RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                             Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                  File Name: 07a0080p.06

                  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                 _________________


                                                    X
                             Plaintiffs-Appellants, -
 ADRIAN ENERGY ASSOCIATES, et al.,
                                                     -
                                                     -
                                                     -
                                                         No. 06-1015
          v.
                                                     ,
                                                      >
 MICHIGAN PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION, et al.,         -
                            Defendants-Appellees, -
                                                     -
                                                     -
                            Intervenor-Defendant. -
 CONSUMERS ENERGY COMPANY,
                                                     -
                                                    N
                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Western District of Michigan at Lansing.
                   No. 05-00060—Richard A. Enslen, District Judge.
                               Argued: September 22, 2006
                          Decided and Filed: February 26, 2007
               Before: MERRITT, SUTTON, and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges.
                                  _________________
                                      COUNSEL
ARGUED: Thomas J. Waters, FRASER, TREBILCOCK, DAVIS & DUNLAP, Lansing, Michigan,
for Appellants. Michael A. Nickerson, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, Lansing,
Michigan, for Appellee. Michael G. Wilson, CONSUMERS POWER COMPANY, Jackson,
Michigan, for Intervenor. ON BRIEF: Thomas J. Waters, Graham K. Crabtree, Thaddeus E.
Morgan, David E.S. Marvin, FRASER, TREBILCOCK, DAVIS & DUNLAP, Lansing, Michigan,
for Appellants. Michael A. Nickerson, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, Lansing,
Michigan, for Appellee. Michael G. Wilson, CONSUMERS POWER COMPANY, Jackson,
Michigan, for Intervenor.




                                            1
No. 06-1015              Adrian Energy, et al. v. Mich. Pub. Serv. Comm’n,                                  Page 2
                         et al.


                                             _________________
                                                 OPINION
                                             _________________
         MERRITT, Circuit Judge. This case arose from a contractual dispute between plaintiffs,
who are eight small power-producing companies,1 and the intervenor, Consumers Energy, a
Michigan utility. Consumers Energy purchases power from plaintiffs pursuant to negotiated
agreements, the terms, conditions and interpretation of which is governed by a complex state and
federal regulatory scheme. Plaintiffs contend that Consumers Energy is not paying them
contractually-agreed upon amounts, and they have sought relief in several different forums over the
past several years, including state and federal courts, as well as state and federal regulatory agencies,
all arising from the same dispute. Despite the convoluted procedural history raising many issues,
the only issue to be decided in this appeal is whether the district court properly declined to exercise
its discretionary jurisdiction under the Declaratory Judgment Act.
        Plaintiffs sought declaratory and injunctive relief in the court below from an order of the
Michigan Public Service Commission concerning the power purchase agreements. The suit named
the Michigan Public Service Commission and the individual commissioners in their official
capacities as defendants, and Consumers Energy intervened. Relying on the Declaratory Judgment
Act, the district court declined to exercise jurisdiction over the matter and dismissed the complaint2
without prejudice, noting particularly the pending appeal in the Michigan Court of Appeals.
Plaintiffs brought that action in the Michigan state courts after the Michigan Public Service
Commission upheld Consumer Energy’s interpretation of the Power Purchase Agreements between
plaintiffs and Consumer Energy.
        Plaintiffs argue on appeal that the complaint was not one solely for declaratory judgment and
the district court erred in treating it as such. They also contend that the district court erred in
declining jurisdiction because the complaint raises preemption issues under the Supremacy Clause,
as well as claims of violations of federal statutes, thereby bringing it within the court’s subject
matter jurisdiction.
         We affirm the district court’s judgment declining jurisdiction, but do so based on the
alternate ground of abstention. In addition, we remand the case for the district court to enter a stay
until the conclusion of the state proceedings rather than dismiss the case. Plaintiffs’ pending state
court action, along with the stay of the federal action, gives plaintiffs an adequate judicial forum to
air their grievances, including any federal claims.
                                                         I.
       Plaintiffs are eight small power producers that sell power to Consumers Energy Company,
a Michigan utility, and an intervenor in this case. The sale of power from these small producers is
governed by a complex set of federal and state regulations, as well as the Power Purchase
Agreement each plaintiff has with Consumers Energy. Plaintiffs are nonutility power producers
known as “qualifying small power production facilities” and “qualifying cogeneration facilities”

