NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 09a0696n.06
                                                                                       FILED
                                           No. 08-5633                           OCT 22, 2009
                                                                             LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


In re: FASHION SHOP OF KENTUCY, INC.,                    )
        Debtor.                                          )
                                                         )
THE CADLE COMPANY II, INC.,                              )
                                                         )        ON APPEAL FROM THE
       Appellant,                                        )        UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                         )        COURT FOR THE WESTERN
v.                                                       )        DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY
                                                         )
FASHION SHOP OF KENTUCKY, INC.;                                   OPINION
RETAIL CONSULTING SERVICES, INC.,

       Appellees.


BEFORE: MARTIN, COLE, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.

       COLE, Circuit Judge. Appellant, The Cadle Company II, Inc., appeals a decision by the

district court affirming two orders by the bankruptcy court. The bankruptcy court awarded fees to

Retail Consulting Services for services provided to Appellee, Fashion Shop of Kentucky, Inc., during

Appellee’s Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceeding. The Cadle Company II, Inc., challenged the fees as

not meeting the requirements of § 330 of the Bankruptcy Code. The bankruptcy court ruled that it

had pre-approved the fees under § 328 of the Code, eliminating the need for review under § 330.

The district court affirmed. On appeal to this court, The Cadle Company II, Inc. claims that the

bankruptcy court did not pre-approve the fees under § 328, and that the fees are unreasonable under

§ 330. For the following reasons, we AFFIRM the decision of the district court affirming the orders

of the bankruptcy court.
The Cadle Co. II, Inc. v. Fashion Shop of Ky.
Case No. 08-5633

                                        I. BACKGROUND

       On July 10, 2006, Fashion Shop of Kentucky, Inc. (“Fashion Shop”) filed a voluntary petition

for relief under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the

Western District of Kentucky. On August 16, 2006, Fashion Shop sought the court’s permission,

pursuant to “sections 327(a) and 105(a)” of the Bankruptcy Code, to employ Retail Consulting

Services, Inc. (“RCS”) as a financial advisor for the Chapter 11 proceedings, and to pay RCS

$10,000 per month, which Fashion Shop asserted was a reasonable and appropriate fee for the

services to be performed. The following day, the court clerk issued a notice giving all creditors

several weeks to object to Fashion Shop’s application. No objections were made. Accordingly, on

September 11, 2006, the court entered an order granting the application. The order stated that “the

Application is granted in its entirety;” that “the Debtor is hereby authorized, pursuant to Sections

105(a) and 327(a) of the Bankruptcy Code, to retain, upon the terms and for the purposes set forth

in the Application, RCS as financial advisors;” and that compensation of RCS “(i) shall be pursuant

to applications to be submitted to and approved by this Court from time to time . . . and (ii) paid in

such amounts as may be allowed by this Court, in accordance with the applicable provisions of the

Bankruptcy Code, the Bankruptcy Rules and the Local Bankruptcy Rules and Orders of this Court[.]”

       On December 26, 2006, Fashion Shop submitted an application to pay RCS approximately

$55,000 for its work through that month. The application noted that “11 U.S.C. § 330 requires

notice and a hearing prior to an award of compensation or reimbursement of expenses” and requested

that the court give appropriate notice and grant the application if no objection or request for hearing

was filed. Following the court’s notice, The Cadle Company II, Inc. (“Cadle”) filed an objection,

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The Cadle Co. II, Inc. v. Fashion Shop of Ky.
Case No. 08-5633

claiming that Fashion Shop’s application did not include time entries describing the services

performed nor an explanation of how the services benefitted the estate, as required by § 330 of the

Bankruptcy Code.1 On March 14, 2007, following a hearing, the bankruptcy court granted Fashion

Shop’s fee application, stating that the August 16, 2006 application and the court’s order granting

it “were not sought or approved under 11 U.S.C. § 330” and were, therefore, “not subject to the

detailed analysis required” under that section. The court found the August 16 application instead

had been granted under § 328, which provides that the court may approve employment of a

professional under § 327 on “any reasonable terms and conditions of employment.” 11 U.S.C. § 328.

The court also found that “[t]he testimony at the hearing fully supported the reasonableness of the

terms of RCS’[s] employment and its current fee application.”

       On June 8, 2007, Fashion Shop applied to the bankruptcy court for permission to pay RCS

$50,000 for its services from January through May. Cadle again objected and the court again

overruled the objection and granted the fees. On November 27, 2007, the Chapter 11 case was

dismissed on Fashion Shop’s motion. Cadle subsequently filed an appeal with the United States

District Court for the Western District of Kentucky challenging the two bankruptcy court orders

granting RCS’s fees. The district court affirmed the bankruptcy court, finding no abuse of discretion,

and Cadle filed an appeal with this court. We have jurisdiction to hear an appeal of the final decision

of a district court under 28 U.S.C. § 158(d).


       1
          Cadle previously had entered its appearance in the bankruptcy proceedings as the
transferee of a claim formerly held by National City Bank of Kentucky. National City Bank, like
all of Fashion Shop’s creditors, had been on notice of Fashion Shop’s initial application to
employ RCS and had not objected to it.

