RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                 Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                        File Name: 06a0468p.06

                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                     _________________


                                                    X
                              Plaintiff-Appellant, -
 DARRYL WHITE,
                                                     -
                                                     -
                                                     -
                                                         No. 06-1007
          v.
                                                     ,
                                                      >
 DETROIT EDISON COMPANY, UTILITY WORKERS             -
                                                     -
                                                     -
 UNION OF AMERICA AFL-CIO, and UTILITY

                           Defendants-Appellees. -
 WORKERS UNION OF AMERICA LOCAL 223,

                                                     -
                                                    N
                     Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Eastern District of Michigan at Flint.
                    No. 04-40260—Paul V. Gadola, District Judge.
                                   Argued: November 30, 2006
                             Decided and Filed: December 22, 2006
                  Before: MARTIN, NORRIS, and GIBBONS, Circuit Judges.
                                       _________________
                                            COUNSEL
ARGUED: Mark S. Demorest, LAW OFFICES OF MARK S. DEMOREST, Dearborn, Michigan,
for Appellant. Richard J. Seryak, MILLER, CANFIELD, PADDOCK & STONE, Detroit,
Michigan, Ellen F. Moss, KLIMIST, McKNIGHT, SALE, McCLOW & CANZANO, Southfield,
Michigan, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Mark S. Demorest, LAW OFFICES OF MARK S.
DEMOREST, Dearborn, Michigan, for Appellant. Richard J. Seryak, Charles T. Oxender,
MILLER, CANFIELD, PADDOCK & STONE, Detroit, Michigan, Ellen F. Moss, KLIMIST,
McKNIGHT, SALE, McCLOW & CANZANO, Southfield, Michigan, for Appellees.
                                       _________________
                                           OPINION
                                       _________________
        BOYCE F. MARTIN, JR., Circuit Judge. Plaintiff Darryl White, a former Detroit Edison
employee and member of the utility workers’ union at the Detroit Edison power plant in River
Rouge, Michigan, appeals from the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Detroit
Edison, his local union, and the union’s national affiliate. White seeks to resuscitate his action
against the local and national unions for their breach of the duty of fair representation, and against
Detroit Edison for terminating him without cause in violation of the union’s collective bargaining
agreement. For the reasons discussed below, we AFFIRM the decision of the district court.


                                                  1
No. 06-1007         White v. Detroit Edison Co., et al.                                       Page 2


                                                I
      The following facts were stated by the district court:
               Plaintiff Darryl White began employment with Defendant Detroit Edison in
      May 2001, as a pipefitter for Detroit Edison’s River Rouge power plant. At this
      time, White became a member of the utility workers union, Defendant [Utility
      Workers Union of America] Local 223. As a member of the union, White’s
      employment status was protected and governed by a collective bargaining agreement
      between Detroit Edison and Local 223. Pursuant to the agreement, during the first
      year of employment, an employee has probationary status. After one year, an
      employee can be discharged only for just cause.
               On March 12, 2002, while still a probationary employee, White was
      disciplined for being away from his work area without permission on two occasions.
      White did not file a grievance in response to the discipline. White completed his
      probationary period with Detroit Edison in May 2002. On both June 1 and June 7,
      2002, White left work early by approximately one half hour. On June 14, 2002, a
      fact-finding hearing was held concerning White’s early absences from work in
      compliance with the collective bargaining agreement which requires a fact-finding
      hearing before issuance of serious discipline to a union employee. As a result of the
      hearing, Detroit Edison placed White on “decision-making” leave, which is paid
      leave where an employee is provided the opportunity to consider the future status of
      his or her employment with Detroit Edison. Decision-making leave is considered
      serious discipline and it puts an employee on notice that any subsequent
      inappropriate behavior may result in more severe discipline, including discharge
      from employment.
               White challenged the discipline by filing a grievance. Pursuant to the
      collective bargaining agreement, a “third step hearing” was held on the grievance in
      September 2002. Third step hearings are in-house hearings conducted by employees
      of Detroit Edison. White was present at the hearing, had the opportunity to defend
      himself, and was represented by Local 223. On October 25, 2002, a ruling from the
      hearing was issued, upholding White’s decision-making leave discipline. White
      alleges that he did not learn of the ruling until April 2003, which was too late to
      make an appeal.
               Between the September 2002 third step hearing and April 2003, White had
      some difficulty with his supervisors. Two fact-finding hearings were conducted on
      separate incidents: in one case, a refusal by White to do work because of safety
      concerns; in another case, an accusation that White engaged in disruptive behavior
      during a briefing. Neither hearing resulted in White receiving any additional
      discipline. Also during this time, White had two counseling sessions for arguing
      with a supervisor and for failing to tell his supervisors where he could be reached.
      The counseling sessions were not considered discipline, nor did they result in any
      discipline.
               The events that constitute the reason for White’s eventual discharge from
      employment occurred on July 23 and 24, 2003. On July 23, White finished an
      assignment at approximately 5:00 p.m. White waited for another assignment until
      7:00 or 7:30 p.m., and then went on his double shift lunch break. After his lunch,
      White continued to relax in the break room, waiting for another assignment. White
      testified that there were several other employees also present relaxing in the break
      room. White claims that he got up several times to look for his supervisor in order
      to receive another assignment, but that he was unable to locate him. White waited
      until 11:30 p.m. without working or receiving another assignment, punched out of
      work, and went home.
No. 06-1007              White v. Detroit Edison Co., et al.                                               Page 3