        1
         Adrian Energy Associates, LLC; Cadillac Renewable Energy, LLC; Genesee Power Station, LP; Grayling
Generating Station, LP; Hillman Power Company, LLC; T.E.S. Filer City Station, LP; Viking Energy of Lincoln, Inc.
and Viking Energy of McBain, Inc.
        2
          Adrian Energy Assocs., LLC, et al. v. Mich. Pub. Serv. Comm’n, No. 261718 (Mich. Ct. App. appeal filed Mar.
30, 2005).
No. 06-1015            Adrian Energy, et al. v. Mich. Pub. Serv. Comm’n,                          Page 3
                       et al.


(collectively often referred to as “QFs”). See 16 U.S.C. §§ 796(17)(C), (18)(B). Qualifying
facilities are a class of facilities, defined by their size, fuel use, efficiency, and ownership, see FERC
v. Mississippi, 

, 750 & n.11 (1982), entitled to special treatment under federal and state
laws regulating power producers. See 16 U.S.C. § 824a-3(e)(1); 18 C.F.R. § 292.602(c)(1). They
generate electricity using alternative fuel sources and sell their output to utilities – in this case to
Consumers Energy. Congress enacted the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 (often
referred to as “PURPA”) to overcome traditional electric utilities’ reluctance to purchase power from
nontraditional electric generation facilities and to reduce the financial burden from state and federal
regulation on nontraditional facilities. Federal Power Act, § 30 et seq., as amended, 16 U.S.C.
§ 823a et seq. The utility must purchase the qualifying facility’s power for its full “avoided cost”
– the amount it would have cost the utility to generate, or to construct facilities to generate, the same
power itself or to purchase the power from a facility using non-alternative fuel sources. The Federal
Energy Regulatory Commission (sometimes referred to as “FERC”) promulgates regulations
affecting qualifying facilities.
        State public utility commissions are responsible for implementing the Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission’s rules and for setting the rates. 

Under the Public Utility
Regulatory Policies Act, the states play the primary role in calculating avoided costs and in
overseeing the contractual relationship between qualifying facilities and utilities operating under the
regulations promulgated by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. See Indepen. Energy
Producers Ass’n, Inc. v. Cal. Pub. Util. Comm’n, 

, 856 (9th Cir. 1994) (stating that the
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission “afford[ed] the states . . . a great deal of flexibility both in
the manner in which avoided costs are estimated and in the nature of the contractual relationship
between utility and QF.” (citing Administrative Determination, IV Federal Energy Reg. Comm'n
Rep. (CCH) ¶ 32,457 at 32,173)).
                                                   II.
         The procedural history of this case is lengthy. The controversy began when plaintiffs
claimed that Consumers Energy was not properly interpreting certain aspects of the Power Purchase
Agreements, resulting in underpayment to plaintiffs. During the term of the Power Purchase
Agreements with plaintiffs, Consumer Energy updated its generating plants to burn a cheaper kind
of coal, and then reduced the price it paid plaintiffs under the avoided cost formula in the Power
Purchase Agreements. Plaintiffs challenged Consumers Energy’s reduction of the price paid,
alleging that the method of calculating the avoided cost was fixed under the Power Purchase
Agreements because Consumers Energy was required to use the cost of the original type of coal used
in its avoided cost formula – in other words, the type of coal used when the agreements were signed
was a fixed reference in the avoided cost formula and could not be changed even if the type of coal
used by Consumers Energy changed.
        In October 2003, Consumers Energy asked the Michigan Public Service Commission to
determine whether Consumers Energy was properly construing the contracts and paying plaintiffs
the correct amount under the contracts. Before the Michigan Public Service Commission ruled on
Consumer Energy’s application, plaintiffs filed suit against Consumers Energy in Ingham County
Court in Michigan on October 14, 2003, seeking declaratory judgment and alleging breach of
contract, promissory estoppel, constructive trust and unjust enrichment. Plaintiffs seek to recover
over $12 million from Consumers Energy for alleged underpayment under the terms of the Power
Purchase Agreements. Consumers Energy filed a motion claiming that the entire dispute was within
the primary jurisdiction of the Michigan Public Service Commission. The Ingham County Circuit
Court agreed and entered an order on February 12, 2004, dismissing the case and deferring to the
primary jurisdiction of the Michigan Public Service Commission. Plaintiffs appealed the transfer
No. 06-1015           Adrian Energy, et al. v. Mich. Pub. Serv. Comm’n,                       Page 4
                      et al.


