RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                     Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                              File Name: 06a0214p.06

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                         FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                           _________________


                                                           X
                                                            -
 SAVE OUR CUMBERLAND MOUNTAINS,
                                                            -
 APPALACHIAN VOICES, THE SIERRA CLUB and
                                                            -
 SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN BIODIVERSITY PROJECT,
                                   Plaintiffs-Appellants, -
                                                                No. 05-5663

                                                            ,
                                                             >
              v.                                            -
                                                            -
                                                            -
                                                            -
 DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary of the United States

                                                            -
 Department of the Interior, in his official capacity;
                                                            -
 JEFFREY JARRETT, Director of the United States
                                                            -
 Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and
 Enforcement, in his official capacity; and TIM             -
                                                            -
 of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, in -
 DIERINGER, Director of the Knoxville Field Office

                                                            -
                                  Defendants-Appellees, -
 his official capacity,
                                                            -
                                                            -
                                                            -
                        Intervenor-Defendant-Appellee. -
 NATIONAL COAL CORPORATION,

                                                            -
                                                           N
                            Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Eastern District of Tennessee at Knoxville.
                           No. 03-00462—Thomas Varlan, District Judge.
                                            Argued: March 6, 2006
                                     Decided and Filed: June 29, 2006
        Before: SUTTON and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges; OBERDORFER, District Judge.*
                                              _________________
                                                   COUNSEL
ARGUED: Scott A. Gollwitzer, APPALACHIAN VOICES, Asheville, North Carolina, for
Appellants. Suzanne H. Bauknight, ASSISTANT UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Knoxville,
Tennessee, Garry K. Grooms, STITES & HARBISON, Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellees.
ON BRIEF: Scott A. Gollwitzer, APPALACHIAN VOICES, Asheville, North Carolina, Stephen


         *
          The Honorable Louis F. Oberdorfer, Senior United States District Judge for the District of Columbia, sitting
by designation.


                                                          1
No. 05-5663           Save Our Cumberland Mountains et al. v. Kempthorne et al.                Page 2


A. Sanders, APPALACHIAN CITIZENS LAW CENTER, Prestonsburg, Kentucky, Mary M.
Mastin, PADDOCK & MASTIN, Cookeville, Tennessee, for Appellants. Suzanne H. Bauknight,
Pamela Steele, ASSISTANT UNITED STATES ATTORNEYS, Knoxville, Tennessee, Garry K.
Grooms, STITES & HARBISON, Nashville, Tennessee, Charles P. Gault, UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR, Knoxville, Tennessee, for Appellees.
                                        _________________
                                            OPINION
                                        _________________
         SUTTON, Circuit Judge. Four environmental groups filed this action contending that the
Office of Surface Mining and Reclamation, an office of the Department of the Interior, abused its
discretion (1) in conducting an environmental assessment of an application by the National Coal
Corporation to mine roughly 1,100 acres in the Cumberland River watershed of northeastern
Tennessee and (2) in issuing a finding of no significant environmental impact with respect to the
application. Among other things, plaintiffs argued that the agency’s environmental assessment did
not take a sufficiently “hard look” at the consequences of the application, see Aberdeen & Rockfish
R.R. Co. v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures, 

, 322 (1975), as
mandated by the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, Pub. L. No. 91-190, 83 Stat. 852
(codified as amended at 42 U.S.C. § 4321 et seq.), and that the agency arbitrarily concluded that the
proposed mining would have no significant impact on the region’s environment. The extensive
record compiled by the agency, the many modifications made to the mining application by the coal
company in response to concerns raised by the agency and the minimal long-term effects of the
mining proposal on the environment all convinced the district court that the agency did not abuse
its discretion.
        While we affirm, we express one caveat in doing so. Throughout the environmental-
assessment process and throughout this litigation, the Office of Surface Mining has taken the
position that it need only consider three alternatives to the mining application—grant the license,
deny the license or take no action. That approach, in our view, unduly circumscribes the scope of
alternatives that the statute and regulations require federal agencies to consider. Nonetheless,
because the administrative record shows that the agency in effect did consider other options to the
coal company’s license request (primarily modifications to the application that would diminish the
environmental consequences of the mining) and because plaintiffs on appeal have not identified any
concrete alternatives that the agency should have considered (but did not), we affirm.
                                                  I.
        On June 28, 2002, the National Coal Corporation applied to the Office of Surface Mining
for a permit to “conduct contour cross-ridge[] and auger coal mining operations on Zeb Mountain
in Campbell and Scott Counties, Tennessee.” D. Ct. Op. at 2. Commonly known as strip mining,
cross-ridge mining removes surrounding rock with explosives to expose a seam of coal, which
permits miners to excavate the coal with heavy mining equipment (and often with the use of
additional explosives). Once a mining company has removed the surrounding rock, it also can
remove the coal through auger mining, which accesses the coal with a large drill.
        The coal company sought a permit to mine and build support structures on 1,148.7 acres of
a 2,107 acre area. According to its application, the mining project would last about ten years and
in the end would return all but a small portion of the affected land to its natural contours, including
412 acres of previously mined, unreclaimed land. Consistent with the requirements of the Surface
Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977, Pub. L. No. 95-87, 91 Stat. 447 (codified as amended
at 30 U.S.C. § 1201 et seq.), the coal company published its application in the local newspapers.
And consistent with the Act, the Office of Surface Mining, which administers the Act on behalf of
No. 05-5663           Save Our Cumberland Mountains et al. v. Kempthorne et al.               Page 3


