PER CURIAM:
This case is before us on remand from the Supreme Court of the United States for reconsideration in light of Skilling v. United States, 561 U.S. ___, 130 S.Ct. 2896, 177 L.Ed.2d 619 (2010). The parties were ordered to re-brief the case; oral argument was heard.
Don Eugene Siegelman is the former Governor of Alabama. Richard Scrushy is the founder and former Chief Executive Officer of HealthSouth Corporation ("HealthSouth"), a major hospital corporation with operations throughout Alabama. The defendants were convicted of federal funds bribery, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 666(a)(1)(B), and five counts of honest services mail fraud and conspiracy, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341, 1346, and 18 U.S.C. § 371. Siegelman was also convicted of obstruction of justice, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1512(b)(3).
The bribery convictions were based on allegations that the defendants made and executed a corrupt agreement whereby Scrushy gave Siegelman $500,000 in exchange for Siegelman's appointing him to Alabama's Certificate of Need Review Board (the "CON" Board). The honest services mail fraud convictions were also based in part upon these bribery allegations, but two of the counts also alleged that Scrushy used the CON Board seat to obtain favorable treatment for HealthSouth's applications. The conspiracy count alleged that Scrushy and Siegelman conspired to violate the honest services statute. Siegelman's obstruction of justice conviction is based on allegations that he corruptly influenced another to create a series of sham check transactions to cover up a separate "pay-to-play" payment to him.
This is an extraordinary case. It involves allegations of corruption at the highest levels of Alabama state government. Its resolution has strained the resources of both Alabama and the federal government.
But it has arrived in this court with the "sword and buckler" of a jury verdict. The yeoman's work of our judicial system is done by a single judge and a jury. Twelve ordinary citizens of Alabama were asked to sit through long days of often tedious and obscure testimony and pour over countless documents to decide what happened, and, having done so, to apply to these facts the law as the judge has explained it to them. And they do. Often at great personal sacrifice. Though the popular culture sometimes asserts otherwise, the virtue of our jury system is that it most often gets it right. This is the great achievement of our system of justice. The jury's verdict commands the respect of this court, and that verdict must be sustained if there is substantial evidence to support it.
Furthermore, to the extent that the verdict rests upon the jury's evaluations of the credibility of individual witnesses, and the reasonable inferences to be drawn from that testimony, we owe deference to those decisions. In our system, the jury decides what the facts are, by listening to the witnesses and making judgments about whom to believe. This they have done, and, though invited to do so,
This is not to say that the judgment below is inviolable. Having determined what the facts are, a jury applies the law as the judge instructs them. The defendants' lawyers assert that there were errors in those instructions. They also contend that the court committed other legal mistakes during the course of the trial. Our duty as an appellate court is to answer properly presented questions from the parties in the case as to whether the law was correctly interpreted by the district court. With this in mind, we have reviewed the claims of legal error in the proceedings below, and our opinion as to their merit follows. First, however, we recount the facts as the jury found them.
Don Siegelman was elected Governor of Alabama in 1998 on a campaign platform that advocated the establishment of a state lottery to help fund education in Alabama. After his election, he established the Alabama Education Lottery Foundation (the "Foundation") to raise money to campaign for voter approval of a ballot initiative to establish a state lottery. Darren Cline, the Foundation's fundraising director, testified that Siegelman "called the shots" on the lottery campaign. The lottery initiative was eventually defeated in a referendum held in October of 1999.
On March 9, 2000, the Foundation borrowed $730,789.29 from an Alabama bank in order to pay down debt incurred by the Alabama Democratic Party for get-out-the-vote expenses during the lottery campaign. This note was personally and unconditionally guaranteed by Siegelman.
Richard Scrushy, the CEO of HealthSouth had served on the CON Board under three previous governors of Alabama. The CON Board is an arm of the State Health Planning and Development Agency and exists to prevent unnecessary duplication of healthcare services in Alabama. The Board determines the number of healthcare facilities in Alabama through a process that requires healthcare providers to apply for and obtain a certificate of a healthcare need before opening a new facility or offering a special healthcare service. The CON Board decides which healthcare applications will be approved for an announced healthcare need, choosing between competing applications and ruling on objections filed by an applicant's competitor. The Governor of Alabama has sole discretion to appoint the members of the CON Board, who serve at his pleasure.
Bailey testified that, after Siegelman's election in 1998, Siegelman met with Eric Hanson, an outside lobbyist for HealthSouth, and told Hanson that because Scrushy had contributed at least $350,000 to Siegelman's opponent in the election, Scrushy needed to "do" at least $500,000 in order to "make it right" with the Siegelman campaign. Bailey testified that Siegelman was referring to the campaign for the lottery initiative, and that Hanson was to relay this conversation to Scrushy. Bailey also testified that, in another conversation, Hanson told Bailey that Scrushy wanted control of the CON Board.
Mike Martin is the former Chief Financial Officer of HealthSouth. He testified that having influence over the CON Board was important to Scrushy and HealthSouth because it determined the number of healthcare facilities in the state, thereby affecting HealthSouth's ability to grow. He testified that Scrushy told him that to "have some influence or a spot on the CON Board," they had to help Siegelman raise money for the lottery campaign. Scrushy said that if they did so, "[they] would be assured a seat on the CON Board." Martin testified, "[W]e were making a contribution . . . in exchange for a spot on the CON Board."
Bailey testified that lobbyist Hanson "made it clear to him that if Mr. Scrushy gave the $500,000 to the lottery campaign that we could not let him down" with respect to the CON Board seat. Bailey also testified that he "reminded the Governor periodically of the conversations that [Bailey] had with Eric Hanson and the conversations that the Governor had with Eric Hanson about what Mr. Scrushy wanted for his contributions, and that was the CON Board."
Martin also testified that Scrushy told him that HealthSouth could not make the payment to the lottery campaign, nor could he do it personally because "we [HealthSouth] had not supported that and that his wife, Leslie, was against the lottery, and it would just look bad if HealthSouth made a direct contribution to the lottery, so we needed to ask—he instructed me in particular to ask our investment banker, Bill McGahan, from [the Swiss bank] UBS, to make the contribution."
Bill McGahan did not want to make such an "out of the norm" donation and hoped the matter would "go away." Over the next two weeks, Martin called McGahan at least once a day to ask him about the status of the UBS donation, and told McGahan that Scrushy was going to fire UBS if it did not make the contribution. Finally, Martin testified, Scrushy himself called McGahan to "put more pressure" on him to make the contribution.