ruling to the Michigan Court of Appeals, which upheld the transfer. Adrian Energy Assocs. v.
Consumers Energy Co., No. 255319 (Mich. Ct. App. Nov. 3, 2005) (J.A. at 332).
        The proceeding before the Michigan Public Service Commission included full discovery and
a multi-day hearing with 11 witnesses. On February 28, 2005, the Michigan Public Service
Commission determined that Consumers Energy was not required under the Power Purchase
Agreements or any other orders or regulations to base its avoided cost on the price of the coal burned
when the agreements were signed and that avoided costs may be calculated on Consumers Energy’s
actual ongoing coal costs. In re Consumers Energy Co., No. U-13917 (Mich. Pub. Serv. Comm’n
Feb. 28, 2005) (J.A. at 2149).
        Based on the Michigan Public Service Commission’s ruling, plaintiffs simultaneously filed
an appeal with the Michigan Court of Appeals, an appeal to the Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission and a complaint in the district court for the Western District of Michigan (which is the
subject of this appeal) for declaratory and injunctive relief on March 30, 2005. The federal
complaint sought a ruling from the district court that the Michigan Public Service Commission’s
February 28, 2005, order violates federal law because it relied on state law when only federal
statutes – the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act and the Federal Power Act -- are applicable to
resolve the dispute between plaintiffs and Consumers Energy. The suit names as defendants the
Michigan Public Service Commission and the individual commissioners in their official capacities.

         Plaintiffs’ First Amended Complaint requests relief from enforcement of the order on three
grounds: (I) the February 28 Order violates the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act; (II) the
February 28 Order violates the Federal Power Act and (III) the February 28 Order violates the
Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution because the state law relied on by the Michigan
Public Service Commission in the Order is preempted by federal law. Plaintiffs assert jurisdiction
under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 and the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2201 et seq. Specifically,
the first count in the First Amended Complaint requests declaratory relief in the form of a judgment
enjoining the Michigan Public Service Commission from enforcing its February 28, 2005, Order
because it is preempted by federal law and the count also requests an injunction prohibiting the
Michigan Public Service Commission from failing to follow the Public Utility Regulatory Policies
Act and requiring Consumers Energy to pay plaintiffs amounts of money wrongly withheld under
the Power Purchase Agreements. The second count requests a declaratory judgment that the
Michigan Public Service Commission’s order is in conflict with the Federal Power Act, is preempted
by federal law and that the Michigan Public Service Commission should be enjoined from enforcing
its order. The third count seeks a declaratory judgment that the Michigan Public Service
Commission’s orders are preempted by federal law pursuant to the Supremacy Clause and the
Michigan Public Service Commission should be enjoined from enforcing its orders. Consumers
Energy was granted intervenor status due to its possible liability to plaintiffs for over $12 million
should plaintiffs’ interpretation of the energy rate calculation under the Power Purchase Agreements
be adopted.
        As noted above, in addition to filing a complaint in the federal court in Michigan, plaintiffs
also appealed the Order to the Michigan Court of Appeals and that appeal has been fully briefed and
remains pending. See Adrian Energy Assocs. v. Mich. Pub. Serv. Comm’n, No. 261718 (Mich. Ct.
App.). In May 2005, plaintiffs moved the Michigan Court of Appeals to hold the appeal in abeyance
pending the outcomes of the federal case and the appeal to the Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission. In the alternative, plaintiffs requested to file a brief only on “state law” issues and to
No. 06-1015                Adrian Energy, et al. v. Mich. Pub. Serv. Comm’n,                                        Page 5
                           et al.