the Department of the Interior, solicited comments from “various federal, state[] and local
governmental agencies and environmental organizations” about the application. D. Ct. Op. at 3.
The United States Fish and Wildlife Service, the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency, the
Division of Natural Heritage of the Tennessee Department of the Environment and Conservation,
one of the plaintiffs and several other environmental organizations provided comments. The agency
also held an informal conference about the application on October 17, 2002, which attracted 13
registered speakers and prompted 19 letters from interested parties.
        As a result of this discourse and as a result of its own inquiry, the Office of Surface Mining
issued seven notices of deficiency to the coal company. In response, the company revised and
republished its proposed mining plan several times, making changes that affected nearly all areas
of interest under the National Environmental Policy Act, including providing (1) greater protection
for various animal species threatened by the mining, (2) improved contingencies for the treatment
of potentially contaminated water, (3) a revised drainage-control plan, (4) a revised topsoil-handling
plan, (5) improved land-reclamation standards, (6) a revised revegetation plan that included the use
of hardwood trees, (7) a plan to reestablish the habitats of certain at-risk species and (8) a plan to
protect local residents from the noise and dust caused by blasting.
        The agency also conducted an environmental assessment of the plan, which examined the
effects of the proposed mining on topography, geology, soils, vegetation, land use, aesthetics,
hydrology, fish and wildlife, cultural and historic resources, air quality and socioeconomics. On
June 30, 2003, the agency published this environmental assessment as well as a finding of no
significant impact, and—upon the posting by the coal company of a $3.8 million bond designed to
ensure that it meets its reclamation responsibilities—issued a permit for the company to begin
mining.
       On September 4, 2003, four environmental groups—Save Our Cumberland Mountains,
Appalachian Voices, the Sierra Club and the Southern Appalachian Biodiversity Project—filed this
lawsuit. They moved for a preliminary injunction, arguing that the federal agency had failed to
comply with the National Environmental Policy Act because it drafted an incomplete environmental
assessment and arbitrarily issued a finding of no significant impact. The district court denied the
requested injunction on October 31, 2003, after which it granted the motion of the coal company to
intervene as a defendant in the case. On February 23, 2005, the court granted the agency’s motion
for summary judgment, concluding that plaintiffs had failed to show that the agency’s environmental
assessment and its decision to issue a finding of no significant impact were “arbitrary, capricious
or [abuses] of discretion.” D. Ct. Op. at 21.
                                                    II.
        Congress enacted the National Environmental Policy Act “[t]o declare a national policy
which will encourage productive and enjoyable harmony between man and his environment [and]
to promote efforts which will prevent or eliminate damage to the environment and biosphere and
stimulate the health and welfare of man . . . .” 42 U.S.C. § 4321. To the ends of advancing this
purpose, § 102 of the Act mandates that “all agencies of the Federal Government shall . . . include
in every recommendation or report on proposals for legislation and other major Federal actions
significantly affecting the quality of the human environment[] a detailed statement by the
responsible official on”—
       (i) the environmental impact of the proposed action,
       (ii) any adverse environmental effects which cannot be avoided should the proposal
       be implemented,
       (iii) alternatives to the proposed action,
No. 05-5663           Save Our Cumberland Mountains et al. v. Kempthorne et al.                Page 4


       (iv) the relationship between local short-term uses of man’s environment and the
       maintenance and enhancement of long-term productivity, and
       (v) any irreversible and irretrievable commitments of resources which would be
       involved in the proposed action should it be implemented.
42 U.S.C. § 4332(2)(C).
        As suggested by the requirements of this “detailed statement”—what the regulations refer
to as an “environmental impact statement,” 40 C.F.R. § 1502.1—the Act serves procedural rather
than substantive goals. It does not require agencies to “achieve particular substantive environmental
results,” Marsh v. Or. Natural Res. Council, 

, 371 (1989), but requires them to “collect
and disseminate information about the environmental consequences of proposed actions that fall
under their respective jurisdictions,” Sw. Williamson County Cmty. Ass’n v. Slater, 

,
278 (6th Cir. 2001); cf. Greater Yellowstone Coal. v. Flowers, 

, 1273–74 (10th Cir.
2004) (contrasting the “substantive restrictions” of the Clean Water Act with the “procedural
requirements” of the National Environmental Protection Act). The upshot of the Act is to
“integrate[]” “environmental concerns . . . into the very process of agency decisionmaking.” Andrus
v. Sierra Club, 

, 350 (1979); see also Robertson v. Methow Valley Citizens Council,

, 349–50 (1989) (noting that the Act focuses “the agency’s attention on the
environmental consequences of a proposed project,” “guarantees that the relevant information will
be made available to the larger audience that may also play a role” in the agency’s decision, and
ensures that other affected governmental bodies will have “adequate notice of the expected
consequences and the opportunity to plan and implement corrective measures in a timely manner”).
        In integrating environmental considerations into agency deliberations, § 102 requires an
affected federal agency (here the Office of Surface Mining) to prepare an environmental impact
statement whenever two things are true: (1) there has been a “proposal[] for legislation and other
major Federal actions,” and (2) the proposal would “significantly affect[] the quality of the human
environment.” No one questions that “major Federal action[]” exists here, as the Office of Surface
Mining has responsibility under the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act for approving
applications to mine coal in this country. 30 U.S.C. § 1211(c); see 40 C.F.R. § 1508.18 (noting that
major federal actions “include[] actions . . . potentially subject to Federal control and
responsibility”); 

(referring to such actions as ones that may be “assisted, conducted,
regulated, or approved by federal agencies”); 

see generally 

–79 (holding that a major federal action need not be funded by federal money).
        The point of debate is whether this mining proposal would “significantly affect[] the quality
of the human environment.” In providing guidance to agencies about when they should prepare an
environmental impact statement, the implementing regulations, promulgated by the Council on
Environmental Quality, say that the agency should ask whether the proposal is one that “[n]ormally
requires an environmental impact statement,” 40 C.F.R. § 1501.4(a)(1), or “[n]ormally does not
require” such a statement, 

When, as in this case, the agency determines that it
is not clear whether the license application requires an environmental impact statement, the
regulations direct the agency preliminarily to prepare an “environmental assessment.” 

       An environmental assessment
       (a) Means a concise public document for which a Federal agency is responsible that
       serves to:
No. 05-5663           Save Our Cumberland Mountains et al. v. Kempthorne et al.               Page 5


               (1) Briefly provide sufficient evidence and analysis for determining whether
               to prepare an environmental impact statement or a finding of no significant
               impact.
               (2) Aid an agency’s compliance with the Act when no environmental impact
               statement is necessary.
               (3) Facilitate preparation of a statement when one is necessary.
       (b) Shall include brief discussions of the need for the proposal, of alternatives as
       required by section 102(2)(E), of the environmental impacts of the proposed action
       and alternatives, and a listing of agencies and persons consulted.

