NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 06a0264n.06
                                 Filed: April 14, 2006

                                     Nos. 04-3794, 04-4115

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


MAME M. SENE,                                          )
                                                       )
       Petitioner,                                     )    REVISED
                                                       )
v.                                                     )    ON PETITION FOR REVIEW OF AN
                                                       )    ORDER OF THE BOARD OF
                                                       )    IMMIGRATION APPEALS
ALBERTO R. GONZALES, ATTORNEY                          )
GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES,                          )
                                                       )
       Respondent.                                     )


Before: SILER and CLAY, Circuit Judges; Carr, District Judge.*

       SILER, Circuit Judge. In this consolidated review, Mame Sene petitions for review of two

orders of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”). Sene argues the BIA erred in these rulings

by not giving credence to her ineffective assistance of counsel claim and not recognizing the

dispositive nature of the evidence she now seeks to present. Sene also claims that she was denied

a full and fair hearing by the Immigration Judge (“IJ”). The petitions are DISMISSED.

                                       BACKGROUND

       Sene, a native and citizen of Senegal, submitted an application for asylum in early 2001 and,

upon its denial, the Immigration and Naturalization Service instituted removal proceedings. The

crux of her asylum claim was that, as a member of a minority political group, she has been


       *
        The Honorable James G. Carr, United States District Judge for the Northern District of
Ohio, sitting by designation.
Nos. 04-3794, 04-4115
Sene v. Gonzales

persecuted by the Senagalese government. Ultimately, the IJ denied Sene’s application for asylum,

denied her relief under the Convention Against Torture, and ordered her removed to Senegal. Sene,

through counsel, filed a timely appeal of the IJ’s decision, but the BIA summarily affirmed the IJ

without opinion.

       Later, Sene filed a pro se motion to reopen in April 2004. Along with this motion, she

submitted two pieces of new evidence: (1) a psychological evaluation and (2) background

information on a ferry disaster in Senegal to explain her mother’s absence. Also, she noted that she

would soon be undergoing a medical examination relating to her female genital mutilation (FGM)

claim. The BIA denied the motion to reopen. This decision of the BIA is before us in No. 04-3794.

       In June 2004, Sene, through new counsel, filed a second motion to reopen and, in the

alternative, a motion to reconsider, seeking a remand of her case for new fact finding. She sought

to present “new and material evidence” unavailable previously due to the ineffective assistance of

her former counsel. The BIA denied the motion to reconsider as untimely under 8 C.F.R. §

1003.2(b). It denied her motion to reopen as numerically barred under 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(2) and

on the basis that none of the proffered evidence was previously unavailable. With regard to the

ineffective assistance claim, the BIA ruled that Sene failed to establish that her former counsel’s

actions had prejudiced her case. These decisions are before us in No. 04-4115.

                                         DISCUSSION

1. First Motion to Reopen

       Sene’s first motion to reopen was supported by three “new” pieces of evidence: (1) a

psychological report, (2) background information on a ferry disaster to explain her mother’s absence

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Sene v. Gonzales

at the original hearing, and (3) a letter indicating that Sene would see a gynecologist to document

her FGM claim. After review, the BIA denied the motion to reopen on the grounds that none of the

proffered evidence was previously unavailable as required under 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(1).

       In a given case the Board . . . may determine, as a sufficient ground for denying a motion to

       reopen, whether the alien has produced previously unavailable, material evidence . . . .

       These decisions are subject to an abuse of discretion standard of review, and in determining

       whether the Board abused its discretion, this Court must decide whether the denial of the

       motion to reopen was made without a rational explanation, inexplicably departed from

       established policies, or rested on an impermissible basis such as invidious discrimination

       against a particular race or group.

Allabani v. Gonzales, 

, 675 (6th Cir. 2005) (internal quotations and citation omitted).

Where “the material was available and the Board provided a reasoned explanation,” there is no

abuse of discretion. 

In this case, the evidence was clearly previously available since it

dealt exclusively with events that occurred and were known about prior to the original hearing.

Also, the BIA provided a reasoned explanation as to why it was denying the motion. Therefore, it

did not abuse its discretion.