reserve the federal issues. The motion was summarily denied.3 Plaintiffs then filed a Motion to
Withdraw Appeal with the Michigan Court of Appeals that was denied on January 11, 2006.
Plaintiffs filed an Application for Leave to Appeal with the Michigan Supreme Court challenging
the Court of Appeals’ refusal to let them withdraw their appeal, but the Supreme Court denied that
Application on February 27, 2006. Adrian Energy Assocs. v. Mich. Pub. Serv. Comm’n, No. 130314
(Mich. S. Ct. Feb. 27, 2006).
        Pursuant to plaintiffs’ appeal, on June 1, 2005, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
issued a “Notice of Intent Not to Act,” thereby     declining to initiate an enforcement action against
the Michigan Public Service Commission.4 However, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
clarified that its decision not to act did not “constitute a ruling on the merits of any issue raised” nor
did it prohibit plaintiffs from bringing a private action against the Michigan Public Service
Commission “in the appropriate court.”
        The court below entered a judgment of dismissal without prejudice, which is the basis of this
appeal. The court found that it had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331, but, due to the posture of
the complaint as one for declaratory relief, it would not exercise its discretionary jurisdiction under
the Declaratory Judgment Act. 28 U.S.C. § 2201(a). The opinion is very narrow,        reaching only the
jurisdictional issue and making no findings about the merits of the case.5 Adrian Energy Assocs.
v. Mich. Pub. Serv. Comm’n, No. 5:05-CV-60, 

(W.D. Mich. Oct. 12, 2005). The
plaintiffs filed a motion for reconsideration requesting that the district court grant a stay in lieu of
dismissing the case or that they be allowed to file a second amended complaint. The district court
denied the motion. (J.A. at 340)
                                                            III.
        Plaintiffs raise several issues on appeal, most of which were not discussed or ruled upon by
the district court. Plaintiffs devote much of their opening brief in our Court to discussions about the
merits of the case – primarily attacking the substance of the Michigan Public Service Commission’s
February 28, 2005, Order – about which the district court said nothing. Because we generally do
not reach issues not ruled upon by the district court, the only issue before us on appeal, therefore,
is whether the district court erred in declining to exercise discretionary jurisdiction under the
Declaratory Judgment Act. We decline to address whether the Michigan Public Service Commission


         3
           After the Michigan Court of Appeals denied plaintiffs’ motion to file briefs addressing only the state law
issues, plaintiffs attempted again to reserve their federal claims from decision by the Michigan Court of Appeals by filing
an England reservation pursuant to England v. Louisiana State Bd. of Med. Examiners, 

, 419-22 (1964).
The motion was denied. The Sixth Circuit has held that a party’s England reservation in a state action may suffice to
defeat claim preclusion in a subsequent federal action arising from the same facts. DLX, Inc. v. Kentucky, 381 F.3d
511(6th Cir. 2004). No federal court has ruled on plaintiffs’ attempt to reserve any federal issues solely to the federal
courts and we have no opinion on that issue at this time.
         4
            A utility or a qualifying facility may petition the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to bring an action
against a state public utility commission in federal district court to enforce the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission’s
rules. If the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission does not initiate an enforcement action itself, then the electric utility
or qualifying facility may itself sue the state public utility commission in federal district court. 

Xcel
Energy Servs. Inc. v. F.E.R.C., 

, 1243-44 (D.C. Cir. 2005); Connecticut Valley Elec. Co. v. F.E.R.C., 

, 1043 (D.C. Cir. 2000).
         5
           In their Motions to Dismiss, defendants raised other challenges to the jurisdiction of the district court,
including sovereign immunity under the Eleventh Amendment, abstention under Burford v. Sun Oil Co., 

(1943), and the Johnson Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1342. The district court did not address these other challenges to its
jurisdiction.
No. 06-1015               Adrian Energy, et al. v. Mich. Pub. Serv. Comm’n,                                     Page 6
                          et al.