If after preparing an environmental assessment the agency determines that the project
will have no significant environmental consequences, it need not issue an environmental impact
statement and instead may issue a finding of no significant impact—“a document by a Federal
agency briefly presenting the reasons why an action . . . will not have a significant effect on the
human environment and for which an environmental impact statement therefore will not be
prepared.” 40 C.F.R. § 1508.13; see Dep’t of Transp. v. Pub. Citizen, 

, 767 (2004)
(noting that an agency should decide “whether and to what extent to prepare an [environmental
impact statement] based on the usefulness of any new potential information to the decisionmaking
process”).
        When faced with a lawsuit under the National Environmental Policy Act, a federal court has
authority to review the agency’s action under the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. § 551 et
seq. We review an agency’s environmental assessment, and its decision that an environmental
impact statement need not be prepared, under the deferential “arbitrary and capricious” standard.

Pub. 

(requiring federal courts to ensure that the agency’s
finding of no significant impact was not “arbitrary and capricious”); Kelley v. Selin, 

,
1518 (6th Cir. 1995). In deciding whether the agency acted arbitrarily, “[w]e will not ‘substitute our
judgment of the environmental impact for the judgment of the agency,’” but we will insist that “‘the
agency has, in fact, adequately studied the issue and taken a “hard look” at the environmental
consequences of its decision.’” 

–19 (quoting Crounse Corp. v. Interstate
Commerce Comm’n, 

, 1193 (6th Cir. 1986)).
        At 40 pages in length, the environmental assessment satisfies most of these regulatory
requirements. It contains a brief discussion of the need for the proposed decision, and it discusses
at length the environmental effects of the proposed action, including its impact on topography,
geology, soils, vegetation, land use, hydrology, fish and wildlife, threatened and endangered species,
cultural and historic resources, air quality, aesthetics, socioeconomics, public safety and
environmental justice.
        In considering the environmental consequences of the plan, the agency consulted numerous
studies of similar mining operations in other Appalachian mountain regions. See, e.g., JA 531
(referencing a report on soil redevelopment in a West Virginia coal mine site in 2001); JA 532
(referencing a 2002 Tennessee Valley Authority draft environmental assessment for nearby Braden
Mountain concerning measures to ease the reintroduction of wildlife to the mining site); JA 534
(referencing a 1981 report regarding reclaimed mines on nearby Brushy and Walnut Mountains and
concluding that post-mining reclamation will minimize any impact on wildlife); 

2001 study indicating that mining causes greater disturbances to salamander populations than
clearcutting); JA 540 (referencing a West Virginia University study concluding that emissions from
similar mining operations posed little health risk); JA 541 (referencing a previous Office of Surface
Mining environmental impact statement to establish the likely impact area of wind-blown dust); 

           Save Our Cumberland Mountains et al. v. Kempthorne et al.                  Page 6


(using an environmental study on surface mining to determine the likely effect of air-quality changes
on residents); JA 545–46 (using an Office of Surface Mining environmental impact statement to
determine the likely threat to local residents from blasting operations). The agency also consulted
studies assessing the specific effects of this mining operation. See, e.g., JA 535 (referencing the
cumulative hydrological impact assessments performed by the Office of Surface Mining to evaluate
the effects of the proposed mining on area water supplies). And, finally, the agency considered the
1985 environmental impact statement that it had completed in approving Tennessee’s plan for
overseeing surface coal mining operations and reclaiming abandoned mining areas under the Surface
Mining Control and Reclamation Act, 30 U.S.C. §§ 1235, 1253. See, e.g., JA 541–42.
        The report acknowledges that the mining will have several short-term effects: the disruption
of “(1) land use, (2) wildlife/wildlife habitat, (3) aquatic species/habitats, (4) air quality, (5) soils,
(6) postmining vegetation cover, and (7) aesthetics.” JA 517. But it explains that the plan’s
reclamation and mitigation efforts will diminish, if not entirely remediate, most of these problems
over the long run. See, e.g., JA 534–35 (noting that although mining initially will drive certain
animal species out of the area, “the large amounts of similar habitat adjacent to the project area”
mean that the impact on “terrestrial wildlife in the region would be temporary and [is] unlikely to
have adverse impacts on the wildlife population as a whole in [the] area,” and “the subsequent
incremental reclamation of the disturbed areas would reduce impacts to local populations of
wildlife”); JA 531 (“[I]n the short term, disturbance to soils will be complete but mitigated to a large
extent by the salvaging and redistribution of soil growth medium . . . . [Studies] confirm[] that
development of soils and soil profiles more similar to the native soils is likely to occur over a period
of years following completion of mining.”); JA 531–32 (noting that much of the local vegetation will
be removed during mining but thereafter will be replaced with native vegetation, restoring an area
substantially diminished by previous mining and logging).
        When it comes to the near-term effects of the mining application, the agency’s assessment
shows that it took a “hard look” at the consequences of its decision and did not act arbitrarily in
making a finding of no significant impact. So long as mining involves the initial destruction of the
earth’s surface, it will have some near-term effect on the environment. The critical question is what
the company proposes to do about it. The company in this instance responded to initial concerns
that the agency raised about the application, proposed measures to mitigate the near-term damage
to the environment and proposed measures designed to restore the environment to its pre-mining
state. In addition to raising these concerns, the agency thoroughly examined the application and the
environmental consequences of granting the license. Under these circumstances, the agency did
what the law required it to do (with one exception discussed below), and its decision that the effects
of the mining would not be significant lay well within its discretion. See Sierra Club v. Slater,

, 635 (6th Cir. 1997) (concluding that the agency’s determination that temporary
impacts are not significant was not arbitrary and capricious); see also Akiak Native Cmty. v. United
States Postal Serv., 

