NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 12a0256n.06
                                                                                              FILED
                                             No. 10-1695
                                                                                         Mar 07, 2012
                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                  LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                          )
                                                   )
        Plaintiff-Appellee,                        )
                                                   )    ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v.                                                 )    STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
                                                   )    WESTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
EUGENE WALTER GEORGE RANTANEN,                     )
                                                   )                    OPINION
        Defendant-Appellant.                       )



        Before: COLE and STRANCH, Circuit Judges; CARR, District Judge.*

        JANE B. STRANCH, Circuit Judge. Defendant Eugene Rantanen was convicted of sexual

abuse of a minor (sometimes also called “statutory rape”) in Indian country pursuant to 18 U.S.C.

§§ 2243(a) and 1153 for having sexual intercourse with his then-girlfriend when she was fourteen

years old and he was eighteen.1 Rantanen appeals his conviction and sentence on the grounds that

(1) the district court improperly instructed the jury that he had the burden to prove his innocence, (2)

statements made in violation of his Fifth Amendment rights were erroneously admitted into

evidence, (3) his sentence is procedurally unreasonable because the district court failed to address



       *
        The Honorable James G. Carr, Senior United States District Judge for the Northern District
of Ohio, sitting by designation.
       1
        Although the dates of birth for the minors in this case have been redacted from the record,
the prosecutor stated during closing arguments that the age differential was about four years and
three months. This puts Rantanen just outside the four-year “window” within which a person may
engage in a sexual act with a minor without violating the statute. 18 U.S.C. § 2243(a)(2).
his main argument for a downward variance, and (4) the Government failed to disclose Brady

material. Finding no error, we AFFIRM Rantanen’s conviction and sentence.

                                           I. BACKGROUND

       On October 28, 2008, Eugene Rantanen was indicted by a federal grand jury on four counts

of various sex offenses against S.P., a minor.2 On September 16, 2009, a Superseding Indictment

added a fifth count for sexual abuse of a minor against a different alleged victim, R.G. A two-day

trial was held three months later, which focused almost entirely on the allegations in the first four

counts relating to S.P. Rantanen’s defense to these counts was generally that the alleged sexual acts

did not occur and S.P. lied about her age.

       The only evidence directly relating to the fifth count was the relatively brief testimony of

R.G. herself. On direct examination, R.G. stated that she began dating Rantanen when she was

twelve or thirteen, that they first had “consensual” sexual intercourse when she was fourteen, and

that they had sexual relations “[l]ike three or four times” in total. On cross examination, she agreed

with Rantanen’s attorney that she never complained to anyone that Rantanen had “committed any

kind of crime against” her, that he never “forced sex” on her, and that she loved him and believed

he loved her.3 Rantanen provided no evidence or argument to refute the elements in the fifth count.4




       2
           The minors in this case are referred to by their initials.
       3
        The jury also heard her agree that she does not “feel like [she is] a victim of a crime,”
although the court sustained a relevance objection after her answer.
       4
        Rantanen’s counsel was presumably attempting to pursue a “strategy of jury nullification.”
United States v. Steverson, 

, 223 (6th Cir. 2000); see United States v. Jones, 

, 676 (6th Cir. 1997).

                                                     2
       The jury acquitted Rantanen on each of the first four counts but convicted on the fifth. Two

jurors wrote letters to the court after their verdict lamenting their “disheartening” and “gut-

wrenching” decision to convict in count five but acknowledging their understanding that they had

“no choice” to do otherwise under the law.5 One of the letters urged the court to “afford some

leniency” in sentencing. At the sentencing hearing, the district court calculated the Guidelines range

to be 57-71 months. The Government and Rantanen advocated upward and downward variances,

respectively. After considering these arguments, the district court imposed a sentence at the lower

end of this range—57 months’ imprisonment—to be followed by ten years of supervised release.

Rantanen filed a timely appeal.

       Before his appellate brief was filed, Rantanen alleges he was told that R.G. had previously

claimed to have been the victim of an unrelated sexual assault but law enforcement authorities

deemed her claims to be “false.”6 The prosecutor who handled Rantanen’s trial did not provide this

information in response to Rantanen’s pre-trial request for Brady materials and claims to have been

ignorant of it at the time, though he was able to locate reports from tribal police and/or the F.B.I.

relating to an investigation of R.G.’s allegations. The parties give conflicting accounts of the

contents of these reports, which are not in the record.




       5
         Rantanen’s attorney stated during the sentencing hearing that “more than one juror
approached [him]” with the same concerns, although it is unclear whether these were different jurors
from the ones who wrote the letters, and if so, whether they had any additional feelings about the
verdict.
       6
         As will be discussed below, the Government disputes the substance of this characterization
of the evidence.