McGahan testified that he did not want UBS to make such a large contribution directly, so he told Martin that he would get Integrated Health Services ("IHS") of Maryland to make the donation to the lottery campaign in exchange for UBS reducing an outstanding fee that IHS owed UBS. IHS agreed to this arrangement and donated $250,000 to the Foundation in exchange for a reduction of $267,000 in the fee it owed UBS.
The IHS "donation" was in the form of a check dated July 19, 1999, made payable from itself to the Foundation. Martin testified that Scrushy told him it was important that he, Scrushy, hand deliver the
Some time later,
Siegelman appointed Scrushy to the CON Board on July 26, 1999—one week after the date on the IHS check.
Darren Cline, the Foundation's fundraising director, testified that Siegelman gave him the IHS check and told him it was from Scrushy. Cline was concerned about the amount of the donation from one person, and Siegelman told him to hold the check. In November of 1999, however, at Siegelman's direction, Bailey retrieved the check and opened a new checking account in the Foundation's name at a Birmingham bank. Bailey made an initial deposit of $275,000—the $250,000 IHS check and a $25,000 check from another company. Cline was never told.
On March 9, 2000, the Foundation borrowed, from the same Birmingham bank, $730,789.29 to repay the Alabama Democratic Party's debt in connection with the lottery initiative and Siegelman guaranteed the loan. At that time, the Foundation had over $447,000 in its checking account at the bank, $250,000 of which had come from the IHS check deposited in November of 1999. On March 13, 2000, $440,000 was debited from the account to pay down the Foundation's loan.
In May, Siegelman and Bailey traveled to HealthSouth's headquarters in Birmingham, where Siegelman met privately with Scrushy in Scrushy's office. At that meeting, Scrushy gave Siegelman a check issued by HealthSouth for $250,000 payable to the Foundation.
The Foundation was required to disclose contributions received and expenditures made in statements filed with the Alabama Secretary of State. It failed to file timely any disclosure regarding any funds received until July of 2002, after Alabama newspapers questioned whether the financial dealings between the Foundation and the Alabama Democratic Party had been properly reported and the Secretary of State's Office had written a letter to the
Lanny Young was a long-time business associate of Siegelman's who testified that he was part of a "pay-to-play" arrangement with Siegelman existing over many years. He testified that he would provide money, campaign contributions, and other benefits in return for official action, as needed, that benefitted Young's business interests. He testified that in January of 2000, Siegelman asked him for $9,200 to buy a motorcycle. The evidence was that Siegelman had already purchased the motorcycle. Young testified that he and Bailey worked out the details for the transaction.
Bailey testified that he did not want Young to give the money directly to Siegelman, so Bailey told Young to write the check to him, Bailey, which he deposited into his own account. He then wrote a check to Lori Allen, Siegelman's wife, which he gave to Siegelman and which was deposited into Siegelman's bank account that same day. There was testimony that a check written to the IRS for fourth quarter estimated taxes would not have cleared the account but for the $9200 deposit.
By June of 2001, Siegelman was well aware of the federal-state investigation into the Foundation's finances and his dealings with Young. Bailey and Young each testified that, in an effort to cover up Young's $9,200 payment to Siegelman, Bailey gave Young a check for $10,503.39, on which he noted "repayment of loan [the $9,200] plus interest" in order to make it appear that he had borrowed the $9,200 from Young. Bailey also wrote a check to Siegelman for $2,973.35 with the notation "balance due on m/c" to provide a reason for his borrowing money from Young, which was to purchase the motorcycle from Siegelman. Bailey testified that he did not borrow the money to buy the motorcycle, but that Young's $9,200 had gone through him to Siegelman and "we used the motorcycle to cover it up." Bailey testified that Siegelman was aware of and approved Bailey's writing of the $10,503.39 check to Young.
Bailey testified that he gave Siegelman the $2,973.35 check at the office of Siegelman's attorney, who, along with Bailey's own attorney, was present for the transfer. Neither lawyer was told that the purpose of the transaction was part of the coverup of the $9,200 payment from Young to Siegelman. Siegelman accepted the check, and provided Bailey with a bill of sale for the motorcycle, which the attorneys helped finalize. Bailey testified that he lied about the transaction to the lawyers, that he and Siegelman knew that the federal investigation was going on, and that he later lied to federal investigators about the transaction to protect himself and Siegelman.
On December 12, 2005, a grand jury returned a second superseding indictment against Siegelman and Scrushy and two other defendants.
Trial on the indictment began on May 1, 2006. On June 29, 2006, the jury convicted Siegelman and Scrushy on the bribery, conspiracy and honest services mail fraud counts, and Siegelman was convicted of one count of obstruction of justice. The jury acquitted Siegelman on the remaining twenty-two counts. The other two defendants were acquitted on all counts against them.
Siegelman and Scrushy were each sentenced to approximately seven years in federal prison.
On appeal, Siegelman and Scrushy together allege nine errors in the trial proceedings. With respect to the bribery, conspiracy and honest services mail fraud counts against them, defendants assert that the court's instructions erroneously failed to require the jury to find a quid pro quo in order to convict; that, in any event, there was insufficient evidence of any quid pro quo; that the bribery counts were barred by the statute of limitations; and that the trial court erroneously admitted hearsay to prove these counts. Defendants also allege that there was juror misconduct requiring the grant of a new trial and that the procedures used to select their grand and petit juries violated the Jury Selection and Services Act of 1968 and the United States Constitution. Siegelman contends that there was insufficient evidence that he obstructed justice and that the district court abused its discretion in sentencing him by upwardly departing from the Sentencing Guidelines. We shall consider each of these allegations of error in turn.
The bribery statute under which defendants were convicted makes it a crime for a state official to corruptly agree to accept anything of value from another person "intending to be influenced" in that person's favor in an official action. 18 U.S.C. § 666(a)(1)(B).
Siegelman and Scrushy's bribery convictions in this case were based upon the donation Scrushy gave to Siegelman's education lottery campaign.
The Supreme Court has guarded against this possibility by interpreting federal law to require more for conviction than merely proof of a campaign donation followed by an act favorable toward the donor. McCormick v. United States, 500 U.S. 257, 111 S.Ct. 1807, 114 L.Ed.2d 307 (1991). In reviewing a Hobbs Act prosecution for the federal crime of extortion under color of official right, the Court said:
Id. at 272, 111 S.Ct. 1807.