, 1147 (9th Cir. 2000) (concluding that evidence that an impact
was only short-term meant that its impact was not significant); River Rd. Alliance, Inc. v. Corps of
Eng’rs of United States Army, 

, 451 (7th Cir. 1985) (concluding that the temporary
nature of the harmful effects at issue, among other considerations, rendered them insignificant).
         Long-term impacts from a mining operation are another matter, though they do not invariably
doom a mining proposal or, as here, compel the issuance of an environmental impact statement. In
its report, the agency acknowledged four long-term consequences of the proposed mining operation:
“(1) alterations of topography, (2) additional alteration of the geologic strata, (3) increased
infiltration rates through the backfilled material, and (4) permanent retention of roads and sediment
basins.” JA 530. The “proper implementation of the proposed operation and reclamation plan,” it
concluded, would “prevent or minimize the adverse effects that may occur from the permanent
changes.” 

conclusion is not unreasonable. The permanent changes to topography,
for example, consist of the initial removal of 250 to 350 feet from the tops of three knobs on a ridge
No. 05-5663           Save Our Cumberland Mountains et al. v. Kempthorne et al.                Page 7


in the proposed mining area that ultimately will be replaced with backfill. When coal companies
previously mined this ridge, they left knobs or “highwalls,” which is to say the unreclaimed
remnants of earlier mining operations. The agency concluded that the replacement of the highwalls
with backfill would not have a significant environmental impact because the current topography
consists of the remnants of past mining and of soil contaminated by that mining and the backfill
would more nearly return the ridge to its original, pre-mining contour. The agency further
concluded that the plan adequately mitigated the other long-term effects of the operation and that
in the end they would be minimal. See JA 530–31 (noting that backfill would help to shore up the
disturbed geological strata); JA 533 (noting that despite increased water flow through backfill
materials, “the proposed operation has been designed to prevent material damage to the hydrologic
balance outside the permit area”); JA 544 (noting that despite retention of mining roads and
sediment basins, “[w]hen the mining and reclamation is complete, the overall aesthetic quality of
the area will generally be improved by the elimination of much of the [previously] abandoned mine
impacts”).
        Relying on its environmental assessment, the agency issued a finding of no significant
impact, explaining that the consequences of the mining are “predicted to be minor to moderate in
the short-term while long-term impacts should be minimal.” JA 514–15. Reasoning that post-
mining reclamation would ameliorate most of the consequences of the mining and that the residual
effects would be minor, the agency concluded that the permit “would not have a long-term major
impact on the quality of the human environment. Therefore, an environmental impact statement
pursuant to § 102(2)(c) of the National Environmental Policy Act is not required.” JA 514. In view
of the agency’s generally thorough environmental assessment (again, with one exception noted
below), in view of the considerable changes made to the coal company’s proposal during the review
process, in view of the company’s proposal to improve a previously unreclaimed mining site, in
view of the environmental assessment’s incorporation of a prior environmental impact statement
regarding coal mining in the region and that statement’s detailed discussion of the general effects
of mining in the area and in view of the record-based support for its determination, the agency’s
decision to issue a finding of no significant impact was neither arbitrary nor capricious.
        Plaintiffs challenge these conclusions on three grounds: (1) the agency prepared a deficient
environmental assessment because it failed to consider sufficient alternatives to the proposal; (2) the
agency acted arbitrarily and capriciously in issuing a finding of no significant impact instead of
requiring an environmental impact statement; and (3) the agency should have made the
environmental assessment available for public comment 30 days before its final decision.
       First, plaintiffs point out that the agency considered just three alternatives in preparing the
environmental assessment—grant the license, deny the license or take “no action.” In failing to
consider other alternatives, plaintiffs claim, the agency breached the regulatory requirement that an
environmental assessment contain a “brief discussion[] of . . . alternatives . . . [and] the
environmental impacts of [those] . . . alternatives.” 40 C.F.R. § 1508.9.
        As a general matter, “the range of alternatives that must be discussed” under the National
Environmental Policy Act “is a matter within an agency’s discretion.” Friends of Ompompanoosuc
v. Fed. Energy Regulatory Comm’n, 

, 1558 (2d Cir. 1992); see also Vt. Yankee
Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 

, 551–52 (1978); Citizens
Against Burlington, Inc. v. Busey, 

, 195–96 (D.C. Cir. 1991). In exercising that
discretion, the agency should consider the purpose of the project, see Citizens Against Burlington,

, and the environmental consequences of the project.
       As to the latter consideration, an agency has fewer reasons to consider alternatives when it
prepares an environmental assessment as opposed to when it prepares an environmental impact
statement. For in permissibly preparing an environmental assessment alone, the agency has
No. 05-5663            Save Our Cumberland Mountains et al. v. Kempthorne et al.                     Page 8


determined that the proposed project will have minimal environmental consequences, and
accordingly its duty to consider environment-friendly alternatives is less pressing than when it issues
an environmental impact statement. See Native Ecosystems Council v. United States Forest Serv.,

, 1246 (9th Cir. 2005); Mt. Lookout-Mt. Nebo Prop. Prot. Ass’n v. Fed. Energy
Regulatory Comm’n, 

, 172 (4th Cir. 1998); North Carolina v. Fed. Aviation Admin.,

, 1134 (4th Cir. 1992). And when an agency permissibly identifies few if any
environmental consequences of a project, it correspondingly has fewer reasons to consider
environmentally sensitive alternatives to the project—what some courts have referred to as a
“sliding-scale” approach to the issue. Highway J Citizens Group v. Mineta, 

, 960 (7th
Cir. 2003); Cent. S.D. Coop. Grazing Dist. v. Sec’y of the United States Dep’t of Agric., 

, 897 (8th Cir. 2001); River Rd. Alliance, Inc. v. Corps of Eng’rs of the United States Army, 

, 452 (7th Cir. 1985). “[A]lthough consideration of some range of alternatives is essential
to any environmental assessment, it makes little sense to fault an agency for failing to consider more
environmentally sound alternatives to a project which it has properly determined, through its
decision not to file an impact statement, will have no significant environmental effects anyway.”
Sierra Club v. Espy, 

