Filed: Dec. 16, 2009
Latest Update: Mar. 02, 2020
Summary: NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION File Name: 09a0790n.06 No. 07-4161 FILED Dec 16, 2009 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS LEONARD GREEN, Clerk FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED v. ) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE ) SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO JESSIE MONGHAM, ) ) Defendant-Appellant. ) OPINION ) Before: GRIFFIN and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges; and CARR, District Judge.* JAMES G. CARR, DISTRICT JUDGE. Jessie Mongham appeals his co
Summary: NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION File Name: 09a0790n.06 No. 07-4161 FILED Dec 16, 2009 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS LEONARD GREEN, Clerk FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED v. ) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE ) SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO JESSIE MONGHAM, ) ) Defendant-Appellant. ) OPINION ) Before: GRIFFIN and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges; and CARR, District Judge.* JAMES G. CARR, DISTRICT JUDGE. Jessie Mongham appeals his con..
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NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 09a0790n.06
No. 07-4161 FILED
Dec 16, 2009
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v. ) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
) SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
JESSIE MONGHAM, )
)
Defendant-Appellant. ) OPINION
)
Before: GRIFFIN and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges; and CARR, District Judge.*
JAMES G. CARR, DISTRICT JUDGE. Jessie Mongham appeals his conviction and
sentence following a jury trial on multiple charges of armed bank robbery and brandishing a firearm
while committing those robberies. Specifically, he argues: 1) he is entitled to a new trial because on
redirect examination of a government witness and in rebuttal closing argument the prosecutor
engaged in improper vouching; 2) his sentence is substantively unreasonable; and 3) the district court
should not have imposed the statutorily mandated twenty-five year consecutive sentence for the
second firearm conviction. For the reasons below, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment and
sentence.
*
The Honorable James G. Carr, Chief Judge of the Northern District of Ohio, sitting by
designation.
1
No. 07-4161
United States v. Mongham
Background
A six-count indictment charged Jessie Mongham and two co-defendants, Ronald and Randall
Sutton, with three armed bank robberies, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a), and brandishing a
firearm during the commission of each robbery, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). Ronald Sutton
entered into a plea agreement, admitting that he and his brother, Randall took part in several bank
robberies with Mongham. Ronald Sutton testified for the government at Mongham’s trial.
The robberies occurred on September 1, 2005, September 16, 2005, and October 4, 2005.
Two tellers identified Mongham as one of the robbers in the September 1, 2005, robbery; one teller
identified Mongham as one of the robbers in the October 4, 2005, robbery. Ronald Sutton testified
that Mongham was involved in all three robberies and was the get-away driver in the September 16,
2005, robbery.
On cross-examination of Ronald Sutton, defense counsel questioned him about his plea
agreement. Sutton responded affirmatively to defense counsel’s question: “By your testifying against
Jessie, you are going to receive or you hope to receive favorable sentencing; is that correct?” [Trial
Tr. at 1-171]. After this exchange, the parties jointly moved the plea agreement into evidence.
The plea agreement Sutton signed provided, inter alia:
[Sutton] agrees to co-operate fully with the United States, its agents and employees,
in providing truthful and complete answers to all inquiries regarding the facts of this
case . . . . If requested by the United States Attorney, such cooperation shall
include appearances by [Sutton] as a witness before a Federal Grand Jury, State
Grand Jury, at any trial and at any other court proceeding.
[Def. Dist. Ct. Tr. Ex. 2].
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No. 07-4161
United States v. Mongham
On re-direct examination, the prosecutor questioned Sutton about the terms of the agreement
and his promise to testify truthfully:
Q. And defense kept referring to your agreement to testify against J.D. Do you recall
that, his questions?
A. Yes.
Q. And, in fact, you were told specifically that you were to testify truthfully, correct?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. And completely?
