NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                             File Name: 13a0169n.06

                                            No. 12-3378                                    FILED
                                                                                        Feb 13, 2013
                             UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                      DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                  FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                             )
                                                      )
       Plaintiff-Appellee,                            )       ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                      )       UNITED STATES DISTRICT
v.                                                    )       COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN
                                                      )       DISTRICT OF OHIO
RANDY WASHINGTON, JR.,                                )
                                                      )
       Defendant-Appellant.                           )
                                                      )




       BEFORE: MARTIN and GILMAN, Circuit Judges; FOWLKES, District Judge.*


       PER CURIAM. Randy Washington, Jr., appeals his thirty-seven-month sentence for

counterfeiting. As set forth below, we affirm.

       Pursuant to a written plea agreement, Washington pleaded guilty to counterfeiting currency

in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 471. Washington’s presentence report increased his base offense level

by six levels for a loss amount of $33,100, and by three levels for his role as a manager or supervisor

of the criminal activity. See USSG §§ 2B1.1(b)(1)(D), 3B1.1(b). At sentencing, the district court

denied Washington’s objections to these two increases and calculated the advisory Sentencing

Guidelines range as thirty-seven to forty-six months of imprisonment based on a total offense level

of seventeen and a criminal history category of IV. After considering the parties’ arguments and the

       *
       The Honorable John T. Fowlkes, Jr., United States District Judge for the Western District
of Tennessee, sitting by designation.
No. 12-3378
United States v. Washington

factors under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), the district court sentenced Washington to thirty-seven months

of imprisonment.

       In his timely appeal, Washington asserts that the district court erred in attributing additional

counterfeit notes to him based on inconsistent and insufficiently reliable evidence. We review the

district court’s factual findings as to the amount of loss for clear error and its methodology for

calculating that loss de novo. United States v. Warshak, 

, 328 (6th Cir. 2010). The

district court must determine the amount of loss by a preponderance of the evidence. United States

v. McCarty, 

, 290 (6th Cir. 2010). In determining the amount of loss, the district court

“need only make a reasonable estimate.” USSG § 2B1.1 cmt. n.3(C).

       The district court attributed to Washington a loss amount of $33,100—331 counterfeit $100

notes—resulting in a six-level increase under USSG § 2B1.1(b)(1)(D). Washington does not dispute

the 163 counterfeit notes directly linked to him. Instead, he challenges the 168 counterfeit notes

attributed to him through ink-and-paper-defect analysis. The Secret Service analyzed 133 counterfeit

$100 notes (made from bleached genuine $5 notes) grouped into sixty different exhibits. Seventeen

out of those sixty exhibits included notes with ink that was consistent with the ink from the Canon

printer used by Washington. Secret Service Special Agent Ron Axt testified that the Canon printer

was not a common printer for the type of counterfeiting done by Washington. The Secret Service

ran the serial numbers from those seventeen exhibits through its counterfeit tracking database and

found that other counterfeit notes with the same serial numbers had been passed, ultimately linking

an additional 136 counterfeit notes to Washington through ink analysis.



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No. 12-3378
United States v. Washington

       Through paper-defect analysis, the Secret Service associated still other exhibits by the

presence of the same reproducible defects and ran their serial numbers through the counterfeit-

tracking database. Special Agent Axt testified that he excluded notes that were inconsistent

geographically, but he attributed to Washington an additional thirty-two counterfeit notes that were

passed within the Southern District of Ohio. Based on the evidence presented at sentencing, the

district court did not clearly err in attributing to Washington an additional 168 counterfeit notes.

       Washington contends that the district court relied on inconsistent and insufficiently reliable

evidence. Many of the cases cited by Washington are inapposite because neither the Confrontation

Clause, nor the Federal Rules of Evidence, apply at sentencing. See United States v. Moncivais, 

, 658, 665 (6th Cir. 2007). The Sentencing Guidelines and due process require a minimum

standard of reliability for the evidence admitted at sentencing. 

see also USSG § 6A1.3(a).

Washington has failed to demonstrate that Special Agent Axt’s testimony, the counterfeit currency-

analysis report, and other supporting exhibits failed to clear this “relatively low hurdle.” United

States v. Greene, 

, 235 (6th Cir. 1995). Many of Washington’s arguments appear to be

based on a misunderstanding of the counterfeit currency-analysis report’s findings and Special Agent

Axt’s conclusions and testimony based on that report.

       Washington also asserts that the district court erred in holding him accountable as a manager

or supervisor. We review the district court’s factual findings as to an aggravating role enhancement

for clear error. United States v. Castilla-Lugo, 

, 459 & n.5 (6th Cir. 2012). The

standard of review applied to the district court’s legal conclusions is “somewhat unsettled.” We

have not addressed whether our review “should be deferential rather than de novo.” 

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No. 12-3378
United States v. Washington

Under either standard, however, the district court properly applied the three-level increase for

Washington’s role as a manager or supervisor.

       Pursuant to USSG § 3B1.1(b), a defendant’s offense level should be increased by three levels

“[i]f the defendant was a manager or supervisor (but not an organizer or leader) and the criminal

activity involved five or more participants or was otherwise extensive.” In determining whether to

apply the aggravating role enhancement and to what degree, courts should consider

       the exercise of decision making authority, the nature of participation in the
       commission of the offense, the recruitment of accomplices, the claimed right to a
       larger share of the fruits of the crime, the degree of participation in planning or
       organizing the offense, the nature and scope of the illegal activity, and the degree of
       control and authority exercised over others.

USSG § 3B1.1 cmt. n.4. “A district court need not find each factor in order to warrant an

enhancement.” 

.

       According to Special Agent Axt’s testimony, Washington was the source of the counterfeit

notes and provided those notes to three individuals. The three individuals bought merchandise with

the counterfeit notes and, upon exiting a store, returned any change to Washington and gave the

merchandise to Washington’s co-defendant, Demetrius Robinson. The merchandise was returned

at other store locations for cash. In light of this evidence, the district court properly found that

Washington and Robinson “basically managed the other people” and applied the three-level

enhancement. See United States v. Gates, 

, 709 (6th Cir. 2006); United States v. Kelly,

, 657–58 (6th Cir. 2000).

       The district court’s judgment is affirmed.




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