, 803 (5th Cir. 1994).
        In this instance, the agency concluded that the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
and accompanying regulations gave it just three options in reviewing the proposed action of a
private party on private property—take no action, grant the license or deny the license. It considered
and rejected the no-action alternative because it concluded that this option fell outside of its
legislative authority. As it understood the federal program for Tennessee under the Surface Mining
Act, the program did not give it authority to decline to act on the application. See Gov’t Br. at 23
(“[The Office of Surface Mining] listed the only alternatives available when a federal agency is
reviewing the proposed action of a private party” to mine privately owned land.). It considered and
rejected the denial-of-the-license option as an inferior course of action. See JA 553 (noting that the
temporary and permanent changes that the mining would cause would be prevented but
“[d]isapproval would also result in the loss of employment opportunities associated with this mine
site as well as the loss of revenue to the local economy and county tax base”). And it picked the
preferred alternative—granting the license.
         We do not disagree with the agency’s inclusion of these three options in its assessment, and
we do not disagree with its assessment of each option. But the suggestion that the agency had
authority only to mention these three alternatives in its environmental assessment presents a false
trichotomy. Whatever duties the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act imposes on the
Office of Surface Mining, it does not suspend the agency’s independent obligations under the
National Environmental Policy Act. To the contrary, in enacting the Surface Mining Control Act,
Congress disclaimed any interest in modifying the National Environmental Policy Act. See 30
U.S.C. § 1292(a) (“Nothing in this Act shall be construed as superseding, amending, modifying, or
repealing the . . . National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. §§ 4321–47) . . . .”); 30
U.S.C. § 1292(b) (“Nothing in this chapter shall affect in any way the authority of the Secretary [of
the Department of the Interior] . . . under other provisions of law to include in
any . . . permit . . . such conditions as may be appropriate to regulate surface coal mining and
reclamation operations . . . .”). While the one statute (the Mining Act) may well channel and control
the agency’s authority to grant a mining license, see 30 U.S.C. § 1211(c), the other statute (the
Environmental Act) independently requires federal agencies to study, evaluate and discuss
alternatives to the proposed mining plan, see 42 U.S.C. § 4332(2) (“The Congress authorizes and
directs that, to the fullest extent possible . . . all agencies of the federal government shall . . . include
in every recommendation or report on proposals for legislation and other major Federal actions
significantly affecting the quality of the human environment, a detailed statement by the responsible
official on . . . alternatives to the proposed action.”); 40 C.F.R. § 1508.9 (“Environmental assessment
shall include brief discussions . . . of alternatives as required by [42 U.S.C. § 4332(2)].”).
No. 05-5663           Save Our Cumberland Mountains et al. v. Kempthorne et al.                Page 9


         Nor, at any rate, has the agency demonstrated that the Mining Act pulls it in one direction
while the Environmental Act pulls it in another when it comes to the review of this mining
application. In claiming it has authority under the Mining Act only to grant or deny a license, the
agency cites four provisions—30 U.S.C. §§ 1211(c) & 1202; 30 C.F.R. §§ 773.7 & 773.15. But
these provisions do not support the agency’s position. Section 1211(c)(1) gives the Secretary a long
list of “duties” (not restrictions), which include authority to “order the suspension, revocation, or
withholding of any permit for failure to comply with any of the provisions of this Act” or
regulations. Why this provision prohibits the agency from identifying (and discussing) alternatives
to a mining application remains unclear, particularly since another part of this same subsection says
that the Secretary may “perform such other duties as may be provided by law and relate to the
purposes of this Act.” 30 U.S.C. § 1211(c)(13).
        Even less clear is why the “Statement of purpose” of the Act, 30 U.S.C. § 1202, prohibits
the agency from considering other alternatives in an environmental assessment. That provision
includes the following in its 13 statutory purposes: “establish a nationwide program to protect
society and the environment from the adverse effects of surface coal mining operations,” “assure that
surface coal mining operations are so conducted as to protect the environment,” “assure that
adequate procedures are undertaken to reclaim surface areas as contemporaneously as possible with
the surface coal mining operations,” “strike a balance between protection of the environment and
agricultural productivity and the Nation’s need for coal as an essential source of energy” and
“wherever necessary, exercise the full reach of Federal constitutional powers to insure the protection
of the public interest through effective control of surface coal mining operations.” 

the
other stated purposes of the Act restricts an agency in identifying alternatives to a mining
application, and the requirement that an environmental assessment identify (and discuss)
environmentally sound alternatives to an application hardly disrespects the Act’s special concerns
related to preserving and protecting the environment.
        Still more puzzling is the agency’s invocation of 30 C.F.R. § 773.7(a). It says that the
“regulatory authority shall review the application[,] . . . written comments and objections
submitted[,] [ ] records of any . . . hearing held on the application and issue a written decision,
within a reasonable time set by the regulatory authority, either granting, requiring modification of,
or denying the application.” (emphasis added). That the agency may “require[] modification of”
the application of course presents the quintessential alternative to granting or denying the
application, and consistent with the National Environmental Protection Act it would permit the
agency to identify alternatives that are more environmentally considerate than the application’s
proposed course of action. The final regulation cited by the agency, 30 C.F.R. § 773.15, adds little,
as it merely identifies the requirements for approving a permit application.
        In the face of these provisions, we are hard pressed to understand the agency’s insistence that
an environmental assessment in this area (and presumably an environmental impact statement as
well) may consider only three alternatives—approval, disapproval or no action. Surely one
alternative that could have been discussed was a modification to the proposal—whether to the size
of the area being mined, to the types of mining being contemplated or to the mitigation measures
for the mining operation. That the agency previously identified several deficiencies in the
application and that the coal company modified the application in response to this notice of
deficiencies does not change matters. If the company has satisfied the agency that it has adopted
appropriate mitigation measures, that permits the agency to explain in the environmental assessment
that while a further modification to the application is an alternative, it no longer is a necessary
alternative or, as sometimes will be the case, it is not a feasible alternative. The point is,
modification remains an alternative—one that disproves the agency’s claim that it has no authority
to consider other alternatives. Nor is there anything in the Mining Act or regulations that the agency
has called to our attention that prohibits the agency from a similar alternative—granting the
application with conditions.
No. 05-5663           Save Our Cumberland Mountains et al. v. Kempthorne et al.                 Page 10