                                                  3
                                         II. DISCUSSION

A.     Jury Instructions

       Rantanen first argues that the district court erred in instructing the jury on the applicable

burden of proof. During jury instructions, the court stated:

       To find the defendant guilty, every one of you must agree that the defendant has
       overcome the presumption of innocence that proves his guilt beyond a reasonable
       doubt—with evidence that proves his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

       After the jury retired to deliberate, the prosecutor told the judge that the word “defendant”

had been substituted in place of the word “government” before the phrase “has overcome the

presumption.” Rantanen’s attorney declined the judge’s offer to bring the jury back into the

courtroom for the correct sentence to be read, stating “I think they got the message by that time.”

Before taking a recess, the judge stated: “[W]e will send the sanitized version of the jury charge

back” to the jury along with the exhibits.

       Because Rantanen did not object to the jury instruction—and “indeed, he acquiesced in it”—

we review for plain error. United States v. Cleaves, 

, 567 (6th Cir. 2002). “An

instruction is not plainly erroneous unless there was an egregious error, one that directly leads to a

miscarriage of justice.” United States v. Daniels, 

, 409 (6th Cir. 2011) (quoting United

States v. Yang, 

, 551 (6th Cir. 2002)). “A judgment may be reversed based upon an

improper jury instruction only if the instructions, viewed as a whole, were confusing, misleading,

or prejudicial.” United States v. Ross, 

, 527 (6th Cir. 2007) (quoting United States v.

Harrod, 

, 892 (6th Cir. 1999)) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       On its face, the jury instruction at issue may appear to violate the “clearly establish[ed]”

principal that, “[i]n a criminal trial, the State must prove every element of the offense.” Joseph v.


                                                  4
Coyle, 

, 464 (6th Cir. 2006) (quoting Middleton v. McNeil, 

, 437 (2004)).

However, it seems clear to us—as it did to Rantanen’s trial attorney—that, in the context of all the

instructions, the jury would have interpreted the statement as merely a “slip of the tongue.” This

Court has found that a similarly mistaken instruction—that the defendant, rather than the

government, has the burden to “convince you beyond a reasonable doubt”—did not result in plain

error for two reasons. United States v. Edwards, 215 F. App’x 417, 421 (6th Cir. 2007). “First, the

district court correctly stated the government’s burden of proof in the written instructions provided

to the jury.” Id.; see also United States v. Jones, 

, 710 (10th Cir. 2006) (joining five

other circuits in holding “slip-of-the-tongue” errors to be either harmless or not plain when coupled

with correct written instructions).7 Second, “the court repeatedly stated the government’s burden

correctly during its preliminary instructions to the jury and its final charge to the jury.” Edwards,

215 F. App’x at 421; see also O’Neal v. Morris, 

, 146-47 (6th Cir.1993), vacated on other

grounds sub nom., O’Neal v. McAninch, 

(1995). Here, the correct burden was

articulated, among other places, in the very next sentence: “To find the defendant not guilty, every

one of you must agree that the government has failed to convince you beyond a reasonable doubt.”

(Emphasis added). Moreover, the court’s misstatement was clearly a “complete non sequitur”

because a defendant obviously would have no desire to overcome the presumption of innocence to

prove his own guilt. United States v. Ancheta, 

, 1117 (9th Cir. 1994). In light of these

considerations, we hold that the mistaken sentence at issue here did not amount to plain error.



       7
         We do not reach the question of whether the correct written instructions alone would have
been sufficient to preclude reversible error. See United States v. Ancheta, 

, 1117 (9th
Cir. 1994) (observing that “often oral instructions are used to cure typographical and other errors in
written instructions”).

                                                  5
B.     Miranda Violation

       Rantanen urges this Court to grant him a new trial on the basis that the Government violated

his Fifth Amendment rights by introducing at trial statements he made in custody without receiving

the proper warnings. See Miranda v. Arizona, 

, 471-72 (1966). Rantanen concedes that

he did not object to the introduction of these statements at trial or move to suppress them prior to

trial but suggests that we can still review this claim for plain error. However, Federal Rule of

Criminal Procedure 12 “provides that a party waives the ability to bring a motion to suppress by

failing to file a motion before the pretrial motion deadline.” United States v. Walden, 

,

967 (6th Cir. 2010) (citing Fed. R. Crim. P. 12(b)(3), (e)). Although Rule 12(e) allows courts to

grant relief from waiver for “good cause,” we have held that even plain error review is precluded

when “a defendant completely fails to file a pretrial motion to suppress evidence.” United States v.

Jordan, 

, 666 (6th Cir. 2008); 

.8

       Though Rantanen may pursue this claim through a collateral appeal by arguing that his

attorney was ineffective for failing to raise a timely motion to suppress, 

(citing Massaro v. United States, 

, 504 (2003); 28 U.S.C. § 2255), it is precluded from

review here.

