Filed: May 20, 2011
Latest Update: Feb. 22, 2020
Summary: In The United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit _ No. 09-2516 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. SIDNEY O. SELLERS, Defendant-Appellant. _ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Indiana, Hammond Division. No. 2:08-cr-00023-RL-APR-1— Rudy Lozano, Judge. _ ARGUED May 18, 2010 — DECIDED May 19, 2011* _ * This opinion is being released initially in typescript form. 2 No. 09-2516 Before O’CONNOR**, Associate Justice, and KANNE and ROVNER
Summary: In The United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit _ No. 09-2516 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. SIDNEY O. SELLERS, Defendant-Appellant. _ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Indiana, Hammond Division. No. 2:08-cr-00023-RL-APR-1— Rudy Lozano, Judge. _ ARGUED May 18, 2010 — DECIDED May 19, 2011* _ * This opinion is being released initially in typescript form. 2 No. 09-2516 Before O’CONNOR**, Associate Justice, and KANNE and ROVNER,..
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In The
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
_______________________
No. 09‐2516
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff‐Appellee,
v.
SIDNEY O. SELLERS,
Defendant‐Appellant.
_________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Indiana, Hammond Division.
No. 2:08‐cr‐00023‐RL‐APR‐1— Rudy Lozano, Judge.
__________________________
ARGUED May 18, 2010 — DECIDED May 19, 2011*
_________________________
* This opinion is being released initially in typescript form.
2 No. 09-2516
Before O’CONNOR**, Associate Justice, and KANNE
and ROVNER, Circuit Judges.
ROVNER, Circuit Judge. As part of a sting operation,
police officers and Drug Enforcement Administration
officers staked out Sidney Sellers’s car. When they pulled
the car over for traffic violations, they found a fully loaded
handgun registered in Illinois. Sellers, however, was in
Indiana. Upon arrest for possession of a handgun without
the requisite license, an inventory search of Sellers’s car
revealed several bags containing crack cocaine. Sellers was
charged with and convicted by a jury of possession with
intent to sell crack cocaine and possession of a firearm used
in drug trafficking, and sentenced to 180 months
incarceration. In this court, Sellers argues that the district
court deprived him of his Sixth Amendment right to choice
of counsel by failing to grant a continuance, that the court
erred in denying his motion to suppress evidence gathered
pursuant to the search of his vehicle, and that the
government lacked sufficient evidence at trial to prove him
guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the drug offense.
Because we find that Sellers was indeed denied his Sixth
Amendment right to counsel of his choosing, the judgment
of the district court is vacated and the case remanded for a
The Honorable Sandra Day O’Connor, Associate Justice of
**
the United States Supreme Court (Ret.), sitting by
designation pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 294(a).
No. 09-2516 3
new trial. We need not address Sellers’s other issues
presented for review.
I.
Our holding obviates the need to detail the facts
surrounding Sellers’s criminal activity and arrest. Instead,
we focus on the particulars surrounding Sellers’s choice and
retention of counsel, and the district court’s response.
Sellers initially retained attorney David Wiener to
represent him against the drug and gun charges.
Apparently, shortly after Sellers engaged Wiener, Wiener
approached attorney Michael Oppenheimer and asked him
to appear as secondary counsel. R. 36, Tr. 5/9/08 at 10‐11.
Oppenheimer, by all indications, was a stranger to Sellers,
having never been hired by him. Nevertheless,
Oppenheimer filed an appearance, Wiener did not. Thus at
his probable cause and detention hearing on February 22,
2008, Sellers appeared with Oppenheimer alone.
Oppenheimer appeared with Sellers again on March 13,
2008, at his arraignment before Magistrate Judge Rodovich.
At that hearing, the magistrate judge set a deadline of April
12, 2008, for pre‐trial motions, April 25 for the pre‐trial
conference, and May 12 for trial. The pre‐trial conference
was later re‐set to May 2, 2008 due to Oppenheimer’s
automobile trouble on April 25.
4 No. 09-2516
At the pre‐trial conference on May 2, Oppenheimer
indicated that he would file imminently two motions — a
motion to suppress evidence and a motion to continue. The
magistrate judge set dates requiring pre‐trial motions by
May 6 and government responses by May 20. The latter date
fell eight days past the original trial date, presumably
anticipating that the district court would grant the
continuance. The magistrate judge indicated, nevertheless,
that these dates were contingent upon the district court’s
grant of a continuance.1 On May 5, the district court judge
issued an order setting a status conference for the following
day.