          Whether in the context of environmental assessments or environmental impact statements,
other courts have been skeptical of this kind of agency solipsism—that the agency’s licensing
responsibility gives it authority only to say “yes” or “no” to permit applications, making these the
only alternatives the agency must discuss. As these courts correctly have recognized, the National
Environmental Policy Act prevents federal agencies from effectively reducing the discussion of
environmentally sound alternatives to a binary choice between granting or denying an application.
See Davis v. Mineta, 

, 1122 (10th Cir. 2002) (“[O]nly two alternatives were studied
in detail: the no build alternative, and the preferred alternative. [The agency] acted arbitrarily and
capriciously in approving an [environmental assessment] that does not provide an adequate
discussion of [p]roject alternatives.”); see also Colo. Envtl. Coal. v. Dombeck, 

, 1174
(10th Cir. 1999) (“[T]he National Environmental Policy Act and Council on Environmental Quality
Regulations require [an agency] to study in detail all ‘reasonable’ alternatives [in an environmental
impact statement]. . . . [Courts] have interpreted this requirement to preclude agencies from defining
the objectives of their actions in terms so unreasonably narrow they can be accomplished by only
one alternative.”); Simmons v. United States Army Corps of Eng’rs, 

, 666–67 (7th Cir.
1997) (“One obvious way for an agency to slip past the strictures of [the National Environmental
Policy Act] is to contrive a purpose so slender as to define competing ‘reasonable alternatives’ out
of consideration (and even out of existence). The federal courts cannot condone an agency’s
frustration of Congressional will. If the agency constricts the definition of the project’s purpose and
thereby excludes what truly are reasonable alternatives, the [environmental impact statement] cannot
fulfill its role.”); cf. 40 C.F.R. § 1500-6 (“Each agency shall interpret the provisions of the [National
Environmental Policy Act] as a supplement to its existing authority and as a mandate to view
traditional policies and missions in the light of the Act’s national environmental objectives.”).
         Nor does Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen, 

(2004), support the
agency’s position that it may redefine the “alternatives” discussion in an environmental assessment
or an environmental impact statement to the all-or-nothing-at-all option of granting or denying the
permit. It concerned a matter not in dispute here—whether a “[m]ajor Federal action” had occurred
sufficient to prompt the agency to prepare an environmental impact statement. 

“What
is not properly before us,” the Court disclaimed, “is any challenge to the [environmental assessment]
due to its failure properly to consider possible alternatives to the proposed action (i.e., the issuance
of the challenged rules) that would mitigate the environmental impact of the authorization of
cross-border operations by Mexican motor carriers.” 

In any event, even if Public Citizen
and its discussion of agency authority governed the “alternatives” requirement, we have explained
why the agency had authority to require the coal company to modify its proposal. See 30 C.F.R.
§ 773.7(a) (“[R]egulatory authority shall review the application[,] . . . written comments and
objections submitted [and] records of any . . . hearing held on the application and issue a written
decision, within a reasonable time set by the regulatory authority, either granting, requiring
modification of, or denying the application.”) (emphasis added).
        To be clear, our objection to the agency’s position is a discrete, and readily correctable, one:
The agency holds to the view that it effectively may not discuss or consider any alternatives other
than granting or denying an application in an environmental assessment (and presumably an
environmental impact statement), and that position cannot be reconciled with the Surface Mining
and Reclamation Act, the National Environmental Policy Act or the regulations promulgated under
either Act. We appreciate that the agency has ample discretion to determine the number of
alternatives it will identify and discuss; but it cannot adopt the across-the-board position that its
discretion will never exceed two alternatives (in truth, one alternative, as two options give the
agency just one alternative). We appreciate that an environmental assessment concluding that a
proposed action will have minimal consequences for the environment will diminish the number of
alternatives that the agency should identify and consider; but this reality does not confine the agency
to considering only whether to deny or grant the license, an agency “alternative” that it did not take
passage of the National Environmental Policy Act to establish.
No. 05-5663           Save Our Cumberland Mountains et al. v. Kempthorne et al.                 Page 11


        And we appreciate that the agency may apply a “rule of reason” in this area and discuss only
“reasonable” alternatives to the proposed action. See Vt. Yankee Nuclear Power 

. So, for example, the agency had no duty to discuss energy conservation as an alternative to
the coal company’s license application—as the Surface Mining Act itself encourages such mining
while striking a balance between the economic, energy and employment advantages of coal mining
on the one hand with the environmental hazards of coal mining on the other. See 

(rejecting “energy conservation” as a reasonable alternative to the proposal to license a nuclear plant
because “[t]o make an impact statement something more than an exercise in frivolous boilerplate[,]
the concept of alternatives must be bounded by some notion of feasibility”); Cent. S. D. 

(“An agency need not consider all policy alternatives in its decision-making. Nor must
an agency pursue policy alternatives that are contrary to the pertinent statutory goals or do not fulfill
a project’s purpose.”); Citizens Against Burlington, 

. But this accepted
limitation on the agency’s duty does not give it a free hand to set aside anything other than granting
or denying an application as an unreasonable alternative. “In contrast to a policy alternative
generally”—say, energy conservation in the context of a surface mining application—“an alternative
within the ambit of an existing standard”—say, a different scope of operation or additional
mitigation measures—generally “may not be abandoned without any consideration whatsoever.”
Cent. S. D. 

(internal quotation marks and brackets omitted).
         While we cannot accept the agency’s interpretation of its duty to discuss alternatives in an
environmental assessment, we are not prepared to invalidate this environmental assessment as
“arbitrary and capricious.” Rules are rules, it is assuredly true. And one would customarily hesitate
to find harmless a procedural flaw in a procedurally driven statute. As the Tenth Circuit reasoned:
“In mandating compliance with [the National Environmental Policy Act’s] procedural requirements
as a means of safeguarding against environmental harms, Congress has presumptively determined
that the failure to comply with [the Act] has detrimental consequences for the environment.” 

