Elawyers Elawyers
Ohio| Change

United States v. Lineback, 02-5150 (2003)

Court: Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit Number: 02-5150 Visitors: 19
Filed: May 30, 2003
Latest Update: Mar. 02, 2020
Summary: 5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21 3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH   8QLWHG6WDWHVY/LQHEDFN 1R (/(&7521,& &,7$7,21  )(' $SS 3 WK &LU )LOH 1DPH DS 6,/(5 s GHOLYHUHG WKH RSLQLRQ RI WKH FRXUW LQ ZKLFK *,%%216 s MRLQHG  *,/0$1 s SS   GHOLYHUHG D VHSDUDWHFRQFXUULQJRSLQLRQ 81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6 BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB )257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7 BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 23,1,21 BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 81,7(' 67$7(6 2) $0(5,&$ ; 6,/(5&LU
More
5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21 3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH   8QLWHG6WDWHVY/LQHEDFN 1R (/(&7521,& &,7$7,21  )(' $SS 3 WK &LU )LOH 1DPH DS 6,/(5 s GHOLYHUHG WKH RSLQLRQ RI WKH FRXUW LQ ZKLFK *,%%216 s MRLQHG  *,/0$1 s SS   GHOLYHUHG D VHSDUDWHFRQFXUULQJRSLQLRQ 81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6 BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB )257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7 BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 23,1,21 BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 81,7(' 67$7(6 2) $0(5,&$ ; 6,/(5&LUFXLWsXGJH'HIHQGDQW$XVWLQ(XJHQH/LQHEDFN 3ODLQWLII$SSHOOHH  DSSHDOVWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW VGHQLDORIKLVPRWLRQWRZLWKGUDZKLV  JXLOW\SOHD)RUWKHUHDVRQVVWDWHGEHORZZH$)),50  1R Y  , !  ,Q)HEUXDU\/LQHEDFNZDVLQGLFWHGIRU  SRVVHVVLRQ $867,1 (8*(1( /,1(%$&.  RI PDWHULDOV VKLSSHG LQ LQWHUVWDWH FRPPHUFH WKDW FRQWDLQHG 'HIHQGDQW$SSHOODQW  YLVXDO GHSLFWLRQV RI PLQRUV HQJDJHG LQ VH[XDOO\ H[SOLFLW 1 FRQGXFWLQYLRODWLRQ RI86&† D  % DQG  $SSHDOIURPWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV'LVWULFW&RXUW SHUVXDGLQJDPLQRUWRHQJDJHLQVH[XDOO\H[SOLFLWFRQGXFWIRU IRUWKH:HVWHUQ'LVWULFWRI7HQQHVVHHDW0HPSKLV WKHSXUSRVHRISURGXFLQJDYLVXDOGHSLFWLRQRIVXFKFRQGXFWLQ 1Rn%HUQLFH%'RQDOG'LVWULFWsXGJH YLRODWLRQ RI  86& †  D   +H HQWHUHG LQWR D SOHD DJUHHPHQWZLWKWKH*RYHUQPHQWWKURXJKKLVUHWDLQHGFRXQVHO $UJXHG$SULO 'HQQLVsRKQVRQRQ$XJXVW7KHFRXUWKHOGDFKDQJH RISOHDKHDULQJ DQGDFFHSWHG/LQHEDFNjVJXLOW\SOHDRQWKDW 'HFLGHGDQG)LOHG0D\ VDPHGD\ %HIRUH6,/(5*,/0$1DQG*,%%216&LUFXLWsXGJHV 2Q 6HSWHPEHU   /LQHEDFN PRYHG WR GLVPLVV sRKQVRQ DV KLV DWWRUQH\ sRKQVRQ VXEVHTXHQWO\ PRYHG WR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ZLWKGUDZ IURP IXUWKHU UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ  7KH FRXUW