A. Yes.
Q. Whatever that was?
A. Yes.
Q. Okay. Nobody ever told you to testify against J.D. or Randall, just testify
truthfully?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Okay. In fact, weren’t you told specifically that if you failed to testify truthfully
I’d prosecute you for perjury?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Is your testimony today here before this jury, is that the truth?
A. Yes, sir.
The district court overruled defense counsel’s objection at the end of this exchange. [Trial
Tr. at 1-181]. At the end of Sutton’s testimony, the court instructed the jury:
Ladies and gentlemen, you have heard the testimony of Ronald Sutton. He is alleged
to have been involved in the same crime that the defendant Jessie Mongham is
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No. 07-4161
United States v. Mongham
charged with committing. You should consider this testimony with more caution than
other witnesses. You also heard that Ronald Sutton has pled guilty to a crime. The
fact that Mr. Sutton has pled guilty is not evidence of Jessie Mongham’s guilt and
cannot be considered against him. The evidence of the Plea Agreement is admitted
to allow you to consider the testimony and Mr. Sutton’s credibility. At the end of the
case, I will give you more definite instruction about how that testimony fits in. I just
wanted to give you that limited instruction at this point in time.
[Trial Tr. at 1-182].
During his closing rebuttal argument, the prosecutor stated to the jury,“[y]ou seek the truth
through the evidence you’ve heard, assessing the credibility of the witnesses, and following the law,
looking at the instructions that the Court will give, listening closely.” [Trial Tr. at 3-171]. The
prosecutor additionally said:
I’m not evidence. What I believe doesn’t matter. I cannot stand up here and tell you
what I believe. I can tell you what I believe the evidence shows. My personal opinion,
Mr. Butler’s [government co-counsel], Mr. Mearan’s [defense counsel] have
absolutely no business in that jury box. We cannot speak for the credibility of any
witness. That’s up to you.
[Trial Tr. at 3-173].
The prosecutor again referred to Sutton’s testimony and plea agreement:
Ronald Sutton, his credibility. He testified, and he’s got a Plea Agreement. He is
hoping for the best, and I’m not going to tell you that he’s not hoping for the best
because that would be—nobody would believe that. He also told you that his Plea
Agreement—and I think you will see it. I think it’s actually been marked by Mr.
Mearan. Look at it. It says, “truthful testimony and sentence to be determined by the
Court.” It has in there that if he cooperates fully and truthfully, we will ask the Court
for a reduction. That’s our sole discretion. But the Court doesn’t have to grant it.
Nowhere in that Plea Agreement will you see the words “make the government
happy.” It’s about the truth. This has always been about the truth. This always will
be about the truth. It has to be. That’s the only way it works.
[Trial Tr. at 3-177].
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No. 07-4161
United States v. Mongham
On February 23, 2007, a jury convicted Mongham of the robberies on September 1, 2005,
and October 4, 2005, and related firearms counts. The jury acquitted Mongham of the bank robbery
on September 16, 2005, and associated brandishing charge.
On August 29, 2007, the district court sentenced Mongham to a total term of imprisonment
of 482 months. The court sentenced Mongham to 98 months on the two bank robbery convictions
to be served concurrently, and 84 months and 300 months respectively on the brandishing charges,
to be served, as required by statute, consecutively to all other terms of imprisonment.
Mongham appeals his conviction and sentence.
Discussion
A. Claim of Improper Vouching for Government Witness
Mongham argues the prosecutor improperly vouched for Ronald Sutton’s credibility through
his questions on re-direct examination about the terms and meaning of the “truthfulness” provision
of his plea agreement and by his comments about the agreement during rebuttal argument. The
government contends that the statements are not improper, or are at least not so flagrant to merit
reversal.
As discussed below, we hold that the comments, even if improper, are not flagrant and thus
do not require reversal.
1. Standard of Review
We review “the question of whether prosecutorial misconduct requires reversal de novo.”
United States v. Stover, 474 F.3d 904, 914 (6th Cir. 2007).