; see Sierra Club v. Marsh, 

, 500 (1st Cir. 1989).
        But plaintiffs have not shown that this error had any chance (or still has any chance) of
altering the agency’s deliberations or conclusions. Cf. 

(requiring plaintiffs
in the context of a preliminary-injunction action to show that “their specific environmental interests”
were injured by violation of the Act). On appeal plaintiffs have not identified a single alternative
that the agency should have considered but did not. See Greater Yellowstone 

(stressing the importance of “record evidence suggesting two viable alternative[s]” as
demonstrating agency error); cf. Pub. 

(“None of the respondents identified
in their comments any rulemaking alternatives beyond those evaluated in the [environmental
assessment], and none urged [the agency] to consider alternatives.”).
        Moreover, while the agency did not identify additional alternatives in so many words in the
environmental assessment, it plainly considered alternatives during the administrative process.
Among other things, the agency issued seven notices of deficiency to the coal company, and each
of these deficiencies prompted the coal company to modify the plan with additional mitigation
measures. See JA 57 (“All comments and concerns received by [the agency] during this integrated
review process were evaluated and required [the coal company] to modify the permit application to
mitigate predicted impacts to the extent practicable.”). In the environmental assessment itself, a
section addressing the impact of the plan on threatened and endangered species has an extended
discussion of some of the mitigation measures that were adopted and the benefits of this
modification over the original licensing proposal. See JA 536 (discussing measures adopted during
the review process to ease the effect of the plan on the Indiana bat and the blackside dace).
      Also mitigating the agency’s error is the fact that in 1985 the agency completed a
programmatic environmental impact statement, reviewing the state program under the Surface
Mining Control and Reclamation Act for all of Tennessee. That document not only reviewed four
No. 05-5663           Save Our Cumberland Mountains et al. v. Kempthorne et al.                Page 12


decisional alternatives (no decision, deny, grant or grant with conditions), but it also discussed
alternatives in terms of the type of mining to be authorized and the yields to be allowed, among other
mining variables. The agency issued its environmental assessment in the context of this prior
statement and in many instances incorporated it. See, e.g., JA 146–50 (discussing pros and cons of
underground coal mining, area mining, contour mining, mountaintop removal and augering); JA 151
(comparing methods of on-site coal processing).
          Having rejected the agency’s self-imposed limitation on its authority to discuss alternatives
under the National Environmental Policy Act, we see no sensible point under these unusual
circumstances in going one step further—invalidating the otherwise-compliant environmental
assessment and prolonging this litigation, particularly with respect to a project that has already been
underway for two years. When it comes to environmental impact statements (and, to a lesser degree,
environmental assessments), the Act identifies two purposes: (1) to “ensure[] that the agency, in
reaching its decision, will have available, and will carefully consider, detailed information
concerning significant environmental impacts” and (2) to “guarantee[] that the relevant information
will be made available to the larger audience that may also play a role in both the decisionmaking
process and the implementation of that decision.” 

. The problem with
this assessment was one of form, not function. The agency in effect did consider alternatives and
the assessment identified considerable other information that normally would fall under the heading
of “alternatives.” While we remain reluctant to excuse procedural violations of a procedural statute,
this is one of those rare instances in which it is appropriate. Cf. Greater Yellowstone 

–78 (noting that because “by the time the Corps’ [environmental assessment] was prepared,
Canyon Club and the Corps had seriously considered various alternatives,” the court had less
concern about the paucity of alternatives discussed in that document); Friends of the

(noting in the context of the National Environmental Policy Act
that “[b]ecause Vermont cannot demonstrate prejudice from [the Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission’s] oversight, reversal is not appropriate on this ground”); Burkholder v. Peters, No. 02-
3394, 58 Fed. App’x 94, 98 (6th Cir. Jan. 9, 2003) (“This test is also consistent with our prior
jurisprudence in [National Environmental Policy Act] cases, which has recognized a harmless-error
rule . . . such that a mistake that has no bearing on the ultimate decision or causes no prejudice shall
not be the basis for reversing an agency’s determination.”) (internal quotation marks omitted).
        Second, plaintiffs argue that the agency’s finding of no significant impact was arbitrary and
capricious for several independent reasons. Noting that the pertinent Department of Interior Manual,
part 516, chapter 13, states that an environmental impact statement should be prepared for
“mountaintop removal operations,” Plaintiff’s Br. at 18, they argue that such a statement is required
here because the coal company’s “cross-ridge mountaintop” mining operation fits within the
definition of mountaintop removal found in 30 C.F.R. § 785.14(b), 

Not so. Such mining
occurs, the definition says, when the company “remov[es] substantially all of the overburden off the
bench and creat[es] a level plateau or a gently rolling contour, with no highwalls remaining . . . .”
30 C.F.R. § 785.14(b). As the agency explained during the administrative process, the coal
company’s “proposed operation does not include mountaintop removal mining” because “[t]he
operation proposes to surface mine three mountain peaks or knobs that have been previously mined
and were not returned to their approximate original contour. The existing highwalls are proposed
to be eliminated and the three mountain peaks or knobs will be backfilled to their approximate
original contour.” JA 365. In other words, the current topography of the ridge is man-
made—looking the way it does because earlier miners failed to return the ridge to its original
state—and the company’s application says that it will remove the highwalls and return the ridge to
its pre-mining contour.
        One reason that the Department of the Interior’s manual might require an environmental
impact statement in the context of mountaintop removal is because such removal necessarily causes
a significant impact to the topography of the area. But when the company plans to restore the
No. 05-5663            Save Our Cumberland Mountains et al. v. Kempthorne et al.                 Page 13