erred in concluding that Consumers Energy was paying the proper rate under the Power Purchase
Agreements.6
        The district court, although not discussing the merits of the case, agreed that it had subject-
matter jurisdiction. As the Supreme Court noted in Shaw v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 

, 96
n.14 (1983):
         It is beyond dispute that federal courts have jurisdiction over suits to enjoin state
         officials from interfering with federal rights. See Ex parte Young, 

, 160-
         62 (1908). A plaintiff who seeks injunctive relief from state regulation, on the
         ground that such regulation is pre-empted by a federal statute which, by virtue of the
         Supremacy Clause of the Constitution, must prevail, thus presents a federal question
         which the federal courts have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 to resolve.
However, simply because a federal court may have subject matter jurisdiction does not mean that
it must be exercised in every instance. In certain limited instances, “federal courts may decline to
exercise their jurisdiction, in otherwise ‘exceptional circumstances,’ where denying a federal forum
would clearly serve an important countervailing interest.” Quackenbush v. Allstate Ins. Co., 

, 716 (1996) (quoting Colo. River Water Conserv. Dist. v. United States, 

, 813
(1976)). These “exceptional circumstances” may relate to a policy of accommodating federal-state
relations.
        We first briefly discuss the Declaratory Judgment Act, the law used by the district court to
decline exercise of its jurisdiction. The granting of declaratory relief is entrusted to the discretion
of the district court. 28 U.S.C. § 2201(a) says:
         In a case of actual controversy within its jurisdiction, . . . any court of the United
         States, upon the filing of an appropriate pleading, may declare the rights and other
         legal relations of any interested party seeking such declaration, whether or not
         further relief is or could be sought. Any such declaration shall have the force and
         effect of a final judgment or decree and shall be reviewable as such.
(Emphasis added). This section of the Act gives district courts statutory discretion to decide whether
to entertain actions for declaratory judgments. Section 2201 explicitly provides that “any court of
the United States, upon the filing of an appropriate pleading, may declare the rights and other legal
relations of any interested party seeking such declaration.” (Emphasis added).
        This court reviews the district court’s exercise of discretion under the Declaratory Judgment
Act for abuse of discretion. Scottsdale Ins. Co. v. Roumph, 

, 967 (6th Cir. 2000).
“[D]istrict courts possess discretion in determining whether and when to entertain an action under


         6
           We briefly address plaintiffs’ claim that the Michigan Public Service Commission’s February 28 Order
conflicts with the Federal Power Act, the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act and regulations of the Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission, and is therefore void by virtue of the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution. We
agree, of course, that the Supremacy Clause bars states from acting within a zone of exclusive federal jurisdiction.
However, none of the issues raised by plaintiffs in their complaint concerning the February 28 Order fall within the
mandatory jurisdiction of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission or the federal courts. Plaintiffs do not contend
in their complaint that the State of Michigan has improperly implemented the Acts in conflict with federal law; instead
they challenge only the Michigan Public Service Commission’s interpretation of the terms of the Power Purchase
Agreements. Such challenges to a State’s interpretation of a power purchase agreement are generally not preempted by
federal law or regulations. See generally New Orleans Pub. Serv., Inc. v. Council of New Orleans, 

(5th
Cir. 1990). Moreover, the state courts are fully competent to, and often do, address and correctly apply relevant federal
law or regulations to the cases in their courts.
No. 06-1015           Adrian Energy, et al. v. Mich. Pub. Serv. Comm’n,                         Page 7
                      et al.


the Declaratory Judgment Act, even when the suit otherwise satisfies subject matter jurisdictional
prerequisites.” Wilton v. Seven Falls Co., 

, 282 (1995).
         In Brillhart v. Excess Ins. Co., 

, 495 (1942), the Court warned district courts
against “[g]ratuitous interference with the orderly and comprehensive disposition of a state court
litigation” and directed them to exercise discretion in deciding whether or not to proceed. The
Supreme Court, however, did not articulate all of the considerations which should guide a district
court’s decision in this regard; it did provide, however, that the court should “ascertain whether the
questions in controversy between the parties to the federal suit[ ] . . . can better be settled in the
proceeding pending in the state court[ ]”, assess “the scope of the pending state proceeding and the
nature of the defenses open there[ ]”, and evaluate “whether the claims of all parties in interest can
satisfactorily be adjudicated in that proceeding, whether necessary parties have been joined, [and]
whether such parties are amenable to process in that proceeding, etc.” 