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No. 07-4161
United States v. Mongham
Because defense counsel did not object to the rebuttal argument at the time, we review that
claim of improper vouching for plain error. United States v. Carroll, 26 F.3d 1380, 1383 (6th Cir.
1994). To establish plain error, Mongham must show: 1) an error, 2) that is plain, 3) that
substantially affects his rights; and 4) that substantially affects the fairness and integrity of the
proceedings. Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(b); United States v. Leachman,
309 F.3d 377, 386 (6th Cir. 2002).
2. Analysis
We first consider “whether the prosecutor’s conduct and remarks were improper.” United
States v. Carter, 236 F.3d 777, 783 (6th Cir. 2001). “Improper vouching occurs when a prosecutor
supports the credibility of a witness by indicating a personal belief in the witness’s credibility,
thereby placing the prestige of the office of the United States Attorney behind that witness.” United
States v. Francis,
170 F.3d 546, 550 (6th Cir. 1999). Comments constitute improper vouching if they
are “blunt . . . or . . . imply that the prosecutor has special knowledge of facts not in front of
the jury.”
Id.
If we find the prosecutor’s actions improper, we then determine whether the improprieties
were flagrant, requiring reversal. To determine whether improper prosecutorial remarks were
flagrant, we consider “‘(1) whether the conduct and remarks of the prosecutor tended to mislead the
jury or prejudice the defendant; (2) whether the conduct or remarks were isolated or extensive; (3)
whether the remarks were deliberately or accidentally made; and (4) whether the evidence against
the defendant was strong.’” United States v. Modena,
302 F.3d 626, 635 (6th Cir. 2002) (quoting
Carter, supra, 236 F.3d at 783 (6th Cir. 2001)); see also United States v. Monus,
128 F.3d 376, 394
(6th Cir. 1997).
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No. 07-4161
United States v. Mongham
If remarks are improper but not flagrant, reversal is appropriate only if proof of defendant’s
guilt was not overwhelming, the defendant objected to the improper remarks, and “the court failed
to cure the error with an admonishment to the jury.” Stover, supra, 474 F.3d at 915.
In the present case, there were eyewitness identifications for each of the convicted charges,
and the trial judge made efforts to limit the effect on the jury. We thus reverse only if the remarks
are both improper and flagrant.
A prosecutor may properly refer to a plea agreement of a testifying witness. United States v.
Owens, 426 F.3d 800, 806 (6th Cir. 2005) (“When a defendant attacks the credibility of a
government witness for signing a plea agreement, the prosecution is entitled to refer to the agreement
in rebuttal . . . . Even where the defense did not mention the plea agreement, this Court condones
its reasonable use by the prosecution.”).
The prosecutor may “elicit testimony about [the plea agreement’s] terms, attack the
credibility of the witness because of it and even refer to the plea agreement of a government witness
in an attempt to deflect defense counsel’s use of the agreement to attack the witness’s credibility.”
United States v. Francis, 170 F.3d 546, 550 (6th Cir. 1999).
The prosecutor may not, however, “explain[] that there is to be a recommendation to the
witness’s sentencing court [regarding] whether the terms of the plea agreement have been adhered
to.” Id. This is so “[b]ecause that recommendation is dependent upon whether the witness testifies
truthfully,” so “it is easy for a prosecutor to imply, either intentionally or inadvertently, that the
prosecutor is in a special position to determine whether the witness was, in fact, testifying
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No. 07-4161
United States v. Mongham
truthfully.” Id. Statements are improper when “a jury could reasonably believe that the prosecutor
[is], instead, expressing a personal opinion as to the witness’s credibility.”
Id. at 551.
In the present case, we find that although the prosecutor’s questioning on re-direct
examination was improper, it was not flagrant, and as such, does not require reversal. See
Stover, supra, 474 F.3d at 915;
Modena, supra, 302 F.3d at 634-35. In addition, the prosecutor’s
remarks in rebuttal closing argument were not improper. Even assuming impropriety arguendo, the
statements are not flagrant and certainly do not rise to the level of plain error required to reverse an
unpreserved assertion of error. Accordingly, no prosecutorial misconduct occurred which entitles
Mongham to a new trial.
