NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                            File Name: 08a0706n.06
                           Filed: November 18, 2008

                                            No. 07-1520

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                         )
                                                  )
       Plaintiff-Appellee,                        )
                                                  )
v.                                                )    ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                  )    STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
ANTHONY GIGNAC,                                   )    EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
                                                  )
       Defendant-Appellant.                       )




       Before: CLAY and COOK, Circuit Judges; and OLIVER,* District Judge.


       COOK, Circuit Judge.         Anthony Gignac appeals his conviction and sentence for

impersonating a foreign diplomat, 18 U.S.C. § 915, and attempted bank fraud, 18 U.S.C. § 1344.

Almost five months after pleading guilty to both charges, Gignac moved to dismiss the attempted

bank fraud count. At sentencing, the court denied the motion. Gignac appeals, and we affirm.


                                                 I.


       The impersonation charges arose from two occasions when Gignac presented himself as

Khalid bin al-Saud, a Saudi Arabian prince, as a means to obtain unauthorized credit at retail stores.



       *
        Honorable Solomon Oliver, Jr., United States District Judge for the Northern District of
Ohio, sitting by designation.
No. 07-1520
Gignac v. United States


Posing as Prince al-Saud, Gignac obtained the account number for a member of the royal family at

Saks Fifth Avenue and charged approximately $11,300 in merchandise. Gignac used the same

scheme at Neiman Marcus. There, he racked up $17,691 in charges after he complained about rude

treatment, threatened to cancel a fictitious $70,000 order, and faked a call from the Saudi Arabian

embassy demanding that the store apologize to Prince al-Saud.


       The other charge, attempted bank fraud, stemmed from conduct occurring some weeks after

the prior impersonation activities. True to form, Gignac again used his al-Saud alias to pressure a

Citibank employee in the hope that the employee would allow him to withdraw $3.9 million from

a made-up account.


       Gignac pleaded guilty to both counts on October 12, 2006. That day, the government read

the elements of each charge as set forth in its first superseding information, and the judge questioned

Gignac about whether he understood and committed each element. When Gignac confirmed for the

judge that he did, defense counsel objected to the entry of the pleas, arguing that the record lacked

a factual basis for each plea. Gignac then countered counsel’s efforts by spontaneously addressing

the court to reaffirm his confessions of guilt. The judge accepted his pleas to each count.


       Months later, at sentencing, Gignac moved to dismiss the bank fraud count, contending that

if he genuinely believed a Citibank account meant for the Saudi Prince belonged to him, that belief

would negate the fraudulent-intent element of the crime. The district court denied the motion and

sentenced Gignac to concurrent 77-month sentences after applying an 18-point sentencing

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Gignac v. United States


enhancement for his attempt to inflict a loss of greater than $2.5 million and less than $7 million.

U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(J).


        Gignac raises four issues on appeal. He asserts that the district court erred, both by denying

his motion to dismiss and by accepting his pleas without sufficient factual bases.1 He also presses

a constitutional argument—that the court denied him due process of law because it should have sua

sponte ordered a competency hearing. Finally, he claims that the court erroneously applied the

sentencing enhancement. Each of these arguments lacks merit.


                                                  II.


                                           A. Factual Bases


        Gignac alleges that the district court erroneously accepted his pleas without factual bases.

A court must determine that there is a “factual basis” for a guilty plea before it may enter a judgment.

Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(3). The standard of review is abuse of discretion. United States v. Bennett,

, 894 (6th Cir. 2002). Judges may draw factual bases from many sources, “including

a statement on the record from the government prosecutors as well as a statement from the

defendant.” United States v. Goldberg, 

, 105 (6th Cir. 1988). Ideally, the court will

ask “the defendant to state . . . what the defendant did that he believes constitutes the crime . . . .”


       1
        The government contends that Gignac waived his right to challenge the district court’s denial
of his motion to dismiss because he pleaded guilty without entering a conditional guilty plea
pursuant to Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(3). We bypass waiver and instead address the merits.
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No. 07-1520
Gignac v. United States


United States v. Tunning, 

, 112 (6th Cir. 1995). But alternatively, a court may examine

admissions, see United States v. Williams, 

, 313 (6th Cir. 1999), and the Presentence

Investigation Report (“PSR”), see 

.


       The record reveals ample bases for the court to have accepted each plea in its sound

discretion.