Oppenheimer filed his motion to suppress evidence
on May 6. The government immediately objected that the
motion was late, having not been filed within the thirty days
following the March 13 arraignment as originally ordered.
The next day, Sellers filed his motion for a continuance,
1 The parties have informed this court that they are unable to
provide transcripts of the proceedings before Magistrate
Judge Rodovich on May 2, 2008, as they were held in
chambers and off the record. R. 36. We therefore have only
the parties’ representations of what Magistrate Judge
Rodovich said at that hearing. After conferring with the
magistrate judge, the district court judge stated on the
record, and Sellers’s counsel confirmed, that the magistrate
judge unequivocally informed the defendant that the dates
he was setting were contingent on the district court’s grant
of a continuance. See R. 36, Tr. 5/9/08 at 5‐6, 26‐27.
No. 09-2516 5
which asserted first, that counsel had filed the motion to
suppress on May 6 in reliance on the magistrate judge’s
briefing schedule, and second, that Sellers required a
continuance to allow him to proceed with his counsel of
choice, David Wiener. R. 26 at 2.
That same day, May 7, the district court judge denied
both the motion for a continuance and the motion to
suppress evidence. In dismissing the motion to continue, the
court explained that the case had been set for trial since
March 13, 2008, and that Sellers had filed the motion for the
continuance just three business days before the scheduled
trial date. The district court did note that the magistrate
judge had extended the dates for filing, but stated that
“Magistrate Rodovich gave the dates for the filing of the
motion to suppress and the response contingent upon this
Court granting a motion to continue.” R. 30 at 2. The
district court judge also claimed to be “baffled” by the
information that David Wiener was lead counsel and
counsel of choice for Sellers. Wiener, the court noted, had
yet to file an appearance in the case, and Oppenheimer’s
associate had failed to mention a proposed change in
counsel when appearing at the status hearing.
“Additionally,” the district court judge wrote, “it is typically
this Court’s rule that new counsel take the case as they find
it.” R. 30 at 2. Finally, the district court noted that Sellers’s
attorney had missed several filing deadlines and failed to
show good cause to file a late motion. In short, the district
6 No. 09-2516
court denied the motion for a continuance and confirmed the
trial date of May 12, 2008.
Oppenheimer appeared again with Sellers on May 9
and orally renewed his motion for a continuance. Wiener,
Oppenheimer explained, had been retained by Sellers to act
as lead counsel in the case and had informed Oppenheimer
that he would file his appearance shortly. Wiener, however,
was scheduled to begin a murder trial in state court on May
12, the date Sellers’s trial was set to start, and then a second
murder trial on May 19. Consequently, because
Oppenheimer had not intended to act as lead counsel, and
had not prepared adequately for trial, and because Wiener
was not available, Oppenheimer renewed his motion for a
continuance. The court again denied the motion but delayed
the trial one week as a courtesy to counsel, to allow the
parties to brief the motion to suppress. The new trial date of
May 19, 2008, was no better for Wiener, as he was scheduled
to begin his second murder trial in state court that day.
On May 12, at a pre‐trial hearing, Oppenheimer again
appeared for Sellers, but informed the court that Wiener
would enter his appearance that day and that Wiener was
hopeful that he would be able to appear for trial on May 19.
Sellers appeared before the district court judge again
on Friday, May 16, after he informed the court that he
wished to fire Oppenheimer. Sellers addressed the court
No. 09-2516 7
and announced first, that he had not chosen Oppenheimer as
his counsel, second, that he had retained Wiener, and third,
that because Wiener had never appeared, he had been in
contact with two additional attorneys, one of whom he
hoped to hire. The district court informed Sellers that
although he was free to fire Oppenheimer, the court was
unlikely to grant a continuance to allow new counsel
additional time to prepare for trial. Sellers reiterated that he
wished to fire Oppenheimer but reluctantly agreed to
continue with him until he could be assured that he had
substitute counsel for trial.