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The Cadle Co. II, Inc. v. Fashion Shop of Ky.
Case No. 08-5633

                                  II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       We review the orders of the bankruptcy court, not the opinion of the district court. In re M.J.

Waterman & Assocs., 

, 607 (6th Cir. 2000). In general, our review of the bankruptcy

court’s compensation orders is limited to abuse of discretion. In re Airspect Air, Inc., 

,

920 (6th Cir. 2004) (citing In re Federated Dep’t Stores, Inc., 

, 1315 (6th Cir. 1995)).

“An abuse of discretion occurs when the bankruptcy court relies upon clearly erroneous findings of

fact, improperly applies the law, or uses an erroneous legal standard.” 

determination

of whether the bankruptcy court initially approved RCS’s fees under § 328 is a question of law, 

subject to de novo review, M.J. 

.

                                         III. DISCUSSION

       Section 327 of the Bankruptcy Code authorizes the trustee, with the court’s approval, to

employ professionals “to represent or assist the trustee in carrying out the trustee’s duties” under the

Bankruptcy Code. 11 U.S.C. § 327(a). Section 328 permits a trustee, again with the court’s

approval, to employ a professional under § 327 “on any reasonable terms and conditions of

employment, including on a retainer, on an hourly basis, on a fixed or percentage fee basis, or on a

contingent fee basis.” 

see also 3 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 328.01 (16th ed. 2009)

(“Bankruptcy Code section 328 . . . sets forth certain limitations on the compensation allowable to

professional persons employed under sections 327 and 1103 of the Code.”). Even if the court “pre-

approves” a professional’s compensation pursuant to § 328, it ultimately may approve compensation

different from that provided for “if such terms and conditions prove to have been improvident in

light of developments not capable of being anticipated at the time.” 

under

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The Cadle Co. II, Inc. v. Fashion Shop of Ky.
Case No. 08-5633

§ 328, the court may award “reasonable compensation” under § 330 for “actual, necessary services”

rendered by professionals employed pursuant to § 327 “based on the nature, the extent, and the value

of such services.” 11 U.S.C. § 330(a). In sum, “‘[s]ection 328 applies when the bankruptcy court

approves a particular rate or means of payment, and § 330 applies when the court does not do so.’”

(quoting In re Tex. Secs., Inc., 

, 445 (5th Cir. 2000)). In

determining whether or not a bankruptcy court has pre-approved a fee arrangement under § 328, we

review “the totality of the circumstances, looking at both the application and the bankruptcy court’s

order,” including “whether the debtor’s motion for appointment specifically requested fee pre-

approval, whether the court’s order assessed the reasonableness of the fee, and whether either the

order or the motion expressly invoked § 328.” 

       Here, while the court could have been more precise in its initial order, the totality of the

circumstances indicates that it pre-approved RCS’s fees. In its August 16, 2006 application, Fashion

Shop requested permission to hire RCS at a fixed rate of $10,000 per month, which it averred was

reasonable and appropriate. As the district court noted, no party challenged the request, despite

having notice from the bankruptcy court and several weeks to file an objection. The lack of

objection may explain the bankruptcy court’s failure to state clearly the statutory grounds for its

approval of the request. Nonetheless, its September 11, 2006 order stated that the application was

granted “in its entirety” and authorized Fashion Shop to retain RCS “upon the terms . . . set forth in

the Application.”    In other words, the court affirmatively approved the terms of RCS’s

compensation. That the court granted the application “in its entirety”¯including Fashion Shop’s

opinion as to the appropriateness and reasonableness of the fee ¯indicates the court independently

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The Cadle Co. II, Inc. v. Fashion Shop of Ky.
Case No. 08-5633

assessed and accepted Fashion Shop’s determination. While neither the application nor the order

expressly invoked § 328, this omission does not preclude our finding that the bankruptcy court pre-

approved RCS’s fees. See 

(“Nowhere does the Bankruptcy Code mandate that the

application specifically mention § 328 or that the court’s approval order expressly and

unambiguously state specific terms and conditions.”). Nor does Fashion Shop’s subsequent

invocation of § 330 outweigh the other considerations that indicate pre-approval. Without the

court’s endorsement, there is nothing to suggest that the language Fashion Shop employed matched

the court’s intentions. To the contrary, the court clarified in its March 14, 2007 opinion that the

application and order “were not sought or approved under 11 U.S.C. § 330.”

       The circumstances here differ from those addressed in Airspect, where we agreed with the

bankruptcy court’s determination that it had not pre-approved fees under § 328. The inclusion of

the fee agreement in Airspect’s initial application to the bankruptcy court was the only consideration

weighing in favor of pre-approval. 

However, while the court’s order explicitly approved

the payment of a $7000 retainer, there was no indication that it approved the contingency fee at issue.

the order nor the application invoked § 328 or mentioned the reasonableness

of the fee. 

the totality of the circumstances in Airspect weighed against finding pre-

approval. That is not the case here.

                                        IV. CONCLUSION

       For the reasons above, we AFFIRM the decision of the district court affirming the

bankruptcy court.



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