                           Count I—Impersonating a Foreign Diplomat


       Gignac impersonated a foreign diplomat if he:


       . . .with intent to defraud within the United States, falsely assume[d] or pretend[ed]
       to be a diplomatic, consular or other official of a foreign government duly accredited
       as such to the United States and act[ed] as such, or in such pretended character,
       demand[ed] or obtain[ed] or attempt[ed] to obtain any money, paper, document, or
       other thing of value . . . .


18 U.S.C. § 915. He admitted to this, but now claims there was no basis for the impersonation

charge. He maintains that inasmuch as his real name is Khalid bin al-Saud, he did not impersonate

anyone. Moreover, he insists that he could not impersonate a diplomat because the owners of the

accounts did not have diplomatic passports.


       The record supplies several reasons to conclude that Gignac impersonated a foreign diplomat.

Most importantly, he conceded it:




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Gignac v. United States


       THE COURT:              And then what did you do that you believe makes you guilty
                               of the charges?
       THE DEFENDANT: The government states that I falsely assumed [the] identity of
                      a foreign diplomat of the United States.
       THE COURT:              . . . Do you agree that you did?
       THE DEFENDANT: Yes.


Moreover, the PSR confirms that Gignac presented himself as a Saudi envoy. He told State

Department officials that “he had been issued special identification by the State Department as a

member of the Saudi Mission, and had been issued a diplomatic passport from the Saudi Arabian

embassy.” That lie was the key to Gignac’s scheme. By his own admission, he presented himself

as a diplomat when he was not, and exploited that status to obtain unauthorized credit. This satisfies

the impersonation requirement, regardless of his real name. The district court, therefore, did not

abuse its discretion by accepting Gignac’s guilty plea on the impersonation count.


                               2. Count II—Attempted Bank Fraud


       Gignac’s challenge to the attempted bank fraud count centers on a lack of fraudulent intent.

He asserts that the court lacked a factual basis to find fraudulent intent because he did not know

whether the account existed and believed that, if it did, it was his. Again, the record undermines his

argument. Gignac now claims ignorance, but he previously admitted that no account existed and that

the money was not his:




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        I do stipulate to the government said the funds were not min[e]. They belonged to
        somebody else. They were placed in the account that I had no authorization to use
        the account, and as far as I am concern[ed] at this time never existed. I don’t think
        the account was in existence or – but on that date Citibank was not holding money
        or didn’t have permission to utilize the account.


        Gignac’s history of fraud convictions provides a further basis for fraudulent intent. The PSR

summarized his prior schemes. In 1991, posing as a Saudi prince, Gignac defrauded a hotel and

several companies out of approximately $10,000. In 1995, he used the al-Saud persona to defraud

Syracuse University out of $16,000 and was convicted on two counts of wire fraud. Here, Gignac

again used his tried-and-true alias to seek $3.9 million. And he did not merely provide a wrong

account number; he sent a notarized request followed by a letter and three phone calls. A judge

reviewing these details could easily conclude that it was just a more ambitious iteration of the same

scam:


        The Court is satisfied that this scheme undoubtedly as planned by the defendant was
        going to be played out . . . . It was going to be carried out which is his initial request.
        It was to get his foot in the door, and the plan, given the fact that he didn’t have an
        accurate account number, it was going to be some kind of interactive process using
        this attorney and his own communications to induce the financial institution to
        provide an accurate account number for the family that would ultimately permit it to
        disperse the money sought.


In light of Gignac’s admission and his history of al-Saud schemes, the district court could readily

infer fraudulent intent. Accordingly, the district court did not abuse its discretion by accepting

Gignac’s guilty plea on the attempted bank fraud count.



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                                B. Lack of a Competency Hearing


       Gignac also presses a constitutional challenge—that due process required the district court

to sua sponte order a competency hearing. But due process only requires a court to order a

competency hearing when “‘a reasonable judge, situated as was the trial court judge whose failure

to conduct an evidentiary hearing is being reviewed, should have experienced doubt with respect to

competency to stand trial.’” Williams v. Bordenkircher, 

, 467 (6th Cir. 1983) (quoting

Pate v. Smith, 

, 1072 (6th Cir. 1981)). The record and Gignac’s performance at trial

belie that concern. The court lacked “reasonable cause to believe” he was incompetent and was not

required to order a competency hearing. See United States v. Denkins, 

, 545 (6th Cir.