To avoid this result, the Court made clear that only if "payments are made in return for an explicit promise or undertaking by the official to perform or not to perform an official act, are they criminal." Id. at 273, 111 S.Ct. 1807 (emphasis added). The Court quoted the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, which had said that:
Id. (quoting United States v. Dozier, 672 F.2d 531, 537 (5th Cir.1982)).
While the Supreme Court has not yet considered whether the federal funds bribery, conspiracy or honest services mail fraud statutes require a similar "explicit promise," the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals has observed that extortion and bribery are but "different sides of the same coin." United States v. Allen, 10 F.3d 405, 411 (7th Cir.1993).
The district court in this case instructed the jury that they could not convict the defendants of bribery in this case unless "the defendant and the official agree that the official will take specific action in exchange for the thing of value." (emphasis added). This instruction was fashioned by
Defendants, however, assert that this instruction was inadequate under McCormick. Defendants assert that the instruction failed to tell the jury that not only must they find that Siegelman and Scrushy agreed to a quid pro quo, the CON Board seat for the donation, but that this agreement had to be express. We disagree that McCormick requires such an instruction.
McCormick uses the word "explicit" when describing the sort of agreement that is required to convict a defendant for extorting campaign contributions. Explicit, however, does not mean express. Defendants argue that only "proof of actual conversations by defendants," will do, suggesting in their brief that only express words of promise overheard by third parties or by means of electronic surveillance will do.
But McCormick does not impose such a stringent standard. One year after McCormick, the Supreme Court approved the following jury instruction:
Evans v. United States, 504 U.S. 255, 258, 112 S.Ct. 1881, 119 L.Ed.2d 57 (1992). The Court held that the instruction "satisfies the quid pro quo requirement of McCormick v. United States." Id. at 268, 112 S.Ct. 1881. The Court said that the "Government need only show that a public official has obtained a payment to which he was not entitled, knowing that the payment was made in return for official acts." Id.
The instruction approved in Evans required that the acceptance of the campaign donation be in return for a specific official action—a quid pro quo.
But there is no requirement that this agreement be memorialized in a writing, or even, as defendants suggest, be overheard by a third party. Since the agreement is for some specific action or inaction, the agreement must be explicit, but there is no requirement that it be express. To hold otherwise, as Justice Kennedy noted in Evans, would allow defendants to escape criminal liability through "knowing winks and nods." 504 U.S. at 274, 112 S.Ct. 1881 (Kennedy, J. concurring). See also United States v. Blandford, 33 F.3d 685, 696 (6th Cir.1994) ("Evans instructed that by `explicit' McCormick did not mean express"); accord United States v. Giles, 246 F.3d 966, 972 (7th Cir.2001); United States v. Tucker, 133 F.3d 1208, 1215 (9th Cir.1998); United States v. Hairston, 46 F.3d 361,
Furthermore, an explicit agreement may be "implied from [the official's] words and actions." Evans, 504 U.S. at 274, 112 S.Ct. 1881 (Kennedy, J., concurring). As Justice Kennedy explained:
Id. See also United States v. Massey, 89 F.3d 1433, 1439 (11th Cir.1996) (holding that bribery conviction under general federal bribery statute, 18 U.S.C. § 201, may be supported by "inferences drawn from relevant and competent circumstantial evidence").
In this case, the jury was instructed that they could not convict the defendants of bribery unless they found that "the Defendant and official agree[d] that the official will take specific action in exchange for the thing of value." This instruction required the jury to find an agreement to exchange a specific official action for a campaign contribution. Finding this fact would satisfy McCormick's requirement for an explicit agreement involving a quid pro quo. Therefore, even assuming a quid pro quo instruction is required to convict the defendants under § 666, we find no reversible error in the bribery instructions given by the district court.
Counts 6, 7, 8 and 9 charge Siegelman and Scrushy with violations of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341 and 1346, which criminalize the use of the mails "to deprive another of the intangible right of honest services." Count 5 charges the defendants with a conspiracy to commit these "honest services" offenses, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371. Both defendants were convicted of all these counts.
After the defendants were convicted, the Supreme Court had the opportunity to consider the reach of these honest services criminal statutes. In Skilling v. United States, 561 U.S. ___, 130 S.Ct. 2896, 177 L.Ed.2d 619 (2010), the Court held that Congress intended these statutes to reach only those schemes to defraud the public that are based upon allegations of bribery and/or kickbacks.
Counts 6 and 7 charge that Scrushy's bribery of Siegelman deprived the public of the right to the defendant's honest services. Thus, there is no Skilling error here—a bribery (or kickback) scheme is required under Skilling and one was alleged.
Notwithstanding this fact, the defendants assert that their convictions on these counts must be reversed because the jury was not instructed that the government was required to prove a quid pro quo in order to convict them on a bribery theory of honest services fraud.
The honest services fraud alleged in Counts 6 and 7 of the indictment is predicated upon the same pay-to-play scheme that was alleged in the § 666 bribery counts—Counts 3 and 4.
Counts 8 and 9 allege a broader scheme than that alleged in Counts 6 and 7. These counts allege that Scrushy "would and did use his seat on the CON Board to attempt to affect the interests of HealthSouth and its competitors," and that Scrushy "would and did offer things of value to another Board member to attempt to affect the interests of HealthSouth and its competitors."
Although Counts 8 and 9 incorporate the bribery scheme, thus surviving Skilling, they allege a broader scheme of which, Siegelman argues, he was unaware and in which he did not participate. He contends that there was no evidence at trial to link him to Scrushy's self-dealing scheme. We agree.
Siegelman may be held criminally liable for Scrushy's conduct on the Board only if he was a knowing party to a scheme that included that conduct. United States v. Toney, 598 F.2d 1349, 1355 (5th Cir.1979). It was the government's theory, argued at trial and in its brief on appeal, that not only did Siegelman know that Scrushy wanted the seat in order to self-deal on the CON Board, but that "it was certainly foreseeable to Siegelman that Scrushy would bribe another Board member to further HealthSouth's interests" since "[a]fter all, Scrushy paid Siegelman $500,000 to get HealthSouth a seat on the Board in the first place." The problem for the government is that there was scant evidence at trial to support this position.