During cross-examination, defense counsel sought to attack Sutton’s credibility by reference
to the plea agreement. In response, the prosecutor questioned Sutton about the provisions in his plea
agreement requiring him to testify truthfully.
Mongham assigns as error questions asked by the prosecutor on re-direct examination. The
prosecutor’s question on re-direct, “weren’t you told specifically that if you failed to testify truthfully
I’d prosecute you for perjury?”, was improper. Although reference to a plea agreement is not in itself
improper vouching, Francis, 170 F.3d at 550, by stating the question in the first person (“I’d
prosecute you for perjury”), the prosecutor implied that he had independent knowledge of whether
Sutton’s testimony was truthful. This question was, therefore, improper. As discussed below,
however, the improper question was not flagrant.
Mongham contends also that the statements in the prosecutor’s rebuttal argument, “[i]t’s
about the truth. This has always been about the truth. This always will be about the truth. It has to
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No. 07-4161
United States v. Mongham
be.” crossed the line. [Trial Tr. at 3-177]. Taken in context, these statements were not improper. The
prosecutor also stated in rebuttal argument, “[y]ou seek the truth through the evidence you’ve heard,
assessing the credibility of the witnesses, and following the law, looking at the instructions that the
Court will give, listening closely.” [Trial Tr. at 3-171]. The prosecutor additionally emphasized to
the jury that it alone was charged with making credibility determinations:
I’m not evidence. What I believe doesn’t matter. I cannot stand up here and tell you
what I believe. I can tell you what I believe the evidence shows. My personal opinion,
Mr. Butler’s [government co-counsel], Mr. Mearan’s [defense counsel] have
absolutely no business in that jury box. We cannot speak for the credibility of any
witness. That’s up to you.
[Trial Tr. at 3-173].
The court in United States v. Trujillo, 376 F.3d 593, 608 (6th Cir. 2004), held that a
prosecutor’s statements in rebuttal argument that “[the witnesses] promised to be truthful and
provide complete information. Truthful and complete information concerning all individuals with
whom they conspired to distribute marijuana . . . . That’s what they told you during their
examination,” was not improper. The statement was not improper because “the prosecutor did not
offer any personal observations or opinions regarding the veracity of [the witnesses], nor did she
place the prestige of the Government behind their credibility.”
Id. at 608-09.
By contrast, in Francis, supra, a prosecutor’s opening statement that “if [the witness] testifies
in this court truthfully, it’s my intent to, as a government representative, to recommend a 15 year
sentence for him,” was
improper. 170 F.3d at 550. This statement was improper because the
prosecutor’s wording “made it clear that her recommendation would depend on whether she
personally believed [the witnesses] told the truth.”
Id. at 551.
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No. 07-4161
United States v. Mongham
The prosecutor’s statements in the present case are closer to those upheld in Trujillo. The
prosecutor did not offer any personal observation regarding Sutton’s veracity, but rather referred to
the fact that the plea agreement has a provision requiring truthful testimony. Defense counsel and
the prosecutor had jointly entered the plea agreement at issue into evidence. The statement, “[i]t’s
about the truth. This has always been about the truth. This always will be about the truth,” when
taken in context, is not improper.
Even if the prosecutor’s argument in rebuttal was improper, it does not rise to the level of
plain error necessary to overcome the lack of objection.
Nor do the statements, when taken together,1 even assuming impropriety of the closing
rebuttal argument arguendo, require reversal, because the statements were not flagrant. Although
a pattern of improper statements may require reversal even where no individual statement by itself
is sufficiently prejudicial, see U.S. v. Tocco, 200 F.3d 401, 420 (6th Cir. 2000), that is not the case
here.