topography and indeed more accurately return the topography to its pre-mining contours, as is the
case here, these concerns dissipate. The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act requires an
applicant to return the land to its approximate original contour, see 30 U.S.C. § 1265(b)(3), and the
coal company may be excused from that obligation only by obtaining an exception from the Office
of Surface Mining, see 30 C.F.R. § 785.14(c). No exception having been sought, the Act requires
the coal company to restore the mountain, which is why there will not be a mountaintop “removal”
and why the company will not have “creat[ed] a level plateau or a gently rolling contour” in place
of the mountain. 30 C.F.R. § 785.14(b). As shown by its actions in this case, the Office of Surface
Mining does not generally issue an environmental impact statement for mountaintop mines where
the company proposes to return the contours of the site to its pre-mining state. See JA 152–53
(Office of Surface Mining, Handbook on Procedures for Implementing the National Environmental
Policy Act). The agency thus did not deviate from its standard procedure in issuing a finding of no
significant impact in this case, and it did not otherwise act arbitrarily or capriciously in issuing a
finding of no significant impact.
         Plaintiffs next argue that the finding-of-no-significant-impact document itself is deficient
because “it fails to detail any reasons why the mining operations will not significantly affect the
environment.” Plaintiffs’ Br. at 24. The pertinent regulation says that the finding is a document
“briefly presenting the reasons why an action . . . will not have a significant effect on the human
environment and for which an environmental impact statement therefore will not be prepared. It
shall include the environmental assessment or a summary of it and . . . [i]f the assessment is
included, the finding need not repeat any of the discussion in the assessment but may incorporate
it by reference.” 40 C.F.R. § 1508.13. As contemplated by this regulation, the finding issued by the
Office of Surface Mining incorporates the environmental assessment. The finding notes that while
there will be short-term impacts, they will be minimal over the long term. And it explains that
“[m]itigating measures have been incorporated in the approved operation and reclamation plan that
will support [the Office of Surface Mining’s] finding of no major impacts from the proposed surface
coal mining and reclamation operation.” JA 514. As such, we conclude that the finding briefly
states the reasons for its conclusion and directs readers to the environmental assessment for further
discussion—just as the regulations permit.
        Plaintiffs also argue that the environmental assessment does not sufficiently address noise
and road-safety issues stemming from the proposed mining. The agency, however, addressed both
arguments in the environmental assessment, referring to several outside studies and conducting a
study of its own on road safety. Acknowledging that the mining will cause some impact in each
area, the assessment concludes that it will be modest and ultimately insignificant. See JA 542–43
(noting that noise “will have periodic adverse effects on the quality of life of residents living in close
proximity to the mine site” but that it will be “infrequent[]” and less than what is tolerated in wildlife
and recreation areas); JA 548 (noting that a study of the impacted roads determined that “a coal truck
and a school bus can pass on this section of Lick Fork Road” save for two points on the road). The
assessment provides a serious discussion of these issues. With regard to coal truck traffic, for
example, it considers the anticipated time of day and week of those trips (during the day, Monday
through Saturday), the number of anticipated daily trips (increasing from 25 to 30 to approximately
110), lines of sight at the intersection of the proposed haul road and Lick Fork Road (250 to 300
feet) and at the intersection of Lick Fork Road and State Highway 297 (700 to 1000+ feet), and the
width of Lick Fork Road and State Highway 297 (adequate for passage of a coal truck and school
bus—a school bus being the widest vehicle likely to travel the road—except in the two places
indicated on Lick Fork Road). While we agree with plaintiffs that it would have made sense for the
agency to consider some of these matters in more detail—including, say, the number of bus trips
occurring at times when coal trucks would be on Lick Fork—the statute requires an environmental
assessment to contain only a “brief” discussion of impacts, and we cannot conclude that this
assessment abused the agency’s considerable discretion.
No. 05-5663           Save Our Cumberland Mountains et al. v. Kempthorne et al.              Page 14


         Plaintiffs further argue that the environmental assessment fails to account for certain
environmental impacts. But one of them, the operation’s sediment-control structures, was addressed
by the cumulative hydrologic impact assessments completed as part of the Surface Mining Control
and Reclamation Act process, which the agency incorporated into the environmental assessment.
The agency has filed a supplemental environmental assessment addressing the other concerns in
more depth, and plaintiffs have separately challenged it in the district court, making further comment
on this point premature. Suffice it to say for present purposes, the environmental assessment and
its reference to the cumulative hydrologic impact assessments precludes the assessment from being
arbitrary and capricious. See City of Riverview v. Surface Transp. Bd., 

, 440 (6th Cir.
2005) (noting that while on a more probing review there may be greater concerns, there is certainly
“such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support the conclusion
reached”).
        Third, plaintiffs argue that regulations promulgated under the National Environmental Policy
Act require an agency that is going to issue a finding of no significant impact to make that document
available to the public 30 days before its final decision. See 40 C.F.R. § 1501.4(e)(2) (“[T]he
agency shall make the finding of no significant impact available for public review . . . for 30 days
before the agency makes its final determination whether to prepare an environmental impact
statement and before the action may begin [if] (i) [t]he proposed action is, or is closely similar to,
one which normally requires the preparation of an environmental impact statement . . . .”). The
Office of Surface Mining’s guidelines discuss proposals that must be given this 30-day review, two
of which pertain here: (1) “[a]pproval of a proposed mining and reclamation plan that includes . .
. Mountaintop removal operations”; or (2)(a) “[a]pproval of a proposed mining and reclamation plan
for a surface mining operation [where] [t]he environmental impacts of the proposed mining
operation are not adequately analyzed in an earlier environmental document,” (b) “the area to be
mined is 1280 acres or more, or the annual full production level is 5 million tons or more” and (c)
“[m]ining and reclamation operations will occur for 15 years or more.” 516 Dept. of the Int. Manual
13.4.A.
        As shown, the coal company’s application does not involve mountaintop removal as the
Office of Surface Mining permissibly defines that phrase. Nor does the application satisfy the three
conjunctive requirements necessary to come within the second category of operations requiring 30-
day public review. Given the coal company’s modifications to its application, just 1,148.7 acres will
be affected by the license, an area that is more than 100 acres less than the threshold amount
specified in the guideline and indeed only 970 of those acres will be mined.
                                                 III.
       For these reasons, we affirm.