The evidence at trial was that Scrushy resigned from his seat on the Board in
While on the Board, Carman employed another member of the Board, Tim Adams, to prepare the application for the PET scanner, paying him $8000 to do so.
Six months later, the PET scanner application was also approved. At this meeting, Adams' presence was not necessary to the quorum. Carman recused himself, and Adams abstained from voting. The application was unopposed and passed unanimously.
Alva Lambert, the Executive Director of the Board, testified that unopposed applications were routinely approved, and that both these applications were consistent with prior Board actions. There was no evidence that Siegelman knew of Carman's actions in hiring Adams to prepare the application. There was no evidence that he knew of any of these Board actions.
The testimony in support of the government's allegation of a pay-to-play scheme whereby Scrushy paid Siegelman for a seat on the CON Board came principally from Bailey, Martin, Young, McGahan, and Skelton. Of these witnesses, only Skelton, HealthSouth's lawyer in charge of certificates of need, had any knowledge about Scrushy's subsequent alleged self-dealing while on the CON Board. Her testimony, however, did not mention Siegelman. Alva Lambert, the Executive Director of the CON Board during the relevant time and the other primary government witness in support of the allegations of Scrushy self-dealing, testified that the Siegelman CON Board was an "extremely well-balanced" Board, that CON Boards had never to his knowledge turned down an application for a PET scanner, and that he never saw Siegelman exert any influence or try to exert any influence whatsoever over a Board decision.
Neither in its brief nor at oral argument did the government point to any testimony in support of its allegation that Siegelman and Scrushy agreed to a broader scheme in which Scrushy would self-deal on the Board. Nor has our independent and careful review of record revealed any.
Rather, the government's brief argues that Siegelman's knowing participation in the broader self-dealing scheme may be inferred from three facts proven at trial: first, that Siegelman and Scrushy agreed to exchange the CON Board seat for money; second, that the amended Foundation financial statements that disclosed the Scrushy donations, which were filed around the time of the mailings, did not list Scrushy as the ultimate source of the IHS check; and third, that Siegelman was still governor when the PET scanner and
In view of this absolute lack of any evidence whatsoever from which the jury could infer that Siegelman knowingly agreed to or participated in a broader scheme that included Scrushy's alleged subsequent self-dealing while on the Board, we shall reverse Siegelman's convictions on Counts 8 and 9.
As to Scrushy's convictions on Counts 8 and 9, one thing is clear. After Skilling, his conviction cannot rest upon the self-dealing theory articulated in the indictment. The government, therefore, points to other allegations in Counts 8 and 9 that Scrushy bribed Tim Adams (a member of the CON Board) in order to obtain favorable CON Board action on the two HealthSouth applications. This post-Skilling theory of Scrushy's honest services fraud as to the Board remains viable. The issue on appeal, then, is whether the government sufficiently proved that Scrushy bribed Adams.
The government's proof of these allegations was that Scrushy resigned from his seat on the CON Board in January of 2001 and that, the next day, Siegelman appointed Thom Carman, HealthSouth vice-president, to the remainder of the term.
Carman employed another member of the Board, Tim Adams, to prepare the application for the PET scanner, paying him $8000 for the work. There was testimony that Scrushy "was aware" of this. There was also testimony that Adams was paid another $3000 for "additional work he apparently had done on the PET scanner application" in return for his agreement to attend the CON Board meeting at which HealthSouth's application for a rehabilitation hospital in Phenix City was considered. Lori Skelton, a HealthSouth lawyer testified that Adams had never written a CON Board application and that his work was substandard. At the meeting during which the hospital application was considered, Adams attended but abstained from voting, as he had prepared the application. Under the rules, his abstention did not affect the quorum, thus permitting a vote to be taken. There was no opposition to the application and the Board unanimously approved the application.
Six months later the PET scanner application was also approved. At this meeting, Adams' presence was not necessary to the quorum, and he again abstained from voting. The application was unopposed and passed unanimously. Alva Lambert, the Executive Director of the board testified that the unopposed applications were routinely approved, and that both these applications were consistent with prior board actions. There was no evidence that Scrushy knew of any of these actions.
During closing, the government primarily argued the Siegelman/Scrushy pay-to-play conspiracy, but did say that:
The government also argued that, as a result of the CON Board seat, Scrushy was able "to start manipulating Tim Adams' activities, start courting him and bringing him down and engaging in agreements to give him money."
We conclude that the evidence that Scrushy bribed Adams is insufficient to support Scrushy's conviction on these counts. The evidence at best shows only that Skelton hired Adams to prepare the scanner application, which he did, and for which he was paid. Scrushy was "aware" of this.
The government's case, even in Counts 8 and 9, was always primarily focused on the pay-to-play scheme between Scrushy and Siegelman. The vast majority of the allegations and testimony went to prove this scheme. The government always described the scheme alleged in Counts 8 and 9 as self-dealing, and its attempt now—post-Skilling—to emphasize the alleged bribery of Adams finds some, but not much, support in the proof. The evidence that Adams intended to alter his official actions as a result of the receipt of benefits from Scrushy is insufficient, and Scrushy's convictions on Counts 8 and 9 must be reversed.
Siegelman was charged with two counts of obstruction of justice.
Count 16 alleged that Siegelman corruptly persuaded Bailey to write a check for $10,503 to Young with the notation "repayment of loan plus interest." Count 17 alleged that Siegelman corruptly persuaded Bailey to write and give him a
The jury acquitted Siegelman of Count 16, but convicted him on Count 17. Siegelman contends that the evidence was insufficient to show that he persuaded Bailey to write the check charged in Count 17 or that he misled Bailey's attorney. We turn now to the evidence.
At trial, Young testified that in January of 2000, Siegelman asked him for $9200 to buy a motorcycle and that he gave it to Siegelman as part of the pay-to-play, on-going agreement he had with Siegelman. He also testified that, eighteen months later, after the federal-state corruption investigation began, he and Bailey had the following conversation:
Bailey testified that the coverup began when:
Bailey gave the following testimony regarding Siegelman's involvement in this first step in the coverup:
Bailey testified that the final step in the coverup was to give Siegelman a $2,793.35 check with the notation on it that it was "balance due on m/c" to make it appear
Finally, Bailey testified regarding his interview with the FBI regarding this meeting:
The jury considered all of this testimony and found Siegelman guilty of the obstruction of justice charged in Count 17, but not in Count 16. This means that the jury decided, as a matter of fact, that Siegelman persuaded Bailey to write the check for $2973.35, but not the initial check for $10,500.
