By order of the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel, the precedential effect
             of this decision is limited to the case and parties pursuant to 6th
             Cir. BAP LBR 8013-1(b). See also 6th Cir. BAP LBR 8010-1(c).

                                File Name: 10b0004n.06


           BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL OF THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

In re: NINA HOLLINSHEAD,                         )
                                                 )
                  Debtor.                        )       No. 09-8058
_____________________________________            )
                                                 )
                                                 )
JEFF A. MOYER, CHAPTER 7 TRUSTEE,                )
                                                 )
            Appellant,                           )
                                                 )
      v.                                         )
                                                 )
NINA HOLLINSHEAD,                                )
                                                 )
            Appellee.                            )
                                                 )

                     Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
                          for the Western District of Michigan
                                   Case No. 08-11303

                               Submitted: February 3, 2010

                            Decided and Filed: March 3, 2010

      Before: FULTON, HARRIS, and RHODES, Bankruptcy Appellate Panel Judges.

                                 ____________________

                                       COUNSEL

ON BRIEF: Jeff A. Moyer, THE BANKRUPTCY GROUP, INC., Wyoming, Michigan, for
Appellant. Nina Hollinshead, Muskegon, Michigan, for Appellee.
                                       ____________________

                                             OPINION
                                       ____________________

        ARTHUR I. HARRIS, Bankruptcy Appellate Panel Judge. In this case, Jeff A. Moyer,
Chapter 7 Trustee, (“Trustee”) appeals an order of the bankruptcy court overruling his objection to
Nina Hollinshead’s (“Debtor”) claim of exemption. The bankruptcy court held that the Debtor was
entitled to exempt her full 2008 tax refund pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 522(d)(5) despite her failure to
disclose that she was entitled to a refund at the time she filed her petition for relief or at the first
meeting of creditors. For the reasons that follow, we AFFIRM the order of the bankruptcy court.


                                      I. ISSUE ON APPEAL

        Whether the bankruptcy court erred when it found that the record before it failed to support
the Trustee’s contention that the Debtor’s failure to disclose her tax refund on her original schedules
and at the first meeting of creditors was in bad faith thereby warranting denial of her claim of
exemption.

                     II. JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

        The Bankruptcy Appellate Panel of the Sixth Circuit has jurisdiction to decide this appeal.
The United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan has authorized appeals to the
Panel, and neither party has timely elected to have this appeal heard by the district court. 28 U.S.C.
§§ 158(b)(6), (c)(1). A final order of the bankruptcy court may be appealed as of right pursuant to
28 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1). For purposes of appeal, an order is final if it “ends the litigation on the merits
and leaves nothing for the court to do but execute the judgment.” Midland Asphalt Corp. v. United
States, 

, 798, 

, 1497 (1989) (citations omitted). An order on an
objection to a debtor’s claim of exemption is a final order for purposes of appeal. See Moyer v.
Dutkiewicz (In re Dutkiewicz), 

, 105 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2009).

        The bankruptcy court’s conclusions of law are reviewed de novo. See Riverview Trenton R.R.
Co. v. DSC, Ltd. (In re DSC, Ltd.), 

, 944 (6th Cir. 2007). “Under a de novo standard
of review, the reviewing court decides an issue independently of, and without deference to, the trial


                                                   -2-
court’s determination.” Menninger v. Accredited Home Lenders (In re Morgeson), 

,
800 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2007). The court’s findings of fact are reviewed under the clearly erroneous
standard. See In re DSC, 

. “A finding of fact is clearly erroneous ‘when
although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the
definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.’ ” 

v. City of
Bessemer City, N.C., 

, 573, 

, 1511 (1985)).

                                            III.   FACTS

       The Debtor, pro se, filed a voluntary petition for relief under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy
Code on December 18, 2008. She did not disclose an entitlement to a tax refund on Schedule B, nor
claim an exemption on Schedule C for any tax refund to be generated by the filing of her 2008 tax
returns. Rather, she checked “none” on Schedule B, line 21, which requests the estimated value of
“[o]ther contingent and unliquidated claims of every nature, including tax refunds[.]”1 Just prior to
the first meeting of creditors, the Trustee requested that the Debtor complete a questionnaire
regarding various assets, transactions, and tax returns and refunds. In response to the question, “Are
you entitled to any more tax refunds at this time from either the State or IRS for this year, this past
year, or any other previous years?,” the Debtor checked the “no” box. (App. at Tab 16, p. 5.)
Moreover, when the first meeting of creditors was held on January 27, 2009, the Debtor responded
affirmatively to the Trustee’s questions regarding whether her schedules contained a complete list
of all property and assets she owned, whether she had read the petition and schedules before she
signed them, whether she understood at the time she signed the petition that she was signing it under
penalty of perjury, and whether to the best of her knowledge, the schedules were truthful and
accurate. When asked whether there were any errors, omissions, or mistakes in her schedules, or
corrections to be made, the Debtor answered in the negative. Two days following the first meeting
of creditors, the Debtor filed her 2008 tax returns which resulted in a $6,956 refund.