the propriety of entertaining a declaratory judgment action, competing state
and federal interests weigh in the balance, with courts particularly reluctant to entertain federal
declaratory judgment actions premised on diversity jurisdiction in the face of a previously-filed
state-court action. The concern centers on the fact that even if the plaintiffs acted in good faith, the
ultimate outcome of their procedural behavior has been to wrest the case away from the state courts,
a factor that should come into play in assessing the appropriateness of assuming jurisdiction over
these claims.
        This court has adopted a five-factor test to determine when a district court should exercise
jurisdiction over a declaratory judgment:
       (1)whether the judgment would settle the controversy;
       (2)whether the declaratory judgment action would serve a useful purpose in
       clarifying the legal relations at issue;
       (3)whether the declaratory remedy is being used merely for the purpose of
       “procedural fencing” or “to provide an arena for a race for res judicata”;
       (4)whether the use of a declaratory action would increase the friction between our
       federal and state courts and improperly encroach on state jurisdiction; and
       (5)whether there is an alternative remedy that is better or more effective.
Scottsdale Ins. 

. Here, the district court applied each factor, finding each of
them disfavored the court’s exercise of its discretionary jurisdiction. D. Ct. Opinion at 7-9 (J.A.
256-58). To summarize the district court’s application of the five factors:
         First, resolution of any federal question would not resolve the controversy. The Michigan
Court of Appeals would still be required to decide the pending appeal and the Michigan Public
Service Commission must apply and enforce the ruling regardless of whether it rests on state or
federal law. Second, the declaratory judgment action will not clarify the legal relations at issue. The
Michigan Public Service Commission is likely more knowledgeable of federal law affecting energy
rates than the federal court because it often considers federal law when making regulatory decisions.
Third, the district court viewed the federal suit as “procedural fencing,” labeling it an “illicit
attempt” to get federal review of issues being reviewed by the state court. Fourth, electric rate and
supply determinations are made solely by the Michigan Public Service Commission and reviewed
on appeal by the Michigan Court of Appeals pursuant to statute. Mich. Comp. Laws § 462.26. The
state, therefore, has set up a system of multi-tier review of energy rates making interests of comity
particularly strong. The exercise of federal jurisdiction over this suit would likely be disruptive of
the balance between federal and state bodies. Fifth, an alternative remedy already exists and is
proceeding in the Michigan Court of Appeals. The state court is “duty bound to enforce the
No. 06-1015            Adrian Energy, et al. v. Mich. Pub. Serv. Comm’n,                         Page 8
                       et al.


provisions of the United States Constitution as well as valid federal laws” and routinely does so.
See, e.g., Smith v. Dep’t of Public Health, 

, 

, 800 (1987). The district
court correctly found all five factors favor dismissal.
        While we agree with the district court’s analysis under the Declaratory Judgment Act, we
do not believe that the discretion given to the district court under the Act by itself supplies a
sufficient ground for dismissal. When a plaintiff seeks relief in addition to a declaratory judgment,
such as damages or injunctive relief, both of which a court must address, then the entire benefit
derived from exercising discretion not to grant declaratory relief is frustrated, and a stay or dismissal
would not save any judicial resources. The claims in this case for which declaratory relief is
requested and those for which injunctive relief is requested are so closely intertwined that judicial
economy counsels against dismissing the claims for declaratory judgment relief while adjudicating
the claims for injunctive relief. However, we agree with the district court’s decision not to reach
the merits of the case given the pending state action raising identical claims. While our result is the
same, we believe, for many of the same reasons articulated by the district court to support dismissal
under the Declaratory Judgment Act, that abstention provides the preferable ground on which to
decline reaching the merits of the case at this time.
        Abstention is not one doctrine but several, and the strand that most invites attention here
derives from Burford v. Sun Oil Co., 