In evaluating the sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury's verdict, we are required to "view the evidence in the light most favorable to the government and resolve all reasonable inferences and credibility evaluations in favor of the jury's verdict." United States v. Robertson, 493 F.3d 1322, 1329 (11th Cir.2007). The evidence needs not "be wholly inconsistent with every conclusion except that of guilt, provided that a reasonable trier of fact could find that the evidence established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt." Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
A reasonable juror could have concluded that Siegelman persuaded Bailey (he asked and Bailey agreed) to take the final step in the coverup by giving him a $2793.35 check with the notation that it was final payment for the motorcycle. See United States v. Tocco, 135 F.3d 116, 126-27 (2d Cir.1998) (affirming jury inference of persuasion from defendant's strong influence over witness who was employee); United States v. Morrison, 98 F.3d 619, 629-30 (D.C.Cir.1996) (making a request sufficient persuasion). The testimony was that Siegelman knew and agreed that Bailey would disguise Young's payment to Siegelman as a loan to Bailey to buy the motorcycle by "paying back" Young with his own check. The evidence further showed that Siegelman accepted and cashed the $2973.35 check from Bailey with the notation that it was final payment for the motorcycle. Finally, the jury had heard testimony that Bailey always did what Siegelman asked him to do.
The jury's acquittal on Count 16 shows that it was not convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that Siegelman instigated the coverup by directing Bailey to "pay back" Young with the initial $10,500 check. But, by the time Bailey wrote the check to Siegelman for $2793.35, just over four months later, as a final step in the coverup,
This sort of split verdict is itself evidence that the jury considered the charges carefully and individually, addressed the strength of the evidence on each charge, and reached a reasoned conclusion. See United States v. Dominguez, 226 F.3d 1235, 1248 (11th Cir.2000) (making these comments in the context of allegations of premature jury deliberations).
Siegelman's argument against the sufficiency of this evidence is the same he made against his convictions on virtually all the other counts—that the evidence in this case was not perfect, that it relied too heavily on circumstances and required the jury to draw inferences from those circumstances that might have been drawn differently by different jurors.
But this is far too academic a view of trial by jury. In the absence of a defendant's confession or observation of his wrongdoing by a third person, proof by circumstantial evidence and the fair inferences to be drawn therefrom is both necessary and permissible. Siegelman's contention throughout his brief that "there was no evidence" to support a particular inference too often means merely that there was no evidence other than Bailey or Young's testimony. While Siegelman may not approve that the testimony of co-conspirators was sufficient to support the jury's findings of fact, the jury was free to disregard or disbelieve it. They believed it.
With respect to the "misleading" prong of the statute, the evidence was more than sufficient to support the jury's finding that the delivery of the final check in the presence of the two lawyers and the use of the lawyers to "finalize" the sale of the motorcycle to Bailey was an attempt to "create witnesses as part of a cover-up and to use unwitting third parties or entities to deflect the efforts of law enforcement agents in discovering the truth," United States v. Veal, 153 F.3d 1233, 1247 (11th Cir.1998) (statute satisfied by "the possibility or likelihood that [the defendants'] false and misleading information would be transferred to federal authorities . . ."). The jury was entitled to infer from the sham check transaction in Bailey's lawyer's presence that Siegelman intended to mislead the lawyer into believing that the transaction was legitimate, that Bailey had, indeed, purchased the motorcycle from him, and that the check was final payment. As the "unwitting third party," the lawyer would be in a position factually to support the coverup since Siegelman clearly knew that there was a "possibility" that the federal investigators would come asking.
Defendants challenge the admission of Hanson's out-of-court statement to Martin at a HealthSouth retreat in the fall of 1999. Martin testified that Hanson "was bragging about the fact that he was able to get [HealthSouth] a spot on the CON Board with the help of the [IHS] check."
Under Fed.R.Evid. 801(d)(2)(E), a court has the discretion to admit co-conspirator statements made during and in furtherance of the conspiracy. The court's admission
This court applies a liberal standard in determining whether a statement was in furtherance of a conspiracy. United States v. Santiago, 837 F.2d 1545, 1549 (11th Cir.1988). "The statement need not be necessary to the conspiracy, but must only further the interests of the conspiracy in some way." United States v. Miles, 290 F.3d 1341, 1351 (11th Cir.2002). "[I]f the statement `could have been intended to affect future dealings between the parties,' then the statement is in furtherance of a conspiracy." United States v. Caraza, 843 F.2d 432, 436 (11th Cir. 1988) (quoting United States v. Patton, 594 F.2d 444, 447 (5th Cir.1979)). Finally, "[s]tatements between conspirators which provide reassurance, serve to maintain trust and cohesiveness among them, or inform each other of the current status of the conspiracy further the ends of the conspiracy . . . ." United States v. Ammar, 714 F.2d 238, 252 (3d Cir.1983). Even defendants concede that boasting or bragging is in furtherance of a conspiracy if the statements are directed at obtaining the confidence or allaying the suspicions of co-conspirators. Santiago, 837 F.2d at 1549.
Hanson's statement at the HealthSouth retreat furthered the conspiracy. We agree with the government that, given Martin's own involvement in the conspiracy (obtaining the IHS check), Hanson's bragging to him about purchasing the CON Board seat "with the help of" the IHS check informed Martin that their plan had worked and that Martin's involvement had helped. This alone is sufficient to permit its introduction under Ammar, 714 F.2d at 252. Additionally, however, the statement is easily seen to affect the coconspirators' future dealings because Martin's assistance might be needed in connection with the second $250,000 donation and Hanson knew this. Thus, Hanson's statement easily meets the Caraza standard. 843 F.2d at 436 (approving statement admitted after several acts of conspiracy helping to ensure final acts). The district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting this evidence.
Defendants filed a joint motion for a new trial under Fed.R.Crim.P. 33(a), alleging juror misconduct by way of both juror exposure to extraneous information as well as by improper juror deliberation and that each impropriety violated the Sixth Amendment and requires a new trial.
The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees the
We presume, however, that the jury has been impartial. United States v. Winkle, 587 F.2d 705, 714 (5th Cir.1979).