On the scheduled date of trial, Monday, May 19, 2008,
Sellers appeared with both Oppenheimer and his newly
retained attorney, Santo Volpe. Each counsel and the
defendant addressed the court announcing his situation:
Sellers told the court, “I don’t want Mr. Oppenheimer to
represent me. We have too many differences on the case.
We don’t see eye to eye. We don’t get along.” R. 74, Tr.
5/19/08 at 7. The new attorney, Volpe, reported that he
would file an appearance in the case only if the court would
continue the case to allow him adequate time to prepare for
trial. Finally, Oppenheimer informed the court that Sellers
had fired him on Friday and hired Volpe in his stead. The
district court judge denied the informal motion to continue,
explaining that he had already attempted to accommodate
counsel by hearing an untimely motion to suppress, by
pushing back the trial date from May 12 to May 19, and by
8 No. 09-2516
cancelling his attendance at a Seventh Circuit conference.
The court noted further that Sellers’s repeated promises that
Wiener would file an appearance never came to fruition.
The district court then instructed Sellers that he was free to
fire Oppenheimer (who, it is worth repeating, Sellers had
never hired in the first place), but that if another attorney
did not enter his appearance that day, Sellers would have to
proceed to trial pro se. Sellers ultimately agreed “under
protest,” as he put it, to continue with Oppenheimer as his
counsel. R. 74, Tr. 5/19/08 at 8,13. Following a three day jury
trial, Sellers was convicted on all counts. He was later
sentenced to a term of imprisonment of 180 months. After
unsuccessful post‐trial motions, Sellers filed this appeal.
In this court, Sellers argues that the district court’s
refusal to grant him a continuance deprived him of his Sixth
Amendment right to choice of counsel. We agree that Sellers
was deprived of his Sixth Amendment right and that he is
therefore entitled to a new trial.
II.
The Sixth Amendment grants a defendant the right to
assistance of counsel. United States v. Gonzalez‐Lopez, 548
U.S. 140, 144 (2006). This includes the right, when the
defendant has the means to retain his own attorney, to be
represented by counsel of choice. Id. Consequently, a court
cannot arbitrarily or unreasonably deny a defendant the
No. 09-2516 9
right to retain chosen counsel. Carlson v. Jess, 526 F.3d 1018,
1024 (7th Cir. 2008). The right is separate from the
generalized due process right to a fair trial, and thus the
deprivation of the right is complete when the defendant is
erroneously denied counsel of choice. Gonzalez‐Lopez, 548
U.S. at 148. Such a denial constitutes structural error and
justifies reversal without inquiry into prejudice. Id. at 150.
The right to counsel and the right to engage counsel
of one’s choosing, however, are not absolute. A court retains
wide latitude to balance the right to choice of counsel against
the needs of fairness to the litigants and against the demands
of its calendar. Gonzalez‐Lopez, 548 U.S. at 152; United States
v. Smith, 618 F.3d 657, 666 (7th Cir. 2010); United States v.
Carrera, 259 F.3d 818, 824‐25 (7th Cir. 2001). This means, of
course, that trial courts have broad discretion to grant or
deny a request for a continuance to substitute new counsel.
Carlson, 526 F.3d at 1025. “Only an unreasoning and
arbitrary insistence upon expeditiousness in the face of a
justifiable request for delay” violates the Sixth Amendment
right. Carrera, 259 F. 3d at 825. In determining whether the
decision was arbitrary, we consider both the circumstances
of the ruling and the reasons given by the judge. United
States v. Santos, 201 F. 3d 953, 958 (7th Cir. 2000).
In its May 7 order, the district court offered three
primary explanations for its initial denial of a continuance.
First, the motion was filed past the deadline for pre‐trial
10 No. 09-2516
motions set by the magistrate judge and only days before
trial. R. 30 at 1‐2. Second, Sellers’s preferred counsel had
not yet filed an appearance and even if he had, the court
would follow its own rule that if a defendant wishes to hire
a new lawyer, that “new counsel take the case as they find
it.” R. 30 at 2. Third, Oppenheimer had repeatedly missed
other deadlines in the matter.2 Id.