       On March 4, 2009, the Trustee filed a motion to compel turnover of the Debtor’s tax
refunds.2 In response to the Trustee’s motion, the Debtor wrote a letter to the bankruptcy court


       1
        The Debtor received a total tax refund of $5,509 for the year 2006, and $5,371 for the year
2007 from the IRS alone.
       2
           It is unclear from the record before us how the Trustee came to learn of the $6,956 refund.

                                                   -3-
explaining that after receiving her tax refund on February 23, 2009, she paid certain utility bills,
purchased health supplies, and bought clothing for her children because “I wasn’t aware that all of
my refund would be turned over, as I thought it was considered ‘wild card cash’ since I owe more
than my house is worth.” (App. at Tab 4.) She further explained that after receiving a letter from
the Trustee regarding the refund, she sent him a check for the $2,232.79 that she had not spent.

       On April 1, 2009, the bankruptcy court held a hearing on the Trustee’s motion to compel
turnover. At the hearing, the bankruptcy court explained to the pro se Debtor: “You then may, if you
choose, amend your schedules, both B and C, to reflect this refund, and then claim it as exempt.”
(App. at Tab 23, p. 5.) On April 10, 2009, the bankruptcy court issued an order granting the motion
and ordering the Debtor to turnover to the Trustee the non-exempt portion of her tax refund that she
had not already accounted for “to the extent that same are in her possession, custody or control.
Otherwise, Debtor shall account to Trustee for the same.” (App. at Tab 6.)

       On April 9, 2009, the Debtor filed an amendment to her Schedules B and C in which she
amended Schedule B, line 21 to “include a 2008 federal and State tax refund in the amount of
$6956.00” and to “[e]xempt tax refund 522(d)(5) the value of $6956.00.” (App. at Tab 5.) The
Trustee objected to the amended exemption on April 27, 2009.3 The Trustee objected to the
exemption because the Debtor delayed claiming the exemption for four months and did not disclose
her entitlement to the refund until she filed the amendment. He asserted that the Debtor’s amended
exemption violated the time limits set forth in Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure 4003(a) and
1007(c), that the Debtor’s attempt to amend her exemptions belatedly was done in bad faith or in
reckless indifference to the accuracy and completeness of her schedules, that the Debtor was
estopped from claiming the exemption because the Trustee had already begun to administer the asset,
that the Debtor was unable to claim the exemption because the funds had been spent thereby
removing them from the estate, and, finally, that by using the funds without court authority the
Debtor had violated the automatic stay.

       The bankruptcy court held a hearing on the Trustee’s objection on August 3, 2009, at which
the Debtor was the only witness. At the hearing, the Trustee abandoned all of his theories as to why


       3
        The Debtor had not exhausted the total exemption amount available to her under 11 U.S.C.
§ 522(d)(5).

                                                -4-
the exemption was not allowed, with the exception of the bad faith or reckless indifference theory.
The Debtor testified that she had no material changes from the two years prior to 2008 which would
affect the amount of her tax refund except for increasing the number of claimed dependents from
zero to two in the fall of 2008. She also confirmed that she had indeed completed the Trustee’s
questionnaire and answered the Trustee’s questions at the first meeting of creditors as described
above. The Debtor also testified that she prepared her petition and schedules with the assistance of
a bankruptcy petition preparer, and that she filed her tax return two days after the first meeting of
creditors because the Trustee told her that she must in order to close her bankruptcy case. In
explaining why she used the term “wild card cash” in her letter to the court, the Debtor testified:

               I believed that if I would’ve had the cash on me back in December
               when I filed my taxes, I could’ve used any amount of refund if I
               would have had it then as wild card cash because I didn’t have hardly
               any cash on me. And I thought at the moment when I wrote this letter
               that that’s kind of what I was supposed to do at that time instead of
               amending my schedules.4
(App. at Tab 24, p. 16.)
The Debtor concluded her testimony by explaining to the bankruptcy court that:

               I know all of those questions, like have you filed all the tax returns you are
               required to file, at that time when I filled everything out I had filled it out to
               the best of my knowledge. I didn’t believe I was entitled to any tax refunds
               because I hadn’t filled out my taxes yet and it was still early in the year.
(App. at Tab 24, p. 19-20.)