First, the “remarks of the prosecutor” did not “tend[] to mislead the jury or prejudice the
defendant.” Modena, supra, 302 F.3d at 635 (quoting
Carter, supra, 236 F.3d at 783). The jury,
moreover, acquitted Mongham of the only count as to which Sutton was the sole witness. This shows
that the jury was able to base its verdict on all the evidence despite the prosecutor’s comments, and
did not rely solely on Sutton’s testimony. The jury, moreover, had before it in evidence the jointly
introduced plea agreement to which the prosecutor referred.
1
The determination of whether a prosecutor’s behavior constitutes prejudicial error must be
made in the context of the whole trial. United States v. Young, 470 U.S. 1, 11 (1985).
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No. 07-4161
United States v. Mongham
The trial judge additionally gave a cautionary instruction following the defendant’s overruled
objection to the prosecutor’s questions on re-direct. Though the instruction was not in the form
preferred by this court,2 it nonetheless told the jury to view Sutton’s testimony “with more caution
than other witnesses,” and that “evidence of the Plea Agreement is admitted to allow you to consider
the testimony and Mr. Sutton’s credibility.” [Trial Tr. at 1-182].
The second and third considerations for determining whether an improper statement is
flagrant also weigh against finding flagrancy. The improper remarks were isolated, and nothing
suggests they were deliberately made. Modena, supra, 302 F.3d at 635. The remarks do not appear
to be intended to prejudice Mongham, but were rather intended to contradict defense impeachment
of a government witness.
Id.
Finally, there was ample evidence of defendant’s guilt. Although defense counsel implicitly
and indirectly impugned the general reliability of eyewitness testimony, the jury clearly found that
testimony to be credible. Having done so, it could rationally convict regardless of the prosecutor’s
2
See United States v. Carroll, 26 F.3d 1380, 1388-89 (6th Cir. 1994) (recommending that trial
judges give a curative instruction similar to that suggested by Judge Friendly in United States v.
Arroyo-Angulo,
580 F.2d 1137, 1150 (2d Cir. 1978) (Friendly, J., concurring), in response to
improper vouching):
[T]he judge should have instructed that the promise in the cooperation agreement
adds little to the truth-telling obligation imposed by the oath; that the prosecutor
often has no way of knowing whether the witness is telling the truth or not; that the
books are not filled with perjury indictments of Government witnesses who have
gone beyond the facts; and that an acquittal would not mean that as a matter of course
the Government would seek such an indictment or even fail to make its promised
recommendation of leniency.
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No. 07-4161
United States v. Mongham
questions and comments. The prosecutor’s remarks, therefore were not flagrant and do not merit
reversal.
B. Sentencing Issues
1. Substantive Reasonableness
Mongham also contends that his 482-month sentence is substantively unreasonable. We
review sentences for reasonableness under a deferential abuse-of-discretion standard. Gall v. United
States, 552 U.S. 38, 45 (2007).
A sentence within a properly calculated advisory Guideline range is entitled to a rebuttable
presumption of reasonableness on review. United States v. Sexton, 512 F.3d 326, 332 (6th Cir.
2007).The defendant must demonstrate that the sentence is unreasonable. United States v. Crowell,
493 F.3d 744, 751 (6th Cir. 2007). The presumption of reasonableness cannot be overcome by a
mere allegation that the sentence is greater than necessary. United States v. Brogdon,
503 F.3d 555,
563 (6th Cir. 2007).
A sentence may be substantively unreasonable if the district court “select[s] the sentence
arbitrarily, bas[es] the sentence on impermissible factors, fail[s] to consider pertinent § 3553(a)
factors, or giv[es] an unreasonable amount of weight to any pertinent factor.” United States v. Webb,
403 F.3d 373, 385 (6th Cir. 2005).
The district court accurately calculated the advisory Guideline range for counts one and five
of the conviction [the bank robberies] as 87-108 months. Additionally, the district court properly
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No. 07-4161
United States v. Mongham
applied the statutory requirement of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) to impose sentences of 84 months and 300
months for counts two and six, respectively.3
Mongham has not offered sufficient evidence to rebut the presumption of reasonableness and
show the district court abused its discretion. He argues that the government overcharged him and the
sentence imposed is greater than necessary. He contends that a sentence of 384 months was required
under § 924(c) for the brandishing charges and that the 98 months imposed for the bank robberies
was greater than necessary to accomplish the purposes of sentencing.