If the district court concludes the exposure to the extrinsic evidence was harmless to the defendant, on appeal, we review this conclusion for an abuse of discretion. Id. at 1296 n. 33. In doing so, we look at all the circumstances and we consider: (1) the nature of the extrinsic evidence; (2) the manner in which it reached the jury; (3) the factual findings in the district court and the manner of the court's inquiry into the juror issues; and, (4) the strength of the government's case. Id. at 1299-1300.
Defendants attached several exhibits to their motion regarding juror misconduct, including news articles after the trial and copies of affidavits by Juror 5 and his wife and his wife's pastor. This material, especially the affidavit of Juror 5, suggested that, during the trial, some of the jurors may have seen information about the trial on the internet.
Finding that the defendants had made a colorable showing of extrinsic influence on the jury, the district court held a hearing to which all twelve jurors were summoned and told to bring with them any material related to outside information that they or any other juror considered during trial or deliberations. At the hearing, the court asked each juror a series of twelve questions designed to reveal the nature and extent of any extrinsic evidence to which the jurors were exposed.
Based upon this testimony, the district court found that there was credible evidence establishing that during deliberations some of the jurors were exposed to the following extrinsic evidence: (1) a copy of the Second Superseding Indictment obtained
As a matter of fact, and based upon the testimony given by the jurors in the hearing, the district court found that the extrinsic evidence accessed from the district court's own website by Juror 7 and mentioned by him in jury deliberations did not pertain to any substantive issue in defendants' trial. It concerned only the process of deliberation. Furthermore, it did not contradict any instruction given by the court, was consulted and discussed for only a few moments of a more than five-day deliberation. It was discussed to encourage full participation by all the jurors. The district court concluded that the exposure of the jury to this extrinsic information was harmless to the defendants.
We agree. In substantially similar circumstances, we affirmed a district court's decision that a new trial was not required in a case where the jury foreman went to the library and checked out a book entitled What You Need to Know for Jury Duty, and then exposed the jury to it. United States v. De La Vega, 913 F.2d 861, 869 (11th Cir.1990). In that case, the foreperson read the book, implemented suggestions for jury procedures outlined in the book, brought the book to the jury room, and showed some other jurors a page in the book that outlined organizational steps for deliberation. Id. at 869-70. We held that the district court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that there was no reasonable possibility that the introduction of this extrinsic information prejudiced the defendants such that a new trial was required. Id. at 870-71.
The district court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that the introduction of similar information in this case was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. The district court carefully investigated this matter. Its factual findings that this information was unrelated to the charges or any evidentiary matter in the case, and that it was introduced by a juror, not an outside influence, are not clearly erroneous. Furthermore, the district court held, and we agree, that the government's case was strong on the counts of conviction. In view of these findings, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in holding that there was no reasonable possibility of prejudice to the defendants arising out of the exposure of the jury to this extrinsic evidence and denying the motion for a new trial.
During trial, the district court granted the government's motion to cure what the court had determined was mutiplicitous charging of the federal funds bribery counts by removing reference to Siegelman in Count 4 and to Scrushy in Count 3 of the Second Superseding Indictment.
Based upon its questioning of the jurors, the district court found that Juror 7 and Juror 40 accessed a copy of the unredacted Second Superseding Indictment early during the jury's deliberations.
The district court found that the two jurors had been exposed to the unredacted indictment, which was extrinsic information, and that other jurors had been exposed to the fact that those jurors had obtained a copy of the document from the internet. Considering the totality of the circumstances, including the substantial evidence of defendants' guilt on the counts of conviction, the district court concluded that the jury's exposure to this extrinsic information was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt and it denied them a new trial.
We agree. This extrinsic evidence was the charging document itself. The district court specifically found that, prior to the redaction, the jurors had been repeatedly exposed to comment by the court and all the parties on the contents of the Second Superseding Indictment. Exposure to the original indictment, including the duplicitous charging, was, therefore, innocuous and cumulative of information properly before the jury. The district court specifically found that the exposure of any juror to the unredacted indictment would not have provided that juror with factual information to which the juror did not already properly have access, nor would it have provided that juror with any legal knowledge different from that provided to the jury as a whole.
Furthermore, the jury was repeatedly instructed that the indictment was not evidence of guilt, and that it must decide the case solely on the evidence properly admitted during the trial. The jury is presumed to follow the district court's instructions. See United States v. Shenberg, 89 F.3d 1461, 1472 (11th Cir. 1996).
Based upon the district court's investigation of this claim, its careful review of the nature, source and use of the extrinsic information in the context of the substantial evidence of defendants' guilt, we hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying defendants a new trial for this reason.
During the hearing, Jurors 7, 22, and 40 revealed that they had inadvertently experienced limited exposure to some media coverage during the trial. These jurors testified that, despite their best efforts, they had overheard snippets of television coverage or seen headlines regarding the case in newspapers or online. The court found that such limited, inadvertent exposure was not surprising given the intense media scrutiny of the trial. The court further found that the jurors' testimony was especially credible since it was clear to it that the jurors felt compelled to disclose even the most incidental and inadvertent exposure to extrinsic information. Juror 22 testified that she would leave the room or mute the television when the news came on, and Jurors 7 and 40, who saw headlines, testified that they did not read the accompanying stories prior to the verdict. The court also found that there was
Our review of the record supports these findings and the district court's conclusion that the exposure of these jurors to media reports about the trial was harmless. In view of the limited and incidental nature of this exposure and the substantial evidence of defendants' guilt on the counts of conviction, we hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying the defendants a new trial for this reason.
Defendants rely upon purported emails allegedly exchanged between jurors during trial and deliberations. Documents said to be copies of such exchanges were mailed anonymously to the defense, to argue that there was both premature jury deliberation and deliberation by fewer than all the jurors in this case, and that this improper deliberation deprived the defendants of their Sixth Amendment right to an impartial jury.
These allegations posed a very different problem for the district court from those suggesting that the jury had been subject to external influences. District courts are subject to very stringent limitations on their authority to question jurors about their deliberations, and to use one or more juror's testimony to impeach the verdict of all. In fact, for nearly a century, the Supreme Court has recognized a near-universal and firmly established common-law rule flatly prohibiting the use of juror testimony to impeach a verdict. Tanner v. United States, 483 U.S. 107, 117, 107 S.Ct. 2739, 97 L.Ed.2d 90 (1987); McDonald v. Pless, 238 U.S. 264, 35 S.Ct. 783, 59 L.Ed. 1300 (1915).