       On September 9, 2009, the bankruptcy court issued a bench opinion in which it overruled the
Trustee’s objection and treated the Debtor’s exemption of her entire 2008 refund as allowed. The
court issued a written order on September 11, 2009, overruling the Trustee’s objection and ordering
the Trustee to account to the Debtor for whatever the Debtor had turned over to him with respect to
her 2008 federal and state tax returns. The Trustee’s timely appeal followed.




       4
         The Debtor explained that she probably learned the term “wild card cash” while searching
the Internet for information on bankruptcy.

                                                  -5-
                                       IV.    DISCUSSION

        A debtor may generally amend a voluntary petition schedule as a matter of course at any time
before the case is closed. Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 1009(a); Lucius v. McLemore, 

, 127 (6th Cir. 1984). However, the bankruptcy court may refuse to allow a debtor to
amend his or her exemptions where the debtor has acted in bad faith or concealed property. 

. “In the context of an amendment of exemptions, bad faith is determined by an
examination of the totality of the circumstances. Mere allegations of bad faith will not suffice; the
objecting party must demonstrate the bad faith of the debtor by specific evidence.” In re Colvin, 

, 481-82 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2003) (citing Kaelin v. Bassett (In re Kaelin), 

(8th Cir. 2002); Magallanes v. Williams (In re Magallanes), 

, 255 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 1988);
Brown v. Sachs (In re Brown), 

, 958 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 1986)).

       In support of his position that the Debtor should be denied her claim of exemption in her tax
refund, the Trustee points to the incorrect or false information concerning her entitlement to a tax
refund on her schedules, on the Trustee’s questionnaire, and at the first meeting of creditors. He also
points to the Debtor’s letter to the bankruptcy court in which she stated “I wasn’t aware that all of
my refund would be turned over, as I thought it was considered ‘wild card cash’ since I owe more
than my house is worth.” He argues that this “clearly was not a statement from a Debtor thinking
she wasn’t getting any tax refunds for 2008, just that she had already decided, however wisely or
unwisely, not to disclose them.” (Appellant’s Br. at 8-9.) The Trustee emphasizes that the Debtor
did not amend her schedules until four months after she filed her petition, 72 days after the first
meeting of creditors, and 70 days after filing her tax returns. However, as he notes, she amended her
schedules 8 days after the hearing on his motion for turnover at which the bankruptcy court
suggested to the Debtor that she do so and seek exemption. According to the Trustee, “[i]t is clear
from reading all of the transcripts that the only reason the Debtor ultimately amended her schedules
to disclose the existence of her 2008 tax refunds was based on the Court’s instructions at the hearing
on the motion to compel turnover.” (Appellant’s Br. at 13.)

       The Trustee further argues that the Debtor is attempting to avail herself of a defense of poor
advice even though she did not use the services of an attorney. He asserts that the Debtor’s
“surprisingly precise recitation of Fed. R. Bankr. P. 1009(a) at trial” reveals that she “had been


                                                  -6-
provided legal advice from someone, however poor that advice might have been.” (Appellant’s Br.
at 9.) He then argues that any such attempted defense should be dismissed because reliance on
whatever legal advice she may have obtained was not reasonable and in good faith as the schedules
make it transparently plain to debtors that they are required to disclose tax refunds.

       In her brief submitted to this Panel, the Debtor has maintained her position that she acted in
good faith when she submitted her original schedules, as well as when she completed the Trustee’s
questionnaire, and in answering the Trustee’s questions at the first meeting of creditors.

       Following the August 3, 2009, evidentiary hearing, the bankruptcy court found that the record
before it was insufficient to support the Trustee’s contention that the Debtor intentionally or
recklessly failed to disclose her entitlement to a 2008 tax refund. As a result, it overruled the
Trustee’s objection to the Debtor’s exemption and allowed the Debtor’s exemption of the entire
refund. In reaching its conclusion the court made a number of pertinent findings. First, it found that
the Debtor is intelligent and capable of understanding what was required of her in preparing her
schedules. Second, the court also stated that it did not believe the Debtor’s testimony that the change
in exemptions from zero to two in the fall of 2008 was justification for her reporting “none” as her
estimate of expected tax refund.5 The court also took into account that the Debtor was assisted by
a bankruptcy petition preparer, which the court believed may have led the Debtor to not be as careful
as she might have been if she had prepared the petition and schedules on her own. In addition, the
court noted that there was little evidence in the record of the Debtor’s intentions other than the
omission itself.