2004) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 4241(a)).


       To be competent, a defendant must possess “‘sufficient present ability to consult with his

lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understanding’” and “‘a rational as well as factual

understanding of the proceedings against him.’” Godinez v. Moran, 

, 396 (1993)

(quoting Dusky v. United States, 

, 402 (1960)). There are no “fixed or immutable

signs” of competency, United States v. Newton, 

, 637 (6th Cir. 2004) (quoting Drope

v. Missouri, 

, 180 (1975)), but courts must focus on the defendant’s present ability to

stand trial, 

.


       The record depicts a defendant not only able to stand trial, but actively engaged in the

proceedings. Gignac repeatedly exhibited characteristics of a competent defendant. He interacted

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Gignac v. United States


with the court and articulately answered questions about the charges, potential penalties, the judge’s

sentencing discretion, his right to have charges presented to a grand jury, and his right to trial. See

Filiaggi v. Bagley, 

, 857–58 (6th Cir. 2006) (identifying a defendant’s alertness,

demeanor, and ability to understand proceedings as signs of competency). He even reassured the

court that he understood the process:


       Your Honor, I am a college educated person, and I understand what the government
       indictment reads. I know my involvement in this case, and I know the potential for
       punishment.
       I also know Ms. Roberts is representing me and is giving me her opinions on this
       case, both pleading guilty and having a trial where I would be able to win this case
       that the government has made out. It is impossible to fight these allegations, and
       because of that I want to accept responsibility for what I did, and save the
       government of expenses and plea for what I did, the bank fraud thing.


It is also significant that Gignac’s own attorney never expressed any concern about her client’s

competence, even though she disagreed with his decision to plea guilty. See United States v. Acosta,

No. CRIM.A. 03-74 JBC, 

, at *5 (E.D. Ky. Dec. 30, 2005) (“The failure of the

defendant or his counsel to raise the competency issue at the time of his plea is persuasive evidence

that there was no bona fide doubt as to [the defendant’s] competency at that time.”). Gignac showed

no hesitation or hint of incompetence as he smoothly navigated the process. He understood it so well

that he could even clarify his own counsel’s statements:




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       MS ROBERTS: Unfortunately, the defendant is not satisfied according to the
       recitation of facts by Mr. Gignac or Mr. Al Saud2. He’s stating Fadwa Al Saud was
       not a diplomat, nor was the husband, and while I know that Mr. Al Saud wants to
       enter a plea today, I’m not satisfied that he has, in fact, indicated to this Court that
       he somehow pretended to be any diplomat. Maybe with some questions–
                                                  ...
       THE DEFENDANT: Your honor, I would – I appreciate Ms. Roberts, but the
       account at the Saks Fifth Avenue is a family account, and I do not know Fadwa Al
       Saud’s husband, who is the primary account holder. His statu[s] is diplomat to the
       United States. I do know the account that I utilized, Fadwa Al Saud is a woman in
       Saudi Arabia, not a diplomat in the United States who holds credit position in United
       States.


       Gignac suggests only one ground for finding an abuse of discretion—that the trial court

ignored his history of mental illness. But while the court could consider that history, 

, it had little relevance to his competency at the time of his plea. The bulk of that history

occurred over twenty years earlier. Gignac’s ability to fully and intelligently participate in the

hearing is far more probative of competency, and that displayed ability, without more, justified the

court’s failure to order a competency evaluation sua sponte.


                                    C. Sentencing Enhancement


       Finally, Gignac challenges the district court’s use of an 18-point sentencing enhancement for

his attempt to cause a loss of between $2.5 and $7 million. U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(J). We review




       2
       There existed throughout the proceedings some confusion about whether Gignac legally
changed his name to al-Saud.
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a sentencing court’s loss calculation for clear error. United States v. Younes, 194 F. App’x 302, 315

(6th Cir. 2006). Gignac contends that the court erred because he did not intend to cause a loss.


        Gignac’s argument is meritless. He could only succeed if we found that the court clearly

erred in finding fraudulent intent—a core element of attempted bank fraud. But we have already

held that the court did not abuse its discretion in finding a factual basis for fraudulent intent. For the

same reasons, it did not clearly err in finding fraudulent intent for purposes of sentencing.


                                                   III.


        We affirm.




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