The Court has repeatedly emphasized the important policy considerations that require the shielding of juries from public scrutiny of their deliberations. Williams v. Florida, 399 U.S. 78, 100, 90 S.Ct. 1893, 26 L.Ed.2d 446 (1970). "The essential feature of a jury obviously lies in the interposition between the accused and his accuser of the commonsense judgment of a group of laymen, and in the community participation and shared responsibility that results from that group's determination of guilt or innocence." Id. Because our system of justice so prizes this unique and essential feature of our criminal justice system, it both anticipates and tolerates some level of imperfection in the system. United States v. D'Angelo, 598 F.2d 1002, 1004-05 & n. 4 (5th Cir.1979).
Tanner, 483 U.S. at 120-21, 107 S.Ct. 2739 (internal citations omitted).
Permission to attack jury verdicts by postverdict interrogations of jurors would
In an effort to protect the jury system, the Federal Rules of Evidence enshrine the common law rule against the admission of a juror's testimony to impeach the jury's verdict. Rule 606(b) provides:
Fed.R.Evid. 606(b).
By disallowing a juror to impeach the jury's verdict by testimony about their deliberations, the rule operates to protect jurors from postverdict investigation and to protect the verdict from endless attack.
We have previously affirmed district courts that have denied motions for a new trial while declining to conduct investigations into jury deliberations. Cuthel, 903 F.2d at 1381. In Cuthel, we held that the district court did not abuse its discretion in failing to conduct an evidentiary hearing despite evidence of premature deliberations by the jury and evidence of intrajury pressure to reach a verdict. Id. at 1383; see also United States v. Barshov, 733 F.2d 842, 852 (11th Cir.1984) (duty to investigate arises only in the context of extrinsic influence); McElroy by McElroy v. Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., 894 F.2d 1504, 1511 (11th Cir.1990) (denying defendant's requests to interview the jury members based on allegations of improper deliberations).
The court based this conclusion upon its factual findings that some of the emails might relate to discussion of the case prior to the submission of the case to the jury, that others might indicate limited deliberation by fewer than all the members of the jury, and that some indicate possible consideration of penalties faced by the defendants. According to the district court, this was the most that the emails showed.
The court concluded that, while "it is unquestionably clear that such discussions constitute misconduct, it is not the sort of conduct that this Court can or should directly inquire into by interrogating jurors, nor is it in this Court's view grounds for granting a new trial." Considering the totality of the circumstances, the strength of the government's case, the length of jury deliberations, and the court's instructions to the jury, including the instructions not to decide or discuss the case prematurely, the district court held that there was no reasonable possibility that the defendants suffered prejudice from any premature deliberations, discussion of penalty, or deliberation with fewer than all the members of the jury present.
We agree. Additionally, we note that the verdict in this case was split in that Siegelman was acquitted of many of the charges.
We conclude, therefore, that the district court did not abuse its discretion in deciding that the purported emails, assuming they are authentic, do not entitle defendants to a new trial. The district court applied the relevant factors to the email evidence, and was well within its discretion to conclude that they did not demonstrate premature deliberation or deliberation with fewer than all jury members sufficient to arise to a constitutional violation.
Scrushy contends that he is entitled to a new trial because Chief Judge Fuller should have disclosed his "extraordinary extrajudicial income from business contracts
A motion for recusal based upon the appearance of partiality must be timely made when the facts upon which it relies are known. The untimeliness of such a motion is itself a basis upon which to deny it. Phillips v. Amoco Oil Co., 799 F.2d 1464, 1472 (11th Cir.1986). The rule has been applied when the facts upon which the motion relies are public knowledge, even if the movant does not know them. See National Auto Brokers Corp. v. General Motors Corp., 572 F.2d 953, 957-59 (2d Cir.1978). The purpose of the rule is to "conserve judicial resources and prevent a litigant from waiting until an adverse decision has been handed down before moving to disqualify the judge." Summers v. Singletary, 119 F.3d 917, 921 (11th Cir.1997).
Scrushy's recusal motion was untimely, based upon information readily available to him prior to trial, and has all the earmarks of an eleventh-hour ploy based upon his dissatisfaction with the jury's verdict and the judge's post-trial rulings. It has no merit.
Federal criminal defendants have both a statutory and a constitutional right to a grand and a petit jury selected at random from a fair cross-section of their community. Juror Selection and Service Act of 1968, 28 U.S.C. §§ 1861-1869 (the "JSSA"); U.S. Const. amend. VI. By its terms, the JSSA provides remedies for only a "substantial failure to comply" with its requirements for jury selection procedures that are random, objective, and that produce a jury that is a fair-cross section of the community. 28 U.S.C. § 1861 and 1867(d). Mere technical deviations from the JSSA's requirements do not violate the JSSA if they do not result in impermissible discrimination in the jury selection process. United States v. Gregory, 730 F.2d 692, 699 (11th Cir.1984).
Before their trial, both Siegelman and Scrushy filed virtually identical motions, alleging that the Middle District of Alabama committed substantial violations of the JSSA in constructing its Qualified Jury Wheels in 2001 and 2005, and in the selection from those wheels of both their grand and petit juries. Defendants claimed that these violations resulted in their juries being not a fair-cross section of their community. Specifically, Scrushy and Siegelman challenged the Middle District's liberal deferral policy and its procedures for summoning previously deferred jurors, claiming that they resulted in juries that under-represented African-Americans. The district court denied these challenges. Defendants appeal this denial.
A panel of this court has upheld the jury selection procedures of the Middle District of Alabama in a case raising virtually the same claims as those asserted here. United States v. Carmichael, 560 F.3d 1270 (11th Cir.2009). Carmichael held that the Middle District's jury selection procedures—including the liberal deferral policy and the procedures for summoning previously deferred jurors—did not substantially violate the JSSA. Id. at 1281. Additionally, Carmichael held that the Middle District's jury selection procedures did not result in the systematic under-representation of African-American jurors on the 2001 Qualified Jury Wheel or
In his brief, which Siegelman adopted, Scrushy acknowledges the identity between the claims presented in Carmichael and his claims presented here, conceding that "[b]ut for the fact that only the petit jury which was drawn from the 2001 jury wheel was challenged there [and the petit jury was drawn from the 2005 wheel here], the issues presented overlap." This is not surprising since the same expert who opined in Carmichael about alleged violations of the JSSA and the Constitution is relied upon here, using the same evidence in support of those claims. At the time defendants filed their pre-trial motion, however, Carmichael had not yet been decided. Now that it has, it disposes of their claims as to the 2001 jury wheel.