2. Second Motion to Reopen and Motion to Reconsider

(a) Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Claim

       On this second appeal, Sene’s arguments primarily revolve around the claim that her counsel

was ineffective due to insufficient client contact, inadequate preparation, failure to attend hearings,




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Sene v. Gonzales

and inadequacy in making legal arguments. After consideration, the BIA ruled that Sene “failed to

sufficiently establish that her former counsel’s actions resulted in prejudice to her case.”

        Fifth Amendment guarantees of due process extend to aliens in deportation proceedings.

Hamid v. Ashcroft, 

, 468 (6th Cir. 2003) (internal quotations and citation omitted).

“Ineffective assistance of counsel in a deportation proceeding will rise to the level of a due-process

violation under the Fifth Amendment ‘only if the proceeding was so fundamentally unfair that the

alien was prevented from reasonably presenting his case.’” Denko v. I.N.S., 

, 723 (6th

Cir. 2003) (citations omitted). “To constitute fundamental unfairness, however, a defect in the

removal proceedings must have been such as might have led to denial of justice.” 

(internal quotations and citation omitted). Ultimately, the alien carries the burden and

must show not simply “mere ineffective assistance of counsel, but assistance which is so ineffective

as to have impinged upon the fundamental fairness of the hearing.” 

(internal

quotations, alterations, and citations omitted). Although we generally review the Board’s denial of

a motion for reopen for abuse of discretion, a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is reviewed

de novo. 

(citations omitted).

        Since Sene has satisfied the preliminary requirements for an ineffective assistance claim, see

Matter of Lozada, 19 I. & N. Dec. 637 (BIA 1998), we review the merits of that claim. Beginning

with the issue of prejudice, Sene must show that the evidence she now seeks to present would have

changed the outcome of the proceedings before the IJ and Board. See 

(“Since we are unable to find that the respondent is prima facie eligible for a grant of asylum . . . we

cannot conclude that the respondent suffered prejudice by the representation of his former

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Sene v. Gonzales

attorney”). On this point, Sene primarily points to the comments of the IJ indicating that a medical

report on the extent of her injuries “would have been virtually dispositive in the case.” However,

the IJ made clear that the medical report was dispositive in his mind because he believed that any

medical professional would be able to determine approximately when her injuries occurred and,

moreover, that such a professional could determine the manner in which the circumcision was done.

In other words, the IJ believed such a report could determine whether scars existed to show her

injuries were “crudely done” by a “completely untrained and uncaring individual.” A review of the

medical report of Dr. Dyson in the record reveals no such information. The only information Dr.

Dyson was able to confirm was that Sene had indeed been circumcised. Importantly, Dr. Dyson

states that the “external genitalia is totally healed without evidence of scarring.” Given the limited

nature of Dr. Dyson’s report, it is far from clear that this information would have changed the

outcome of Sene’s asylum proceedings. Nonetheless, if the information in Dr. Dyson’s report had

been coupled with the psychological evaluation and the asylum application of her mother, both of

which corroborated her claims, there is a strong likelihood that the outcome of the proceedings

would have been different.

       Along with showing prejudice, an individual alleging ineffective assistance must also show

that any prejudice to her case was a result of the incompetence of her counsel. See 

. In other words, a claimant must prove deficient performance by counsel. Moreover,

showing deficient performance alone is insufficient; rather, the party claiming ineffective assistance

must show performance so deficient as to have impinged upon the fundamental fairness of the

hearing. 

allegations of incompetence concern her former counsel’s failure to

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Sene v. Gonzales

present certain corroborative evidence, including her mother’s asylum application and a medical

report documenting her injuries. As this court has noted, where it is reasonable to expect

corroborative evidence, such evidence should be provided. Dorosh v. Ashcroft, 

, 382

(6th Cir. 2004). Sene’s former counsel attempted to obtain information relating to both Sene’s

physical injuries and her mother’s asylum hearing. In an affidavit, Sene admits that her former

counsel advised her “to bring my mother to testify at the final hearing” and later stated that it “would

be easier to win” the case with that testimony. However, “sometime before the final hearing,” Sene

informed her former counsel that her mother would be unable to attend. Regarding the medical

evidence, former counsel asked Sene to “get a medical report” from her doctor at Bellevue and, after

that report turned out to be unsatisfactory, former counsel escorted Sene to a medical office in order

to set up an appointment. Ultimately, Sene stated that she could not afford such an examination and

no appointment was made.