Mongham has failed to point to any factor raised before the district court that the district
court failed to consider. Rather, he contends generally that the district court did not look at the
sentence as a whole. This amounts to a general assertion that the district court should have reached
a different conclusion. Under the circumstances of this case, that is not sufficient to vacate the
sentence.
3
Title 18, United States Code Section 924(c) provides:
(1)(A) Except to the extent that a greater minimum sentence is otherwise provided
by this subsection or by any other provision of law, any person who, during and in
relation to any crime of violence . . . for which the person may be prosecuted in
a court of the United States, uses or carries a firearm, or who, in furtherance of any
such crime, possesses a firearm, shall, in addition to the punishment provided for
such crime of violence . . .—
(ii) if the firearm is brandished, be sentenced to a term of
imprisonment of not less than 7 years . . .
. . .
(C) In the case of a second or subsequent conviction under this subsection, the person
shall—
(i) be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not less than 25 years
. . .
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No. 07-4161
United States v. Mongham
Finally, Mongham argues that Kimbrough v. United States, 552 U.S. 85, 107-08 (2007), calls
into question this court’s decision in United States v. Franklin,
499 F.3d 578, 583-85 (6th Cir. 2007).
The court in Franklin held that a sentencing court may not reduce an otherwise appropriate sentence
to nullify the effect of a count of conviction requiring a consecutive, mandatory minimum term.
Id.
at 584.
In Franklin the sentencing judge stated, “to some extent because I feel that adding on a
mandatory seven years truly inflates the sentence”, id., and varied downward. Here, in contrast, the
sentencing judge gave no indication of a desire to nullify the effect of the mandatory minimum
sentences on the § 924(c) charges. Thus, we need not examine the effect of Kimbrough on Franklin.
The district court considered the relevant 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors. After considering those
factors, the court stated, “[b]ased upon all that, I think I’m going to pronounce a sentence which I
believe to be fair and reasonable and sufficient to comply with what justice requires but not too
severe to be more than that.” [Sent. Tr. at 18-19].
Mongham’s arguments might persuade a different district judge to impose a lesser sentence,
but that argument is unavailing here. United States v. Ely, 468 F.3d 399, 404 (6th Cir. 2006) (“[O]ur
appellate review . . . looks to whether the sentence is reasonable, as opposed to whether in the
first instance we would have imposed the same sentence.”). If a district court “consider[s] all the
relevant sentencing factors, and impose[s] a sentence of reasonable length, we affirm . . . .”
Id.
After reviewing the record and findings of the district court at sentencing, we conclude that
Mongham’s sentence was substantively reasonable and the district court did not abuse its discretion.
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No. 07-4161
United States v. Mongham
2. Consecutive Sentences
Mongham also objects to the district court’s imposition of the statutorily mandated twenty-
five year consecutive sentence on his second § 924(c) conviction.
As he concedes, however, under Deal v. United States, 508 U.S. 129, 136-37 (1993), when
a defendant is charged with and convicted of multiple § 924(c) offenses in the same case, each
additional conviction is a “second or subsequent conviction” within the plain meaning of the statute,
requiring a consecutive sentence of twenty-five years on the subsequent counts. Defendant also
recognizes that we are, of course, without authority to disregard controlling Supreme Court
precedent.
The district court properly applied prevailing Supreme Court precedent in sentencing
Mongham and its application of the twenty-five year sentence on the second § 924(c) count was not
erroneous.
Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM Mongham’s conviction and sentence.
15