       The Trustee takes issue with the bankruptcy court’s statement that the Debtor was not
“entitled” to a refund because she had not yet completed her tax returns; however, this argument is
of no avail. At issue is not whether the Debtor’s right to a refund was contingent on her completing
her tax return and requesting a refund.6 Rather, the issue is whether the Debtor acted in bad faith in
failing to disclose this asset. Clearly, the Debtor’s right to a 2008 tax refund constitutes property of


       5
       In her brief, the Debtor maintains her position that she believed this change in exemptions
may have left her without a 2008 refund.
       6
        See 26 U.S.C. §6511(b); M. Saltzman, IRS Practice and Procedure, ¶¶11.01 and 11.05.
“No refund is permitted to be made at all unless a claim for refund is filed.” 

                                                  -7-
the Debtor’s estate which the Debtor had a duty to disclose on Schedule B. Indeed, even though the
amount of the refund may have been unknown as of the petition date, Line 21 of Schedule B
specifically requires the disclosure of “[o]ther contingent and unliquidated claims of every nature,
including tax refunds.” The bankruptcy court, the Debtor, and the Trustee all agree that this was an
asset the Debtor should have disclosed. Where the bankruptcy court and the Trustee disagree is
whether the Trustee met his burden of demonstrating that the Debtor acted in bad faith in failing to
disclose this asset.

        The court noted that the Trustee clearly knew of the impending refund as he filed his motion
to compel turnover of the funds, and there is nothing in the record which reveals how the Trustee
learned of the refund. The bankruptcy court speculated that it may have in fact been the Debtor who
informed the Trustee, perhaps sending him a copy of her return when it was filed because, as her
uncontested testimony revealed, it was the Trustee who prompted her at the first meeting of creditors
to file a return quickly by telling her that her case could not be closed until one was filed. The court
concluded that speculation by stating:

                But in any event, there is not enough in the record to support a finding
                that [Debtor] did not disclose to Trustee her entitlement to the refund
                when she first learned of it herself, and because it is the Trustee who
                bears the burden of establishing the sanctionable conduct in this
                instance, it is not appropriate to sanction [Debtor] for what happened
                after [Debtor] became aware of the refund either.
(App. at Tab 17, p. 17.)

        In reviewing the order of the bankruptcy court, we are guided by the Sixth Circuit Court of
Appeals which, in reviewing a similar case wherein the bankruptcy court denied a debtor’s amended
schedules to exempt a tax refund, stated:

                We emphasize that Bankruptcy Rule 8013 requires that ‘due regard
                shall be given to the opportunity of the bankruptcy court to judge the
                credibility of the witnesses.’ Based on the record and deferring to the
                judge’s determination of debtor’s credibility, we, therefore, AFFIRM
                the bankruptcy judge’s denial of the amendment and the district
                court’s judgment.
In re Millsaps, 

, 

at *2 (6th Cir. 1985) (unpublished table decision).
Additionally, as the Panel has previously explained:


                                                  -8-
               The clearly erroneous standard does not permit this Panel to substitute
               its assessments of credibility in place of the explicit findings made by
               the bankruptcy court. When differing views of the evidence are
               possible, the bankruptcy court’s findings cannot be clearly erroneous.
               As long as the trial court’s findings are “reasonable and supported by
               the evidence,” they may not be overturned.
Lyon v. Eiseman (In re Forbes), 

, 334 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2007) (citations omitted).

       Although the Trustee argues that the facts in this case mirror those in Millsaps, the debtor
in Millsaps “only disclosed the existence of the tax refund upon discovery that he personally would
not receive it directly from I.R.S.” 

at *2. Moreover, in affirming the bankruptcy
judge’s denial of the amendment and the district court’s judgment, the Sixth Circuit in Millsaps
noted several instances in which the debtor’s credibility had been damaged and emphasized that it
was deferring to the judge’s determination of the debtor’s credibility. 

present case,
however, the requirement that we give due deference to the judge’s determination of the Debtor’s
credibility weighs against the Trustee.

       The bankruptcy court’s findings in this case are both reasonable and supported by the
evidence. There was no evidence presented regarding the Debtor’s intention other than the omission
itself. The bankruptcy court had the opportunity to assess the Debtor’s credibility when she testified,
and we cannot substitute our assessment of her credibility for that of the bankruptcy court. Based
upon the record before us, and deferring to the bankruptcy court’s determination of the Debtor’s
credibility, we conclude that the bankruptcy court did not err in finding that the record failed to
support the Trustee’s contention of bad faith on the part of this Debtor.

                                       V. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the order of the bankruptcy court is AFFIRMED.




                                                  -9-