C.     Procedural Reasonableness

       Rantanen argues his sentence is procedurally unreasonable because the district court failed

to specifically address his arguments that he deserved a lower sentence because he and R.G. were

“dating and in love” and because she did not consider herself a “victim.” “It is well established that,


       8
        This Court has sometimes referred to this as a “jurisdictional” bar. United States v. Collier,
246 F. App’x 321, 336 & n.5 (6th Cir. 2007); e.g., 

. The result is the same
regardless of whether this term is applied.

                                                  6
as part of its sentencing procedure, a court must consider all non-frivolous arguments in support of

a lower sentence.” United States v. Gunter, 

, 645-46 (6th Cir. 2010) (citing United

States v. Blackwell, 

, 774 (6th Cir. 2006)). In reviewing this procedure, this Court looks

to the entirety of the sentencing proceedings to determine whether we are satisfied that the district

court fulfilled its obligation to “conduct a meaningful sentencing hearing and truly consider the

defendant’s arguments.” 

“We are to focus less on what the transcript reveals that the

court said and more on what the transcript reveals that the court did.” 

did not

object at the sentencing hearing, he concedes that his claim will be reviewed for plain error. See 

          After reviewing the record, we are satisfied that the sentencing judge “has considered the

parties’ arguments and has a reasoned basis for exercising his own legal decision making authority.”

United States v. Chiolo, 

, 184 (6th Cir. 2011) (quoting Rita v. United States, 

, 356 (2007)). Further, the matter at issue—Rantanen’s relationship with R.G.—was addressed

by the court. After Rantanen raised it at the sentencing hearing and mentioned the jury’s

unhappiness with their obligation to convict on the fifth count, the court responded, “In other words,

the jury followed the law? . . . That’s what they are supposed to do.” Moreover, Rantanen’s

arguments were addressed when the court provided the following reasoning for its sentence:

          I think there is one view that, you know, the defendant here is just a young kid who
          is out sewing his wild oats. That happens all of the time at the . . . [Indian]
          reservation and other places, and there is another that he . . . is a predator who is
          wanting to satisfy his sexual desires at all costs, no matter what the age or condition
          of the partner. . . . Those two obviously cannot be reconciled, although . . . it is
          probably some of both, at least that’s the safest conclusion that I can reach here, and
          that’s the best I can do with it. . . .




                                                    7
       The government wants an upward variance. The defense wants a lower variance. I
       think that the Court is going to basically set his sentence at the low end of the
       guidelines, because I think that’s probably about right. I don’t think that . . . we
       should pile upon him. At the same time, I don’t think we need to—or should be
       giving him any breaks at this point.

       Because we conclude Rantanen’s arguments were addressed, we need not consider the

Government’s suggestion that matters of the victim’s consent and perceived harm are per se

frivolous as a matter of law in a statutory rape case. But see 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1) (providing that

sentencing judge must consider “the nature and circumstances of the offense”).

D.     Brady Violation

       Rantanen’s final issue on appeal is that his constitutional right to due process was violated

when the Government failed to disclose exculpatory evidence. See Brady v. Maryland, 

,

87 (1963). This evidence apparently consists of reports generated by tribal police and/or the FBI

indicating that the victim in count five had previously filed sexual assault allegations unrelated to

this case which were investigated but did not result in criminal charges. Rantanen learned about the

allegations from a friend while incarcerated following his conviction. The prosecutor in charge of

Rantanen’s case claims to have been ignorant of the investigation until Rantanen’s attorney asked

him about it during the pendency of this appeal, at which time he was able to locate the records.

       Because of the time at which he discovered the existence of this information, Rantanen raises

his Brady claim for the first time on appeal. “This court normally will not address an issue not first

raised in the district court unless exceptional circumstances are present.” United States v. McLain,

9 F. App’x 463, 464 (6th Cir. 2001) (citing Enertech Elec., Inc. v. Mahoning Cnty. Comm’rs, 85




                                                  

, 261 (6th Cir. 1996)). As both parties recognize, such circumstances do not exist here.9

The record does not contain the reports themselves and the parties disagree about exactly what is

contained therein: Rantanen submits that the reports demonstrate that the tribal police and F.B.I.

“investigated her allegations and concluded that they were false” whereas the Government submits

the reports “did not involve a finding that [the victim in count five] was lying or fabricating what she

described.” Cf. United States v. Neeley, 308 F. App’x 870, 880 (6th Cir. 2009) (deciding to consider

Brady issue on direct appeal when content of material was undisputed and no further factual

development was required). Accordingly, Rantanen’s Brady claim is best raised in the first instance

in the district court in a collateral appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255.

                                        III. CONCLUSION

        For the reasons provided above, Rantanen’s conviction and sentence are AFFIRMED.




       9
         Rantanen states that he is merely presenting this claim on direct appeal “in order to avoid
a claim that the issue has been waived or forfeited.”

                                                   9