       We do not dispute Sene’s contentions that her former counsel could have taken greater care

in the preparation of her case. For example, former counsel’s attempt to obtain medical evidence

concerning the extent of Sene’s injuries occurred only after the IJ stressed the importance of such

information. Clearly, an attempt to obtain that evidence should have occurred at an earlier. Further,

better communication between client and attorney was much needed. Despite this, though, former

counsel’s performance was not so ineffective as to have impinged upon the fundamental fairness of

the hearing. Sene’s former counsel did (1) attempt to garner medical evidence for the case, (2) stress

the importance of Sene’s mother’s testimony, (3) present other evidence corroborating Sene’s

claims, including extensive reports on the conditions in Senegal and a confirmation of Sene’s

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Sene v. Gonzales

mother’s asylum approval, (4) file a well-supported brief to the Board appealing the decision of the

IJ. Overall, Sene’s former counsel’s actions cannot be deemed ineffective assistance.

(b) Denial of Second Motion to Reopen and Motion to Reconsider

        “The decision to grant or deny a motion to reopen or reconsider is within the discretion of

the Board . . . . The Board has discretion to deny a motion to reopen even if the party moving has

made out a prima facie case for relief.” 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(a). The denial of a motion to reopen or

reconsider is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. 

. An abuse of discretion

can be shown when the BIA “offers no ‘rational explanation, inexplicably depart[s] from established

policies, or rest[s] on an impermissible basis such as invidious discrimination against a particular

race or group.’” 

v. I.N.S., 

, 1161 (6th Cir. 1982)).

        Sene first argues that her case should be reopened to allow her to introduce two new pieces

of evidence: a medical exam documenting the extent of her injuries and her mother’s asylum

application. Recognizing the numerical limitation, she requests the court equitably toll that

provision. The BIA, without mentioning equitable tolling, ruled that the motion was barred under

8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(2), that it did not fall within any of the exceptions to that provision, and, in any

event, the new evidence proffered was not previously unavailable.

        First, with regard to the numerical limitation, “a party may file only one motion to reopen

deportation or exclusion proceedings.” 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(2). There are four exceptions to this

requirement, but Sene does not argue for, nor does she qualify for, any of them. See 8 C.F.R. §

1003.2(c)(3). Moreover, this court has never held that equitable tolling applies to numerical




                                                  -7-
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Sene v. Gonzales

limitations on motions to reopen.1 Second, evidence offered on a motion to reopen must have been

unavailable at the previous hearing. 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(1). Since this is undoubtedly Sene’s

second motion to reopen and the proffered evidence was previously available, the BIA’s decision

cannot be deemed an abuse of discretion.

       Alternatively, Sene argues this should be considered a motion to reconsider the BIA’s denial

of her first motion to reopen. Here, the BIA denied the motion to reconsider as untimely under 8

C.F.R. § 1003.2(b)(2). Under § 1003.2(b)(2), a “motion to reconsider a decision must be filed with

the BIA within 30 days after the mailing of the Board decision.” In the case at bar, the denial of the

first motion to reopen was mailed on May 18, 2004, and the motion to reconsider was filed on June

21, 2004. This is clearly outside of the time limitation. Accordingly, the BIA’s decision was

rational and based upon established policies and, therefore, was not an abuse of discretion.

3. Denial of Full and Fair Hearing by the Immigration Judge Claim

       In her brief to this court, Sene also claims that the IJ denied her a “full and fair hearing.” On

January 6, 2003, the IJ denied Sene’s application for asylum. Immediately, Sene appealed that

decision to the BIA and it affirmed, without opinion, the decision of the IJ on March 23, 2004.

However, Sene did not petition this court for judicial review of that decision; instead, she chose to

file a motion to reopen on April 21, 2004. The failure to appeal is important because the statute



       1
        Even assuming equitable tolling of numerical limitations is the law of this circuit, there must
be some reason for equitable tolling to apply. Sene argues that the ineffective assistance of her
counsel justifies equitable tolling; however, as discussed above, the ineffective assistance claim is
not meritorious. Therefore, in the absence of other arguments, she has no valid ground on which
to request equitable tolling. See Hermiz v. I.N.S., 86 Fed. Appx. 44, 45 (6th Cir. 2003).

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Sene v. Gonzales

providing for judicial review of the removal decision states that “[t]he petition for review must be

filed not later than 30 days after the date of the final order of removal.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(1).