(1943). The fundamental concern in Burford is
to prevent federal courts from bypassing a state administrative scheme and resolving issues of state
law and policy that are committed in the first instance to expert administrative resolution. See New
Orleans Pub. Serv., Inc. v. Council of New Orleans, 

, 361-64 (1989); Bath Mem. Hosp.
v. Maine Health Care Fin. Comm'n, 

, 1014-15 (1st Cir. 1988).
        Burford involved an action to enjoin enforcement of a Texas Railroad Commission order that
granted an oil drilling permit. Even though the federal district court had subject matter jurisdiction
on the basis of diversity and a federal claim of denial of due process, the Supreme Court held that
the district court should abstain from hearing the case because the state had centralized the
regulation of oil and gas matters with the Texas Railroad Commission and provided for adequate
review in the state courts. The Supreme Court concluded that federal court review would lead to
conflicts in the interpretation of state law, thereby frustrating policy.
        The Burford doctrine provides that where timely and adequate state-court review is available,
a federal court sitting in equity must decline to interfere with the proceedings or orders of state
administrative agencies: (1) when there are “difficult questions of state law bearing on policy
problems of substantial public import whose importance transcends the result in the case then at
bar”; or (2) where the “exercise of federal review of the question in a case and in similar cases would
be disruptive of state efforts to establish a coherent policy with respect to a matter of substantial
public concern.” New Orleans Public Serv., Inc. v. Council of New 

(quoting Colo. River Water Conserv. Dist. v. United States, 

, 814 (1976)).
         First invoked in Burford v. Sun Oil Co., 

(1943), Burford abstention requires
a federal court to abstain from jurisdiction where to assume jurisdiction would “be disruptive of state
efforts to establish a coherent policy with respect to a matter of substantial public concern.” Colo.
River Water Conserv. 

. But Burford “does not require abstention whenever
there exists [a complex state administrative] process, or even in all cases where there is a potential
for conflict with state regulatory law or policy.” New Orleans Pub. Serv., Inc. v. Council of New

(quotation omitted). Instead, “[t]his balance only rarely favors abstention,
and the power to dismiss recognized in Burford represents an extraordinary and narrow exception
to the duty of the District Court to adjudicate a controversy properly before it.” Quackenbush v.
Allstate Ins. Co., 

, 728 (1996) (quotation omitted). Because Burford abstention is
No. 06-1015            Adrian Energy, et al. v. Mich. Pub. Serv. Comm’n,                         Page 9
                       et al.


concerned with potential disruption of a state administrative scheme, rather than the mere existence
of such a scheme, we must look behind the action to determine whether it implicates the concerns
raised in Burford.
         In Coalition for Health Concern v. LWD, Inc., 

(6th Cir. 1995), a panel of this
Court found Burford abstention appropriate where both federal and state statutes were involved in
the regulation of hazardous waste. The Court found that the state had an overriding interest in the
protection of the environment from the effects of unregulated hazardous waste, and that exercise of
federal review would be disruptive of Kentucky’s efforts to establish a coherent policy with respect
to the licensing of hazardous waste facilities. The reasons given by Coalition for Health Concern
for applying Burford abstention apply with equal force here. As in that case, Michigan “has enacted
and is operating its own authorized program” under the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act and
has established a coherent policy under its law concerning regulation of qualifying facilities. 

