWKLQ WKUHH PRQWKV DIWHU WKH FRQWUDFWWRDUELWUDWHSXUVXDQWWRVHFWLRQRUDYDLOWKHPVHOYHV DZDUGLVILOHGRUGHOLYHUHG7KHDUELWUDWLRQDZDUGDSSHDUVWR RIWKHUHYLHZSURYLVLRQVRIVHFWLRQVDQGl)GDW KDYHEHHQHQWHUHGRQsXQHDQGWRKDYHEHFRPH  ILQDOILIWHHQGD\VODWHUZKLOH5RELQVRQjVREMHFWLRQZDVQRW ILOHGXQWLO)HEUXDU\7KHUHIRUH5RELQVRQGLGQRW ,Q WKLV FDVH 5RELQVRQ FDQQRW FKDOOHQJH WKH XQGHUO\LQJ PHHWWKHWKUHHPRQWKGHDGOLQHVHWIRUWKLQ)$$† FRQWUDFWWRDUELWUDWHEHFDXVHKHZDVERXQGE\WKH2KLRVWDWH FRXUWMXGJPHQWLQWKDWUHJDUG$QGKHKDVQRWDYDLOHGKLPVHOI ,9&RQFOXVLRQ RIWKHUHYLHZSURYLVLRQVRI86&††DQGE\ILOLQJD PRWLRQWRYDFDWHRUPRGLI\WKHDUELWUDWLRQDZDUG$SDUW\ )RUWKHIRUHJRLQJUHDVRQVZH$)),50WKHMXGJPHQWRIWKH ZKRLVVXEMHFWWRDYDOLGFRQWUDFWWRDUELWUDWHDQGZKRKDVQRW %DQNUXSWF\$SSHOODWH3DQHO PRYHGWRYDFDWHRUPRGLI\WKHDZDUGXQGHU86&†† DQGmPD\QRWWUDQVIRUPZKDWZRXOGRUGLQDULO\FRQVWLWXWH DQLPSHUPLVVLEOHFROODWHUDODWWDFNLQWRDSURSHULQGHSHQGHQW GLUHFWDFWLRQE\FKDQJLQJGHIHQGDQWVDQGDOWHULQJWKHUHOLHI VRXJKWl   )G DW   :H KROG WKDW WKLV UHDVRQLQJ H[WHQGVDVZHOOWREDQNUXSWF\SURFHHGLQJVLQZKLFKWKHUHLV DQDWWHPSWHGFROODWHUDODWWDFNRQDQDUELWUDWLRQDZDUG ,WPD\EHDUJXHGKRZHYHUWKDW5RELQVRQjVREMHFWLRQWR /DQGPDUNjV FODLP VKRXOG LWVHOI EH WUHDWHG DV D PRWLRQ WR YDFDWHWKHDUELWUDWLRQDZDUG6HFWLRQRIWKH)$$SURYLGHV WKDWmWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVFRXUWLQDQGIRUWKHGLVWULFWZKHUHLQWKH DZDUGZDVPDGHlPD\HQWHUDQRUGHUYDFDWLQJDQDUELWUDWLRQ DZDUG  $ GLVWULFW FRXUW LQ 1HZ
Source:  CourtListener

Can't find what you're looking for?

Post a free question on our public forum.
Ask a Question
Search for lawyers by practice areas.
Find a Lawyer