“That statutory time limit is both mandatory and jurisdictional.” Prekaj v. I.N.S., 

, 267

(6th Cir. 2004) (internal quotations and citation omitted). Since Sene did not seek judicial review

of that decision within thirty days of its issuance, “the court lacks jurisdiction to consider

Petitioner[‘s] objections to that decision.” 

       PETITIONS DISMISSED.




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Sene v. Gonzales

CLAY, Circuit Judge, dissenting. The record in this case compels the conclusion that Petitioner

received ineffective assistance of counsel in violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fifth

Amendment. Counsel’s egregious neglect of Petitioner’s undeniably meritorious case resulted in

the rejection of Petitioner’s application for asylum and should leave this Court with little choice but

to grant the petition for review and reverse the order of the BIA denying Petitioner’s motion to

reopen. Only by mischaracterizing the record on appeal does the majority reach the opposite

conclusion. Therefore, I must dissent.

                                              I.
                                         BACKGROUND

       Petitioner, Mame Sene, a citizen of Senegal, seeks asylum in the United States from

persecution she has suffered on the basis of her race and political opinion. Petitioner comes from

Ziguinchor, Senegal, and is a member of the Diola ethnic group. The Diola are associated with the

Movement of Democratic Forces in the Casamance (“MFDC”), a rebel group centered in Ziguinchor

and the surrounding Casamance region. According to both the United States Department of State

and Amnesty International, Senegalese security forces regularly torture civilians suspected of

sympathizing with the MFDC.

       On February 8, 1999, Senegalese security forces kidnaped and tortured Petitioner.

Approximately ten soldiers grabbed her off the street and forced her into a jeep at gun point. After

confirming that Petitioner was Diola in origin, the soldiers drove her to an agricultural school

outside of the city and placed her in a small room. There, the soldiers gang-raped her and then

mutilated her genitalia, completely excising her labia minora and partially excising her labia



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Sene v. Gonzales

majora.2 Two weeks later, the soldiers transferred Petitioner to a civil jail in Ziguinchor, where she

remained for six months without being charged with any crime. Petitioner has been in therapy at

New York University School of Medicine’s Program for Survivors of Torture (“NYU Torture

Program”) since February of 2001, in order to deal with the resulting Post-Traumatic Stress

Disorder and depression.

       In February 2000, Petitioner and her mother arrived in the United States. One year later both

Petitioner and her mother filed applications for asylum. INS granted Petitioner’s mother’s

application but referred Petitioner’s application to an Immigration Judge (“IJ”) for a hearing.

Petitioner retained New York attorney, Ronald Solomon, to represent her at the hearing.

       Mr. Solomon ignored Petitioner’s case. He requested continuances on two occasions for

reasons not related to Petitioner’s case. On the second occasion, the IJ denied Mr. Solomon’s

request for a continuance. Nevertheless, Mr. Solomon failed to appear at Petitioner’s hearing, and

the IJ was forced to grant Petitioner an additional three month continuance. The IJ warned




       2
        “The Department of State has classified, based on World Health organization typology, the
prevalent forms of female genital mutilation. Type I, commonly referred to as ‘clioridectomy,’ is
the removal ‘of the clitoral hood with or without removal of all or part of the clitoris.’ Type II,
commonly referred to as ‘excision,’ is the removal ‘of the clitoris together with part or all of the
labia minora.’ Type III, commonly referred to ‘infibulation,’ is the removal ‘of part or all of the
external genitalia (clitoris, labia minora and labia majora) and stitching or narrowing of the vaginal
opening, leaving a very small opening, about the size of a matchstick, to allow for the flow of urine
and menstrual blood.’” Abay v. Ashcroft, 

, 638 n.1 (2005) (quoting Prevalence of the
Practice of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM); Laws Prohibiting FGM and Their Enforcement;
Recommendations on How to Best Work to Eliminate FGM, U.S. Dep’t of State, Report on Female
Genital Mutilation, at 5 (updated 27, 2001), available at
http://www.state.gov/g/wi/rls/rep/c6466.htm. Petitioner seems to have suffered a version of FGM
between Type II and III.

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Sene v. Gonzales

Petitioner that she would not receive any more continuances and advised her that she should

consider seeking new counsel.