Michigan has enacted its own state laws and provided a scheme for administrative and
judicial review.
        Similarly here, the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act involves the sale of electricity by
qualifying facilities and the recovery of costs associated with that purchase by utilities and state law
governs the acquisition and sale of electricity to consumers. Federal court intervention in this case
would interfere with the Michigan Public Service Commission’s efforts to ensure that utility
customers are charged appropriate and accurate rates pursuant to the power purchase agreements
entered into between qualifying facilities and the utilities, which were previously approved by the
Michigan Public Service Commission. In addition, by statute, the state of Michigan has determined
that rate orders of the Michigan Public Service Commission are to be appealed to the Michigan
Court of Appeals, thereby providing for adequate judicial review of any Michigan Public Service
Commission orders, including any federal issues raised. Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 462.26.
Moreover, plaintiffs concede that their complaint contains claims under both federal and state law.
The Michigan Public Service Commission maintains that the Michigan Court of Appeals is the
proper court to review plaintiffs’ claims, including the federal claims.
        As in Coalition for Health Concern, federal review at this juncture would be disruptive of
Michigan’s efforts to establish a coherent policy with respect to regulation of qualifying facilities,
particularly as the Michigan Public Service Commission and state courts have or are reviewing the
precise issue raised by the plaintiffs under a legislatively-approved scheme.
                                                  IV.
        After the district court ruled that it would not exercise its discretionary jurisdiction and
dismissed the complaint without prejudice, plaintiffs filed a motion for reconsideration of the
decision not to stay and to alter, amend, set-aside or vacate judgment. Plaintiffs claim that they will
run up against a statute of limitations problem on their federal claims if the complaint is dismissed
instead of stayed. Plaintiffs also argue that the state court will not resolve their federal questions
consistent with federal law and they are likely to be back in federal court. The district court denied
the motion. J.A. at 340.
        Rather than dismissing the complaint without prejudice, the district court should have stayed
the plaintiffs' claims until the state court proceedings concluded. Brindley v. McCullen, 

,
509 (6th Cir.1995). As we noted in Brindley, “[i]ssuing a stay avoids the costs of refiling, allows
the plaintiffs to retain their place on the court docket, and avoids placing plaintiffs in a sometimes
difficult position of refiling their case before the statute of limitations expires.” 

have every reason to believe that the Michigan Court of Appeals will properly address any issues
of federal law in the state court action, a stay will preserve the availability of a federal forum in the
No. 06-1015            Adrian Energy, et al. v. Mich. Pub. Serv. Comm’n,                          Page 10
                       et al.


event the state court fails to address the plaintiffs’ federal claims. Preservation of a federal forum
strikes the appropriate balance between countervailing considerations of the state’s interests in
operating its own courts free from federal interference and the federal interest in protecting federal
rights. See, e.g., 

(Court applied Burford abstention to strike
balance between “the strong federal interest in having certain classes of cases, and certain federal
rights, adjudicated in federal court,” and “the State’s interests in maintaining uniformity in the
treatment of an essentially local problem”) (internal quotations omitted); Deakins v. Monaghan, 

, 203 n.7 (recognizing that unless federal court retained jurisdiction during the pendency
of the state proceeding, a plaintiff could be barred by the statute of limitations from claims “not
cognizable in the parallel state proceeding”).
         Although staying the suit instead of dismissing it will often reflect an abundance of caution,
leaving the district court with “nothing left to do but clear the case number off of its docket once the
state proceedings conclude,” it protects the plaintiff whose federal claims were not resolved on the
merits in state court. Carroll v. City of Mount Clemens, 

, 1075-76 (6th Cir. 1998).
If the state court rules on all aspects of plaintiffs’ state court appeal, their federal claims will likely
be precluded by the doctrine of res judicata because their pending state claims concerning the
validity of the Michigan Public Service Commission order are essentially identical to the claims in
the federal lawsuit.
        Nonetheless, in the interests of caution, we are constrained to remand the case to the district
court with instructions to stay rather than dismiss plaintiffs’ complaint until the state proceedings
conclude. American Law Institute, Study of the Division of Jurisdiction Between State and Federal
Courts § 1371 Commentary, at 285 (1969) (recommending entry of a stay when the state-court
action could prove “ineffective”). If the state court should dispose of their federal claims on grounds
that do not reach the merits, plaintiffs’ federal action would still be pending. They would not have
to contend with a statute of limitations defense and various tolling arguments upon the filing of a
new federal lawsuit. A stay will protect plaintiffs’ claims from the statute of limitations defense.
See Deakins v. 

& n.7.
        For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s judgment declining jurisdiction on
the alternative ground of abstention, but remand the case for the district court to enter a stay rather
than dismiss the lawsuit until the conclusion of the state proceedings.