DOORZHG sRKQVRQ WR ZLWKGUDZ DQG DSSRLQWHG WKH )HGHUDO 3XEOLF &2816(/ 'HIHQGHUjV2IILFHWRUHSUHVHQW/LQHEDFN,Q1RYHPEHU /LQHEDFNPRYHGWRZLWKGUDZKLVJXLOW\SOHDRQWKHJURXQGV $5*8('%UXFH,*ULIIH\2)),&(2)%58&(,5:,1 WKDWKH  ZDVGLVVDWLVILHGZLWKKLVUHWDLQHGFRXQVHO  IHOW *5,))( L@IDPRWLRQWRZLWKGUDZD UHDVRQHGDVIROORZV SOHDRIJXLOW\LVPDGHEHIRUHWKHVHQWHQFHLVLPSRVHGWKH FRXUWPD\SHUPLWWKHSOHDWREHZLWKGUDZQLIWKHGHIHQGDQW >7@KH GHIHQVH VD\V WKHUH LV QR SUHMXGLFH WR WKH VKRZVDQ\IDLUDQGMXVWUHDVRQl)HG5&ULP3 H    JRYHUQPHQWEXWREYLRXVO\WKHJRYHUQPHQWKDVUHOLHGRQ m&RXUWVKDYHQRWHGWKDWWKHDLPRIWKHUXOHLVWRDOORZDKDVWLO\ WKH GHIHQGDQW V YROXQWDU\ QHJRWLDWLRQV ZKLFK >KDYH@ HQWHUHGSOHDPDGHZLWKXQVXUHKHDUWDQGFRQIXVHGPLQGWREH UHVXOWHG LQ D SOHD  7KH YLFWLPV LQ WKLV FDVH KDYH EHHQ XQGRQHQRWWRDOORZDGHIHQGDQWWRPDNHDWDFWLFDOGHFLVLRQWR DGYLVHGWKDWWKLVPDWWHUKDVHQGHGLQDSOHD>2@QHRIWKH HQWHUDSOHDZDLWVHYHUDOZHHNVDQGWKHQREWDLQDZLWKGUDZDO YLFWLPVZDVDWWKHWLPH>RIWKHRIIHQVH@ LIKHEHOLHYHVKHPDGHDEDGFKRLFHLQSOHDGLQJJXLOW\l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o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jVFODLPRILQQRFHQFHKHFRQWHQGVWKDW  WKHGHIHQGDQW VQDWXUHDQGEDFNJURXQG KHQHYHUGHQLHGWKDWKHKDGVH[XDOFRQWDFWZLWKWKHYLFWLPV EXWUDWKHUVHHNVWRSXUVXHKLVOHJDOLQQRFHQFHDWWULDOEDVHGRQ WKH ODFN RI D VXIILFLHQW QH[XV EHWZHHQ KLV FRQGXFW DQG LQWHUVWDWH FRPPHUFH  7KH GLVWULFW FRXUW FRQFOXGHG WKDW  /LQHEDFNIDLOHGWRPDLQWDLQKLVLQQRFHQFHEHFDXVHKHDGPLWWHG 7KLV UXOH ZDV SUHYLRXVO\ )HG 5 &ULP 3  G DQG KDV VLQFH EHHQ PRGLILHG DQG PRYHG WR )HG 5 &ULP 3  G  1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY/LQHEDFN   8QLWHG6WDWHVY/LQHEDFN 1R mWKDWKHGLG HQJDJHLQWKHFRQGXFWWKDWZDVVHWIRUWKLQWKH DUHPLQRUVZKRKDYHDOUHDG\EHHQWUDXPDWL]HGE\WKH JRYHUQPHQWjVSOHDFROORTX\l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jVFDVH 8QLWHG6WDWHVYsHUU\ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB )G G&LU  ILQGLQJSUHMXGLFHEHFDXVHSK\VLFDO HYLGHQFH KDG EHHQ GLVFDUGHG   8QLWHG 6WDWHV Y 9DVTXH] 521$/' /(( *,/0$1 &LUFXLW sXGJH FRQFXUULQJ  $ 9HODVFR  )G  WK &LU   ILQGLQJ SUHMXGLFH UHYLHZRIWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWjVDQDO\VLVPDNHVFOHDUWKDWWKHFRXUW EHFDXVHRIWKHGHDWKRIWKHFKLHIJRYHUQPHQWZLWQHVV 7KH IRXQG WKDW /LQHEDFN KDG IDLOHG WR HVWDEOLVK D mIDLU DQG MXVW OHDG RSLQLRQ KRZHYHU IROORZV WKH UHDVRQLQJ RI DQ RSLQLRQ UHDVRQl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jV WRWKHGHQLDORI/LQHEDFNjVZLWKGUDZDOPRWLRQLQOLJKWRIWKH VXEVHTXHQW DWWHPSW WR ZLWKGUDZ WKH SOHD ZDV IRXQG WR EH GLVWULFWFRXUWjVGHWHUPLQDWLRQWKDWKHKDGIDLOHGWRHVWDEOLVKD SUHMXGLFLDOEHFDXVHLWZRXOGKDYHIRUFHGWKHJRYHUQPHQWWR IDLUDQGMXVWUHDVRQIRUZLWKGUDZDO%HFDXVH,DJUHHWKDWWKH SUHSDUHDVHFRQGWLPHIRUWULDODQGFDXVHGWKHYLFWLPWRVXIIHU GLVWULFWFRXUWGLGQRWDEXVHLWVGLVFUHWLRQLQGHQ\LQJ/LQHEDFNjV