       Between May 18, 2001, the date Petitioner hired Mr. Solomon, and January 6, 2003, the date

of Petitioner’s hearing before the IJ, Mr. Solomon had exactly one conversation with Petitioner

about the merits of her case. The conversation was initiated by Petitioner, who called Mr. Solomon

after he missed her scheduled hearing. Mr. Solomon assured Petitioner that he would be at her

hearing on January 6, 2003 and that Petitioner should bring her mother to testify. Petitioner

informed Mr. Solomon that her mother was going to be out of the country because of a ferry boat

accident in Gambia that had killed several family members. Mr. Solomon did not instruct Petitioner

to obtain an affidavit, or document of any sort, from her mother regarding her mother’s need to

absent herself from the country. Similarly, he did not instruct Petitioner to obtain any medical

documentation, despite his knowledge that she was seeking therapy and other medical services from

the NYU Torture Program.

       On January 6, 2003, the IJ conducted a hearing on the merits of Petitioner’s asylum claim.

The only evidence presented on Petitioner’s behalf was her own testimony and country condition

reports. Based in part on lack of corroborating evidence, in particular medical evidence and the

testimony of Petitioner’s mother, the IJ denied Petitioner’s requests for asylum and withholding of

removal. He refused to continue the case but recommended that Petitioner obtain medical evidence

and move to reopen.

       Mr. Solomon continued to represent Petitioner after the IJ denied her claim. He appealed

the IJ’s decision to the BIA and, after the BIA denied the direct appeal, assured Petitioner that he

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Sene v. Gonzales

would help her file a motion to reopen her case. He asked Petitioner to obtain a doctor’s report

documenting her genital mutilation. Petitioner obtained a report authored by Dr. Dyson for Mr.

Solomon, but Mr. Solomon determined that the report was inadequate. Thereafter, Mr. Solomon

attempted to arrange an appointment for Petitioner with another doctor. Petitioner, however, could

not afford to see the doctor and suggested that she again see Dr. Dyson. Mr. Solomon then informed

her that the first report from Dr. Dyson would suffice.

        For reasons unclear from the record, Mr. Solomon withdrew from Petitioner’s representation

sometime after March 23, 2003, the date on which the BIA denied Petitioner’s direct appeal. When

Petitioner learned that Mr. Solomon had not filed a motion to reopen, she was forced to rely on a

legal liaison at the NYU torture center, Mr. Wilkinson, for help with her pro se motion. According

to Petitioner, Mr. Wilkinson incorrectly advised her that new evidence was proper legal grounds for

a motion to reopen and that she had until April 23, 2004 to file such a motion. After obtaining a

psychologist’s report corroborating her allegations of past torture, news articles on the ferry accident

in Gambia, and a letter from Social Services confirming a gynecologist’s appointment, Petitioner

filed a pro se motion to reopen on April 20, 2004. Not surprisingly, the BIA denied Petitioner’s pro

se motion, holding that none of the evidence Petitioner submitted with the motion was previously

unavailable, and thus Petitioner’s new evidence was not a proper basis for a motion to reopen.

        Petitioner then obtained new counsel and filed a second motion to reopen. In her second

motion, Petitioner alleged that the BIA should reopen her case due to Mr. Solomon’s ineffective

assistance of counsel. Additionally, Petitioner submitted further documentation corroborating her

allegations of past persecution, including a doctor’s report stating that an examination of Petitioner

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Sene v. Gonzales

revealed that she suffered female genital mutilation and a second, in-depth, psychologist’s report.

Nonetheless, the BIA denied Petitioner’s second motion on the grounds that it was number-barred

as the regulations grant each asylum applicant only one motion to reopen and Petitioner failed to

present evidence that was previously unavailable. Additionally, the BIA determined that Petitioner

had failed to demonstrate that she received ineffective assistance of counsel in violation of the Due

Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment.

       Petitioner now appeals: (1) the IJ’s denial of her asylum claim; (2) the BIA’s denial of her

first motion to reopen; and (3) the BIA’s denial of her second motion to reopen. I would grant the

requested relief because the BIA abused its discretion in denying Petitioner’s second motion to

reopen when it erroneously held that the motion was number-barred and that Petitioner had not

received ineffective assistance of counsel.