With respect to the 2005 wheel, the district court in this case held that defendants were not entitled to any relief because the challenged objectivity and randomness practices did not apply to that wheel. Additionally, the district court found that defendants had not shown the absolute racial disparity between the composition of his juries and the community at-large of over 10% that is required to establish a statutory or constitutional violation. See Carmichael, id.; see also United States v. Grisham, 63 F.3d 1074, 1078-79 (11th Cir. 1995). We agree.
Defendants' claims regarding the Middle District of Alabama's jury selection procedures are without merit and do not entitle them to any relief.
Siegelman contends that the district court's decision to grant an upward departure under U.S.S.G. §§ 2C1.1 cmt. n. 5, 5K2.0 (2002) violated the First Amendment and 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) because it was allegedly based on Siegelman's statements criticizing the prosecutors in and the prosecution of this case. If this were true, we might agree.
In both its written motion for an upward departure and its arguments at sentencing, the government maintained that Siegelman's criminal conduct reflected such a systematic and pervasive corruption of the office of Governor and Lieutenant Governor, as well as various state agencies, such as the CON Board, as to cause a loss of public confidence in the government of the State of Alabama. The government's motion focused on this allegation of systematic and pervasive corruption of state government. The government contended that Siegelman "for over six years abused the Executive Branch of the State of Alabama."
The statute permits and the cases relied upon by the government uphold upward departures where the district court finds that there was pervasive corruption of a governmental function resulting in a loss of public confidence in state or local government. See U.S.S.G. §§ 2C1.1 cmt. n. 5, 5K2.0; United States v. Shenberg, 89 F.3d 1461, 1476-77 (11th Cir.1996); United States v. Reyes, 239 F.3d 722, 744-45 (5th Cir.2001).
Although the government did refer at sentencing to Siegelman's very public criticisms of the federal criminal justice system, including complaints of selective prosecution, there is no indication that the court based its upward departure decision on these attacks. In replying to Siegelman's
In considering the request for an upward departure "as set forth in the Government's motion," the district court found that Siegelman's conduct resulted in a loss of public confidence in the executive branch of Alabama government. The district court took judicial notice of the "plethora of media attention" to the case by the local and national media, and relied on this in finding that the case had severely undermined public confidence in Alabama state government.
Siegelman does not contend that an upward departure for his systematic and pervasive corruption of state government was inappropriate, and even his attorney at sentencing conceded that "certainly the argument could be made, in all candor, that there could be some question as to public confidence in this case."
The district court expressly stated that it was upwardly departing in order to "preserve the integrity of the judiciary and the confidence of the people of the state of Alabama in its elected officials." We find no abuse of discretion in the district court's upward departure in sentencing Siegelman.
As to Siegelman, we affirm Counts 3, 5, 6, 7 and 17. We reverse as to Counts 8 and 9 and vacate the convictions on these counts.
As to Scrushy, we affirm as to Counts 4, 5, 6, and 7. We reverse the convictions on Counts 8 and 9. Scrushy's sentence as to Counts 8 and 9 is vacated.
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED. All pending motions in this case are DENIED. Remanded for resentencing.
First question: Did anyone other than another juror try to influence your thinking about this case or your vote on the substantive counts against any Defendant?
Second question: Do you have any reason to believe that any juror was subjected to attempts to influence his or her thinking about the case by anyone other than another juror?
Third question: Did anyone other than another juror attempt to discuss the case with you during the time you were a juror in this case?
Fourth question: During the time that you were serving as a juror did you view any news reports or other information relating to this case or to any Defendant from sources such as newspapers, magazine, radio, or television broadcasts or Internet sites?
Fifth question: During the time that you were serving as a juror did you view any materials from any books, newspapers, Internet sites or any other source relating to any witness, any legal issue, or any factual issue related to this case?
Sixth question: During the time that you were serving as a juror did you in any way attempt to independently investigate any facts or law relating to this case?
Seventh question: During the time that you were serving as a juror did you overhear any conversations between persons not on the jury or between non-jurors as to any member of the jury relating to this case?
Eighth question: During the time that you were serving as a juror did you view or hear any extraneous information about
Ninth question: During the time that you were serving as a juror did you obtain extraneous information from any source about your role as a juror, your jury service generally, or the role of the foreperson?
Tenth question: During the time that you served as a juror did any other juror say or do anything that caused you to believe that he or she may have been exposed to extraneous information as I have defined it about this case from any source?
Eleventh question: During the time that you were serving as a juror did you view or hear any extraneous information about either the law applicable to this case or any factual material relating to this case?
Twelfth question: Did you bring any documents in response to the subpoena relating to extraneous information?
Since a campaign donation—unlike bags of cash delivered to the official himself—is protected First Amendment activity and, indeed, the normal course of politics in this country, due process requires that the potential campaign donor have notice of what sort of conduct is prohibited. Absent an explicit agreement to "buy an appointment" there is nothing inherently corrupt about a donation followed by an appointment. It is the corrupt agreement that transforms the exchange from a First Amendment protected campaign contribution and a subsequent appointment by a grateful governor into an unprotected crime.
In McCormick, which interpreted the extortion under color of official right statute, the Court required such an agreement—a quid pro quo—in order to prove that the official and the campaign contributor corruptly agreed to a specific exchange. In so doing, the Court protected both the First and the Fifth Amendments by reading the statute to require an agreement to swap money for office, thereby putting both government officials and potential contributors on notice that such an agreement would subject them to prosecution.
Although Skilling refers us to the pre-McNally bribery cases as examples of the fact patterns that would supply notice of what constitutes an honest services bribery violation, none of these cases was a campaign donation case. After Skilling, it may well be that the honest services fraud statute, like the extortion statute in McCormick, requires a quid pro quo in a campaign donation case. Thus seen, § 1346 would criminalize only the agreement to exchange a campaign donation for an appointment The official's duty to provide honest services, which includes the duty to exercise his appointment powers independently of the receipt of any campaign donation, would be violated only by an agreement to exchange an appointment for a campaign donation. Such an agreement would amount to the official's "selling" to the appointee the official's duty and authority to make appointments.