                The following day, July 24, White began working on an assignment in the
        morning. Before White was done with his first job, his supervisor, Wallace Cash,
        assigned White to another job. From White’s testimony, Cash told White of the
        second job at 10:30 or 10:45 a.m. White testified that he could not get to the second
        job immediately, because he was not finished with the first job. White testified that
        after lunch, at around 12:15 or 12:30 p.m., he went to check the status of his second
        job, and found that he could not begin because insulation was still being removed at
        the job site. White left the job site, and a co-worker subsequently began the job
        without White. White eventually did return to the job site and began work on this
        second job at around 2:00 p.m.
                On July 29, 2003, a fact-finding hearing was held to consider the events of
        July 23 and 24, 2003. White was present at the hearing and was represented by
        Local 223. The ruling resulting from the fact-finding was that White was absent
        from his work location without permission for approximately 3½ hours on July 23
        and approximately 2½ hours on July 24. Because this misconduct occurred while
        White was still on decision-making leave probation, Detroit Edison then made the
        decision to terminate White’s employment. Detroit Edison discharged White in an
        official letter dated August 22, 2003.
                White filed a grievance, and a third step hearing was held on October 27,
        2003. White was again present at the hearing and represented by Local 223. On
        January 27, 2004, a ruling was issued upholding the termination of White’s
        employment. White then asked Local 223 to take his case to arbitration. Local 223
        reviewed White’s request and decided against taking White’s case to arbitration,
        notifying White of its decision on March 10, 2004.
                White appealed Local 223’s ruling to [the] National Union. On July 28,
        2004, after providing both Local 223 and White an opportunity to submit additional
        information, [the] National Union decided to uphold Local 223’s refusal to take
        White’s case to arbitration.
White v. Detroit Edison Co., 

, 1022-23 (E.D. Mich. 2005).
       White filed a complaint in federal district court against Detroit Edison, Local 223, and the
national union, alleging violations of the Labor Management Relations Act, 29 U.S.C. § 185 et seq.
White’s complaint alleged: (1) that Detroit Edison breached the collective bargaining agreement by
terminating his employment without just cause, and (2) that Local 223 and the national union
breached their duties of fair representation by not submitting White’s grievance to arbitration.1 In
response, the national union, Local 223, and Detroit Edison all filed motions for summary judgment.
The district court ruled on all of the motions in an opinion dated November 15, 2005.
        The district court denied Detroit Edison’s motion, finding that when viewed in light most
favorable to White, a genuine issue of material fact existed as to whether Detroit Edison had good
cause to discharge White. The district court granted Local 223’s motion, noting that under Vaca v.
Sipes, 

, 190 (1967), a “breach of the statutory duty of fair representation occurs only
when a union’s conduct toward a member of the collective bargaining unit is arbitrary,
discriminatory, or in bad faith.” The district court also granted the national union’s motion, noting
that White was similarly unable to point to any arbitrary action on its part. The court held: “National
Union did not merely ‘rubber stamp’ Local 223’s decision. Instead, National Union solicited from
both Local 223 and White any additional information that would be helpful in considering White’s