                                              II.
                                          DISCUSSION

       Because Petitioner received ineffective assistance of counsel at her merits hearing, the

Fifth Amendment requires the BIA to grant Petitioner a new merits hearing. Contrary to the

majority’s opinion, in such cases neither the requirement that evidence be previously unavailable

contained in 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(1) nor the number-bar contained in § 1003.2(c)(2) precludes

Petitioner from obtaining relief. Petitioner’s evidence was previously unavailable due to her

counsel’s ineffective assistance. Moreover, both this Court and the BIA have the power to waive

the number bar contained in § 1003.2(c)(2) in exceptional circumstances. Where counsel’s

misrepresentations have caused a petitioner to waste his or her motion to reopen despite the



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Sene v. Gonzales

existence of a meritorious claim, the BIA abuses its discretion in declining to waive the number-

bar.

A.     Petitioner Received Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

       1.      Standard of Review

       This Court reviews the BIA’s denial of an ineffective assistance of counsel claim de

novo. Allabani v. Gonzales, 

, 676 (6th Cir. 2005).

       2.      Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment

       Counsel is ineffective in violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment

where counsel’s errors result in a proceeding that is so fundamentally unfair that the alien was

reasonably prevented from presenting his or her case. Denko v. I.N.S., 

, 724 (6th

Cir. 2003). To show fundamental unfairness, a party must demonstrate that: (1) counsel erred,

or competent counsel would have acted otherwise; and (2) but for counsel’s errors the party

would have received asylum. 

.

               a.      Attorney Error

       It is clear that Mr. Solomon’s failure to submit medical reports was an error. The BIA

has stated in numerous cases that an applicant’s failure to provide corroborative evidence of

torture, where reasonably available, is fatal to an asylum claim. Matter of M-D, 21 I. & N. Dec.

1180, 1181 (BIA 1998); Matter of S-M-J, 21 I. & N. Dec. 724, 725 (BIA 1997); see also Dorosh

v. Aschroft, 

, 382 (6th Cir. 2004) (upholding the BIA’s rule requiring corroborating

evidence). In particular, the BIA has stated that an applicant should provide documentary

support for material facts which are central to [the applicant’s] claim and easily subject to

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Sene v. Gonzales

verification, such as . . . documentation of medical treatment.” Matter of S-M-J, 21 I. & N.

Dec. at 725 (emphasis added). As an immigration attorney, Petitioner’s attorney had an

obligation to be aware of this well-known rule. Additionally, had Petitioner’s attorney taken the

time to speak with her, he would have realized that Petitioner was receiving medical treatment

and could easily obtain a report. Thus, Petitioner’s attorney erred in failing to obtain medical

reports from Petitioner and submit them to the IJ.

                b.     Prejudice

       Similarly, it is clear that the attorney’s failure to submit medical reports prejudiced

Petitioner’s case. According to the IJ at Petitioner’s hearing, “[t]his case could be pretty simple

if a doctor confirmed what she said. ” (J.A. at 191.) Dr. Deborah Dyson did confirm a

substantial amount of what Petitioner claimed. Dr. Dyson confirmed that Petitioner’s genitalia

had been mutilated. “Her physical exam reveals the absence of the clitoris and prepuce, total

excision of the labia minora and partial excision of the labia mojora [sic].” (J.A. at 93.)

Additionally, Petitioner’s psychologist, Adeyinka M. Akinsulure-Smith, wrote “in my clinical

and professional opinion, [Petitioner] displays significant symptoms associated with Depression

and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. These findings are consistent with the severe physical and

emotional trauma that she reports experiencing in the past.” (J.A. at 109.) Thus, it is clear that

with advice from counsel, Petitioner could have won her asylum claim on the merits. Abay v.

Ashcroft, 

(6th Cir. 2004) (holding that female genital mutilation is a form of

persecution).




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       The majority attempts to undercut the force of Petitioner’s new evidence by relying on

the IJ’s statements that he believed a medical report was necessary to show that Petitioner’s

injuries were “crudely done” by a “completely untrained and uncaring person,” thereby implying

that the IJ would have denied Petitioner’s asylum claim even with the new evidence. Although I

find it unlikely that the IJ would have denied Petitioner’s claim, I find it important to make clear

that the proper inquiry on prejudice is not whether the IJ would have denied Petitioner’s claim

but whether Petitioner was legally entitled to relief on her claim. In this case, had the IJ denied

Petitioner’s claim on the merits even after considering Petitioner’s new evidence, the BIA and

this Court would have been legally obligated to reverse the IJ’s decision. First, the IJ does not

have the authority to require a petitioner to submit corroborating evidence unless such evidence

is reasonably available. See Dorosh, 

at 382. As Dr. Dyson’s report makes clear,

such evidence is not reasonably available because the events in question occurred too long ago.