WKH PHQWDO DQJXLVK RI D VHFRQG SUHSDUDWLRQ  2XU FDVH LV PRWLRQ,FRQFXULQWKHUHVXOWUHDFKHGE\WKHOHDGRSLQLRQ GLVWLQJXLVKDEOH EHFDXVH WKHUH LV QRWKLQJ LQ WKH UHFRUG WR VXJJHVW WKDW /LQHEDFNjV SOHD ZDV PDGH DW D WLPH ZKHQ WKH 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG , ILQG WURXEOLQJ WKH GLVWULFW FRXUWjV JRYHUQPHQW KDG DOUHDG\ SUHSDUHG IRU WULDO  5DWKHU WKH PHQWLRQRIWKHHPRWLRQDODQJXLVKWRWKHYLFWLPVDVDIDFWRUWR JRYHUQPHQWKHUHZRXOGVLPSO\EHUHTXLUHGWRSUHSDUHDQGSXW EHFRQVLGHUHGLQGHQ\LQJ/LQHEDFNjVPRWLRQWRZLWKGUDZKLV RQLWVSURRIDVWKRXJKWKHJXLOW\SOHDKDGQHYHUEHHQHQWHUHG JXLOW\SOHD,DOVRGLVDJUHHZLWKWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWjVDVVHVVPHQW 7KH JRYHUQPHQW KDV VXEPLWWHG QRWKLQJ WR LQGLFDWH WKDW WKDWWKHmSUHMXGLFHVXIIHUHGE\WKHYLFWLPVKHUHZRXOGUHVXOWLQ SUHSDUDWLRQZRXOGEHDQ\PRUHGLIILFXOWDWWKLVSRLQWWKDQLW SUHMXGLFH WR WKH *RYHUQPHQWl  /HDG 2S DW    )RU WKHVH ZRXOGKDYHEHHQKDG/LQHEDFNQHYHUHQWHUHGDJXLOW\SOHD UHDVRQV,ZULWHWKLVFRQFXUULQJRSLQLRQWRGLVFXVVWKHSURSULHW\ RI D GLVWULFW FRXUWjV FRQVLGHUDWLRQ RI SUHMXGLFH WR WKH ,QP\RSLQLRQSUHMXGLFHPXVWPHDQVRPHWKLQJPRUHWKDQ JRYHUQPHQWLQWKHIRUPRISUHMXGLFHWRWKHYLFWLPV WKDWWKHJRYHUQPHQWZLOOEHIRUFHGWRSXWRQLWVSURRIRUWKDW DZLWQHVVZLOOKDYHWRSUHSDUHIRUWULDODQGWHVWLI\LQWKHILUVW *HQHUDOO\SUHMXGLFHWRWKHJRYHUQPHQWKDVEHHQIRXQGLQ LQVWDQFH  8QLWHG 6WDWHV Y $OOHQ  ) 6XSS   FDVHVZKHUHWKHHQWHULQJRIDJXLOW\SOHDDQGWKHQDVXEVHTXHQW 1' ,RZD   LQWHUSUHWLQJ 0RUULVRQ DQG RWKHU (LJKWK PRWLRQ WR ZLWKGUDZ KDV PDGH WKH JRYHUQPHQWjV FDVH PRUH &LUFXLWFDVHVDVUHTXLULQJSUHMXGLFHmEH\RQGWKHQHFHVVLW\RI GLIILFXOWWKDQLWZRXOGKDYHEHHQLIWKHJXLOW\SOHDKDGQHYHU WDNLQJDPDWWHUWRWULDOZKLFKPHUHO\UHTXLUHVWKHH[HUFLVHRI EHHQHQWHUHG(J8QLWHG6WDWHVY%U\DQW)G 1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY/LQHEDFN  WKH GHIHQGDQW V FRQVWLWXWLRQDO ULJKWV LQVWHDG RI µSOHDGLQJ LW RXWjl   7KH OHDG RSLQLRQ VHHPV WR FRPSDUH WKH SRVLWLRQ RIWKH JRYHUQPHQW DQG YLFWLPV LPPHGLDWHO\ EHIRUH /LQHEDFNjV PRWLRQWRZLWKGUDZZDVILOHGZLWKZKDWWKHLUSRVLWLRQZRXOG EHLIKLVJXLOW\SOHDLVDOORZHGWREHZLWKGUDZQDQGFRPHVWR WKHFRQFOXVLRQWKDWWKHJRYHUQPHQWZLOOEHLQDOHVVIDYRUDEOH SRVLWLRQDIWHUWKHZLWKGUDZDO7KLVLQP\RSLQLRQLVQRWWKH FRUUHFWFRPSDULVRQWRGHWHUPLQHSUHMXGLFH ,ILWZHUHWKHQ WKHUHZRXOGDOZD\VEHDILQGLQJRISUHMXGLFHWRWKHJRYHUQPHQW XSRQWKHZLWKGUDZDORIDJXLOW\SOHD,ZRXOGLQVWHDGFRPSDUH WKHSRVLWLRQRIWKHJRYHUQPHQWDQGYLFWLPVEHIRUH/LQHEDFN SOHG JXLOW\ ZLWK ZKDW WKHLU SRVLWLRQ ZRXOG EH LI WKH SOHD LV DOORZHGWREHZLWKGUDZQ%DVHGXSRQWKHUHFRUGEHIRUHXV, ZRXOGFRQFOXGHWKDWWKH\DUHVLPLODUO\VLWXDWHGLQDOOUHOHYDQW DVSHFWVWKXVSUHFOXGLQJDQ\EDVLVWRILQGSUHMXGLFH
Source:  CourtListener

Can't find what you're looking for?

Post a free question on our public forum.
Ask a Question
Search for lawyers by practice areas.
Find a Lawyer