        1
          White’s complaint originally contained a third count, but this count was later withdrawn by White. 400 F.
Supp. 2d at 1023.
No. 06-1007           White v. Detroit Edison Co., et al.                                        Page 4


appeal. . . . [T]here is nothing in the record to indicate that National Union did not consider all the
evidence in White’s 

.
        On November 30, 2005, the district court issued a supplemental order to its November 15
opinion. The order noted that in cases involving inextricably intertwined—also known as
“hybrid”—claims against both union and employer, a plaintiff must survive summary judgment on
both claims in order to prevail. Thus, notwithstanding its November 15 judgment denying Detroit
Edison’s summary judgment motion, the district court concluded that because neither Local 223 nor
the national union breached its duty of fair representation to White, his cause of action against
Detroit Edison must necessarily fail as a matter of law.
                                                  II
        This Court reviews a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, and must view “the
facts and any inferences that can be drawn from those facts . . . in the light most favorable to the
non-moving party.” Bennett v. City of Eastpointe, 

, 817 (6th Cir. 2005) (citing
Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 

, 587 (1996)). Summary judgment
is only appropriate “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file,
together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and
that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” 

R. Civ. P.
56(c)).
                      A. Summary Judgment in Favor of Detroit Edison
        This Court’s precedent in Roeder v. American Postal Workers Union, 

(6th Cir.
1999), forecloses any argument that the district court erred in granting summary judgment for
Detroit Edison in its supplemental order. In Roeder, the plaintiff brought a hybrid §301/duty-of-fair-
representation claim similar to that brought by White. The plaintiff in Roeder claimed the United
States Postal Service had terminated him in violation of the just-cause provisions of his union’s
collective bargaining agreement. 

Because he was displeased with the outcome of the
union’s grievance process—in which his grievance was submitted to arbitration, where he lost—the
plaintiff tacked on a complaint against his union for breach of the duty of fair representation. 

This Court ruled:
       To prevail on his hybrid § 301/fair representation claim, Roeder must satisfy a
       two-prong test. First, Roeder must prove that, by terminating him on less than “just
       cause” grounds, the Postal Service breached the terms of its CBA with the Union.
       Second, Roeder must show that in representing him during the grievance process
       leading to arbitration, the Union breached its duty of fair representation owed to him.
       Liability cannot attach to the Postal Service or the Union unless both prongs of this
       test are satisfied.

(emphasis added) (citing DelCostello v. International Bhd. of Teamsters, 

,
164-65 (1983)); see also Chauffeurs, Teamsters & Helpers, Local No. 391 v. Terry, 

,
564 (1990) (“Because most collective-bargaining agreements accord finality to grievance or
arbitration procedures established by the collective-bargaining agreement, an employee normally
cannot bring a [LMRA] § 301 action against an employer unless he can show that the union
breached its duty of fair representation in its handling of his grievance.”).
        The implications of Roeder for the instant case are unequivocal. If White’s breach-of-the-
duty-of-fair-representation claim against his union fails, so too must his wrongful termination claim
against Detroit Edison. It may seem perverse that a wrongful termination claim adjudged worthy
of jury review—as the district court here concluded on November 15, 2005—should be dismissed
No. 06-1007           White v. Detroit Edison Co., et al.                                      Page 5


simply because the union does not adjudge the claim worthy of arbitration. As Justice Black
famously dissented in Vaca:
       Either the employee should be able to sue his employer for breach of contract after
       having attempted to exhaust his contractual remedies, or the union should have an
       absolute duty to exhaust contractual remedies [by following through with arbitration]
       on his behalf. The merits of an employee’s grievance would thus be determined by
       either a jury or an arbitrator. Under today’s decision it will never be determined by
       

(Black, J., dissenting). But Justice Black did not win the day, and lower courts must
apply labor law as it currently stands, which—not improperly—subordinates certain rights of the
individual for those of the collective union. In a sense, by joining the union, White consented to
allow the union board to serve as a de facto jury in his wrongful discharge claim.
       Thus, White’s arguments as to the wrongfulness of his termination, however meritorious,
simply are not availing if he cannot first show a breach of the union’s duty of fair representation.
That brings us to review of the breach-of-duty-of-fair-representation claim.
                         B. Summary Judgment in Favor of the Unions
        Other than Vaca (which would seem to cut against him), White cites in his brief to only one
case in support of his argument, Hines v. Anchor Motor Freight Inc., 