Second, the IJ is not a medical expert and does not have the knowledge or authority to assume

that because there was no scarring that a surgeon, and not soldiers, mutilated Petitioner’s

genitalia. See Sylla v. I.N.S., 

, 928 (6th Cir. 2004) (holding that the IJ could not

speculate on typical prison conditions in Guiana but needed to base his credibility determinations

on evidence in the actual record); see also Sulollari v. Gonzales, No. 04-4237, 

, *4 (6th Cir. Dec. 5, 2005) (citing 

). If the IJ made an adverse

credibility determination on either basis, both the BIA and this Court would be required to

reverse the IJ’s decision. 

.




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       Furthermore, the majority inappropriately and offensively implies that Petitioner

somehow did not suffer persecution because her genitalia healed without scarring. Maj. Op.

(“Importantly, Dr. Dyson states that the ‘external genitalia is totally healed without scarring.”)

Female genital mutilation constitutes persecution in this Circuit regardless of whether performed

by a surgeon or a soldier. See Abay v. 

. Despite the fact that Petitioner

has no scars, she may never be engage in satisfactory intercourse and is at risk for serious and

potentially life threatening complications. See 

Excising a woman’s sex organs is a

form degradation that is unacceptable in this country. See 

(“The practice of FGM

has been internationally recognized as a violation of women’s and females children’s rights. . . .

Congress criminalized the practice of female genital mutilation under federal law.”) (internal

citations omitted). Because Petitioner has undeniably suffered a severe form of persecution and

there is absolutely no evidence in the record suggesting that she consented to the persecution,

Petitioner has met the burden of proving a well-founded fear of future persecution and would

prevail on the merits of her asylum claim. 

evidence of past persecution entitles

a petitioner to a presumption of a well-founded fear of persecution and refugee status).

       Nonetheless, the majority manages to conclude that Petitioner has not established

ineffective assistance of counsel. While conceding that the failure to submit documents to the IJ

created a “strong likelihood” of prejudice to Petitioner’s case, the majority reasons that Mr.

Solomon did not cause this prejudice. In its efforts to support its reasoning, however, the

majority is forced to obscure the facts in the record. According to the majority’s version of

events, Mr. Solomon did not cause the prejudice Petitioner suffered because Mr. Solomon

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Sene v. Gonzales

recommended to Petitioner that she submit medical documents. The majority, however,

misleadingly omits the fact that Mr. Solomon made this recommendation after the IJ denied

Petitioner’s asylum application on the merits, stating only that Mr. Solomon made the

recommendation “after the IJ stressed the importance of such information.” (Maj. Op. Sec. 2.a.)

By this time, however, Petitioner had already suffered the requisite prejudice because her claim

had been denied on the merits. Mr. Solomon’s advice could not remedy the prejudice she

suffered from the denial. A direct appeal, as the record demonstrates, is useless where Petitioner

does not submit corroborating evidence to the IJ. In such cases the IJ is legally justified in

rejecting a Petitioner’s claim, and the BIA has every right to affirm the IJ’s decision. Thus, a

motion to reopen was Petitioner’s only alternative and that is the motion before us today.

B.      The BIA Abused Its Discretion in Denying Petitioner’s Motion to Reopen

        1.      Standard of Review

        This Court reviews a BIA’s denial of a motion to reopen for abuse of discretion.

Daneshvar v. Ashcroft, 

(6th Cir. 2004) (citing I.N.S. v. Abudu, 

, 96

(1988)). An abuse of discretion occurs when the BIA exercises its discretion in a way that is

arbitrary, irrational, or contrary to law. 

