NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 08a0473n.06
                            Filed: August 6, 2008

                                            No. 07-5625

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


THIRD PARTY SOLUTIONS, INC., a Delaware                      )
Corporation and a wholly owned subsidiary of                 )     ON APPEAL FROM THE
Fiserv health, Inc.,                                         )     UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                             )     COURT FOR THE WESTERN
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                                  )     DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
                                                             )
v.                                                           )               OPINION
                                                             )
EXPRESS SCRIPTS, INC.,                                       )
                                                             )
       Defendant-Appellee.                                   )




BEFORE:        COLE and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges; and SARGUS, District Judge.*

       COLE, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff-Appellant Third Party Solutions, Inc. (“TPS”) and

Defendant-Appellee Express Scripts, Inc. (“ESI”) both contract with retail pharmacies to provide

payment for workers’ compensation prescription claims, which they then recoup from the entities

responsible for providing prescription coverage. TPS provides pharmacies with “default” third-party

billing and support services when an individual seeks to fill a prescription as a result of a workers’

compensation injury but does not know who is legally responsible for payment of his or her claim.

ESI, on the other hand, provides prescription coverage to specific individuals who are members of

       *
        The Honorable Edmund A. Sargus, Jr., United States District Judge for the Southern District
of Ohio, sitting by designation.
its ExpressComp program. Thus, ESI provides pharmacies with billing and support services when

an ExpressComp-covered worker seeks to fill a prescription as a result of a workers’ compensation

injury.

          Many pharmacies that contract with ESI also contract with TPS so that TPS can take

assignment of claims by ExpressComp-covered workers who fail to identify themselves to the

pharmacies as ExpressComp members by presenting an ExpressComp identification card. Because

ESI lost its benefit from these claims, it began increasing its efforts to ensure that prescriptions

submitted by injured workers covered by an ExpressComp program are processed through ESI and

not through third-party billers like TPS. These efforts include notifying pharmacies that particular

injured workers, for whom the pharmacies previously submitted claims to TPS, are actually covered

by ExpressComp and that future prescriptions for the workers should be processed directly though

ESI. ESI also began sending letters to individual injured workers requesting that they present that

letter or their ExpressComp card to pharmacists when they seek to fill prescriptions in the future.

          TPS argues that ESI’s practice of redirecting to ESI prescription claims that have previously

been submitted to TPS interferes with TPS’s contractual and business relationships with the

pharmacies and violates the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1030(a)(5)(A)(iii)

(“CFAA”). TPS, therefore, sought a preliminary injunction to enjoin ESI “from contacting . . .

Pharmacies by telephone, mail, or any other means with the purpose of interfering with the rights

to assignment held by [TPS] or in any way causing any claim that any . . . Pharmacy has assigned

to [TPS] or had the obligation to assign to [TPS] to be directed to [ESI] for payment or otherwise

representing to any . . . Pharmacy that assignment of any claim to [TPS] would interfere with the




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ability of the pharmacy or any other person to receive reimbursement under the workers’

compensation system.” The district court denied TPS’s motion.

       When considering a motion for preliminary injunction, a district court must consider whether

(1) the movant has a strong likelihood of success on the merits; (2) the movant would suffer

irreparable injury without the injunction; (3) issuance of the injunction would cause substantial harm

to others; and (4) the public interest would be served by the issuance of the injunction. Certified

Restoration Dry Cleaning Network v. Tenke Corp., 

, 542 (6th Cir. 2007) (citing

Tumblebus v. Cranmer, 

, 760 (6th Cir. 2005)). Here, the district court found that TPS

failed to establish a strong likelihood of success on the merits of its tortious interference claims

because: (a) TPS’s contracts with pharmacies state that TPS is assigned claims only if the assignment

does not contravene the pharmacies’ contracts with other parties and, therefore, (b) TPS’s contracts

are not breached if ESI’s contracts obligate pharmacies to submit prescription claims to ESI after

ESI’s letters or calls confirm a worker’s ExpressComp coverage. In other words, the court found

that even if ESI is seeking to promote an interpretation of its contracts with pharmacies that assigns

claims to ESI on the basis of redirecting letters or phone calls, it did so without malice, and that

action would not breach TPS’s contracts.

       Further, the court found that ESI did not intend to cause or induce a breach of any business

relationship between TPS and the pharmacies, because ESI’s contact with the pharmacies and the

injured workers was not without legal justification nor did it constitute improper means. The court

also found that TPS did not establish a strong likelihood of success on its CFAA claims because

“[w]hether or not the pharmacist and technicians are authorized to alter patient profiles at ESI’s

request appears to be a matter of interpretation of the contracts between ESI and [the pharmacies].”


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Next, the district court found that TPS is unlikely to suffer irreparable harm absent a preliminary

injunction because TPS has the ability to calculate the amount of money damages caused by ESI’s

allegedly improper redirecting efforts. The court went on to conclude that ESI would not suffer

substantial harm from a preliminary injunction, and that the public interest would not be served by

enjoining ESI’s activities.

        A “district court’s ultimate determination as to whether the four preliminary injunction

factors weigh in favor of granting or denying preliminary injunctive relief is reviewed for abuse of

discretion.” Tenke 

. This standard of review is “highly deferential” to the

district court’s judgment. 

v. Daeschner, 

, 739 (6th Cir. 2000)).

“The district court’s determination will be disturbed only if the district court relied upon clearly

erroneous findings of fact, improperly applied the governing law, or used an erroneous legal

standard.” Hamilton’s Bogarts, Inc. v. Michigan, 

, 649 (6th Cir. 2007) (internal

quotations omitted).

        After carefully reviewing the record, the applicable law, the parties’ briefs, and counsels’

arguments, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in balancing the four

factors and determining that a preliminary injunction is not warranted. Further, because the district

court’s opinion correctly states the law and clearly articulates the well-reasoned analysis supporting

the denial of a preliminary injunction, the issuance of a detailed written opinion from this Court is

unnecessary. Accordingly, the judgment rendered by the Honorable Samuel H. Mays, Jr. is affirmed

on the basis of the reasoning set forth in the district court’s April 12, 2007 sealed opinion and order.




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