(1975). In Hines,
as in Roeder and in contrast with this case, a final arbitral decision had been reached. The only issue
for review was whether proof of breach of the duty of fair representation could remove the bar of
arbitral finality and thus allow the plaintiff to proceed with his original contract claim against the

. In holding that such proof was sufficient, the Supreme Court merely
affirmed the centrality of the breach-of-duty-of-fair-representation inquiry. It did not, as White
suggests, revise or alter the standard by which such breach is to be evaluated. That standard, in a
case such as this one where the union has declined to submit a grievance to arbitration, was clearly
laid out almost thirty years ago in Vaca:
       A breach of the statutory duty of fair representation occurs only when a union’s
       conduct toward a member of the collective bargaining unit is arbitrary,
       discriminatory, or in bad faith. . . . Though we accept the proposition that a union
       may not arbitrarily ignore a meritorious grievance or process it in a perfunctory
       fashion, we do not agree that the individual employee has an absolute right to have
       his grievance taken to 

. The Vaca standard was further clarified in Airline Pilots Assoc., Int’l v. O’Neill,

(1991), in which the Supreme Court suggested that union determinations as to whether
or not to proceed to arbitration be accorded a “wide range of reasonableness.” 

(“Any
substantive examination of a union’s performance . . . must be highly deferential.”).
        Applying this standard, White’s claims must fail. Recall that in June of 2002, White’s
absences from work led to his being put on “decision-making leave,” which is no more than a form
of probation/notice that tells an employee he will likely be terminated if he is guilty of even one
future instance of inappropriate behavior. In essence, by placing an employee on decision-making
leave, Detroit Edison lays the groundwork for a proper just-cause dismissal. White appealed this
determination, and Local 223 backed him through a series of hearings, but they were not successful.
The determination was considered final as of October 2002, and the decision-making leave was to
No. 06-1007               White v. Detroit Edison Co., et al.                                                  Page 6


last eighteen months.2 When White was accused of being absent from work again in July 2003, he
was clearly still subject to the decision-making leave. Local 223 represented White at a hearing in
which he attempted to challenge those absences, but in the end, a fact-finding determined that he had
been absent from his work location without permission for approximately six hours — 3½ hours on
July 23 and 2½ hours on July 24. After he was terminated, Local 223 again represented White at
a third-step hearing to challenge his dismissal.
        Evidently, Local 223 did not think that White’s case was one it could win at arbitration.
Indeed, the President of Local 223, James C. Harrison, wrote a letter to the national union explaining
the situation: “In reviewing Mr. White’s termination grievance, it was decided by the Executive
Board [of Local 223] that given Mr. White’s short employment tenure and discipline record, a
favorable arbitration ruling would be extremely difficult.” The Local 223 executive board was not
without its dissenters. For example, a board member named Ed Czupich felt that White had been
terminated without cause, and that his grievance was worthy of arbitration. He made an internal
motion to this effect with the Local 223 executive board, and the motion was seconded by board
member Stan Kulik. But the motion failed because a majority of board members disagreed with
Czupich’s opinion of the matter.
        In the end, Czupich and Kulik may have been correct that White’s grievance deserved
arbitration, and a majority of the Local 223 board may have been wrong. But that does not mean
the majority acted arbitrarily or in bad faith, which is what would be required for a reversal under
Vaca. There is simply no evidence that Local 223 “arbitrarily ignore[d]” or handled in “perfunctory
fashion” White’s grievance. 

. The same is true for the decision of the national
union, which considered the local’s decision along with substantial supporting documentation.
                                                          III
        In his brief, White relies on the district court’s initial decision that there existed a “genuine
issue of material fact” regarding his just-cause claim against his employer, Detroit Edison. Such
reliance is misplaced, because in light of Roeder this Court must also inquire whether there is a
genuine issue of material fact pointing to arbitrariness or bad faith on the part of Local 223 in
handling White’s claim. Because White cannot show this genuine issue of material fact, we
conclude that the district court’s grants of summary judgment in favor of defendants were proper,
and thus we AFFIRM.




         2
            The terminology is somewhat confusing, but the “leave” portion of decision-making leave only lasts one day.
As Detroit Edison’s written policies make clear: “When a Decision-Making Leave is issued, the employee is directed
to take the following workday off, with pay, to decide if a commitment to overall satisfactory performance can be made.”
Joint App’x. at 586. It is the “probationary” aspect of the decision-making leave which lasts eighteen months.