        2.      The BIA Abused Its Discretion in Holding That Petitioner’s Evidence Was
                Previously Unavailable

        The BIA abused its discretion in holding that §1003.2(c)(1) barred Petitioner’s motion to

reopen because Petitioner failed to present any previously unavailable evidence in support of her

motion. Section 1003.2(c)(1) prohibits the BIA from granting a motion to reopen “unless it



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Sene v. Gonzales

appears . . . that the evidence sought to be offered is material and was not available and could not

have been discovered or presented at the former hearing.” 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(1). Where a

petitioner receives ineffective assistance of counsel, such assistance is deemed to have rendered

the petitioner’s evidence previously unavailable within the meaning of § 1003.2(c)(1). See

Orehhova v. Gonzales, 

, 52 (1st Cir. 2005). Counsel’s incompetent performance

effectively results in a petitioner’s inability to obtain and or present relevant evidence. Perhaps

for this very reason, the BIA does not apply § 1003.2(c)(1)’s previously unavailable evidence

requirement to apply to ineffective assistance of counsel claims. See Osei v. I.N.S., 

, 1208-09 (10th Cir. 2002) (noting that the BIA does not apply § 1003.2(c)(1) to motions to

reopen based on ineffective assistance of counsel claims) .

       Moreover, reading § 1003.2(c)(1)’s previously unavailable evidence requirement to bar

motions to reopen based on ineffective assistance of counsel claims would render § 1003.2(c)(1)

unconstitutional. The Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment grants aliens the right to a

full and fair hearing in deportation proceedings. 

. Where a petitioner is

deprived of a full and fair hearing due to ineffective assistance of counsel, the Fifth Amendment

mandates that the petitioner be granted a new hearing. 

federal Constitution

requires that a petitioner be afforded a new hearing, an administrative regulation cannot be used

to deny the petitioner that hearing. Any regulation that so conflicts with the Constitution is

unconstitutional and unenforceable. Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137, 177

(1803)(“Certainly all those who have framed written constitutions contemplate them as forming

the fundamental and paramount law of the nation, and consequently the theory of every such

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Sene v. Gonzales

government must be, that an act of the legislature, repugnant to the constitution, is void.”).

Administrative regulations do not trump the Constitution, rather the Constitution trumps

administrative regulations. Thus, the BIA’s determination that Petitioner failed to present

previously unavailable evidence is contrary to law and an abuse of discretion.

       3.      The BIA Abused Its Discretion in Failing to Waive the Number-Bar

       Similarly, the BIA’s failure to waive the number-bar as applied to Petitioner constitutes

an abuse of discretion. Both the BIA and this Court have the authority to waive the number-bar

on motions to reopen in exceptional circumstances.3 Rodrigues-Lariz v. I.N.S, 

,

1224 (9th Cir. 2002). Equitable waiver should be granted where a petitioner has exceeded the

number-bar in reasonable reliance on misrepresentations of legal counsel or other person

purporting to give legal advice, and equity thus weighs in favor of granting the petitioner another

opportunity to file. See 

individual purporting to provide legal representation” has

wasted a petitioner’s only opportunity to file a motion to reopen “by ‘filing a worthless motion to

reopen,’” the petitioner is considered to have exceeded the number-bar in reliance on a

misrepresentation and is entitled to equitable waiver. 

case, Petitioner exceeded the number bar in reliance on Mr. Wilkinson’s

misrepresentations. Mr. Wilkinson incorrectly led Petitioner to believe that newly obtained

evidence was a basis for a motion to reopen. If Mr. Wilkinson was going to give legal advice, he



       3
        The majority states that equitable waiver is not available in this jurisdiction because this
Circuit has not expressly held that it exists; that simply makes equitable waiver under these
circumstances an issue of first impression in this Circuit, not improper.

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Sene v. Gonzales

should have informed himself on the relevant law thus enabling him to inform Petitioner that

new evidence, alone, is not a proper legal basis for a motion to reopen. New evidence must also

be “previously unavailable” to form grounds for a motion to reopen under 8 C.F.R. §

1003.2(c)(1). Instead, Mr. Wilkinson recommended that Petitioner pursue relief solely on the

basis of new evidence that was previously available. Petitioner wasted her first motion to reopen

in reliance on Mr. Wilkinson’s incorrect statements of law. Consequently, the BIA’s failure to

waive the number bar was contrary to law and an abuse of discretion.

                                            III.
                                        CONCLUSION


       For the reasons set forth above, I would grant the petition for review and remand with

instructions to the BIA to reopen Petitioner’s asylum application.




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