After the court issued the order, Oppenheimer
renewed his motion orally before the court during pre‐trial
hearings. In sticking with his original denial, the district
court, from the bench, offered several additional
explanations for denying the continuance. These included
the fact that the court had already accommodated the
defendant by moving the case back one week, the
government had timely turned over discovery, the case was
not complex, the judge had cancelled his attendance at the
Seventh Circuit judicial conference, the delay of the trial
would affect other cases in need of trial dates, and that he
was responding to the propensity of other Illinois counsel to
request last minute continuances.
2 Interestingly, the court denied the motion for a continuance
to substitute new counsel in part because of the failings of
counsel. Under this reasoning, a defendant whose lawyer
fails to comply with the court’s deadlines will be saddled
with his ineffective counsel precisely because the lawyer is
ineffective.
No. 09-2516 11
To determine whether the decision was arbitrary, we
consider the reasons for denial articulated by the district
court judge. See Santos, 201 F.3d at 958. We begin with the
court’s repeated statement — reiterated four times — that
the continuance would be denied, in part, because “it is
typically this Court’s rule that new counsel take the case as
they find it.” R. 30 at 2. See also R. 74, Tr. 5/19/08 at 5; R. 36,
Tr. 5/16/08 at 4, 26. This is not, however, the rule in this
Circuit. Quite the opposite. The Sixth Amendment
demands that a district court may not arbitrarily and
unreasonably deny a continuance to provide for choice of
counsel. Carlson, 526 F.3d at 1024. Adhering to a rigid rule
that “a lawyer must take the case as he finds it” is exactly the
type of arbitrary rule that the Sixth Amendment prohibits.
See Id. at 1026. Thus a myopic insistence on proceeding with
a scheduled trial date in the face of a valid request for a
continuance is arbitrary and unreasonable. United States v.
Miller, 327 F.3d 598, 601 (7th Cir. 2003).
But what of the district court’s other explanations for
the denial? The district court seemed particularly concerned
about the “eleventh‐hour” filing for a continuance and the
related fact that Sellers’s attorney had missed the deadlines
for other pre‐trial filings. See R. 30 at 1 (criticizing the 11th
hour motion); R. 36, Tr. 5/9/08 at 15‐16, 20 (same); R. 36, Tr.
5/16/08 at 18 (same); R. 74, Tr. 5/19/08 at 12 (same); R. 30 at
2‐3 (criticizing counsel for ignoring other pretrial filing
deadlines); R. 36, Tr. 5/9/08 at 31, 34 (same); R. 74, Tr. 5/19/08
12 No. 09-2516
at 10 (same). A district court, after all, has a legitimate
interest in ensuring that parties abide by scheduling orders
to ensure prompt, orderly, and fair litigation. Campania
Mgmt. Co., Inc. v. Rooks, Pitts & Poust, 290 F.3d 843, 851 (7th
Cir. 2002). Even where Sixth Amendment rights are at stake,
a district court legitimately can balance the right to counsel
of choice against the demands of its calendar and make
scheduling and other decisions that effectively exclude
chosen counsel. Gonzalez‐Lopez, 548 U.S. at 152. The key,
however, is whether the court has indeed balanced those
interests, or instead has acted arbitrarily.
It is through this lens that we view the district court’s
explanation that the defendant’s motion for a continuance
came too late. Oppenheimer filed the first motion for a
continuance on May 7, 2008, five days (three business days)
before the originally scheduled May 12 trial date. This fact,
the government says, distinguishes Sellers’s case from one
upon which the defendant heavily relies – Carlson, 526 F.3d
at 1018. In Carlson, this Circuit found that the court had
denied a defendant his Sixth Amendment right to counsel of
choice when he requested new counsel four days prior to
trial. “Most notably, in Carlson,” the government says, “the
defendant filed his motion one week before trial . . . . In
contrast, Sellers failed to file his first written motion for [a]
continuance until three business days before trial was
scheduled to begin.” (Government brief at 22‐23). This
juxtaposition is confounding. In fact, both Carlson and
No. 09-2516 13
Sellers filed their motions at approximately the same point
in litigation — in Carlson’s case, on August 23, just four
days (and two business days) before the scheduled August
27 trial. Carlson, 526 F.3d at 1020. Sellers, on the other hand,
filed his motion five days (three business days) prior to trial.
In reviewing the Carlson case, this court found that the
timing of Carlson’s motion was understandable as he had
filed his motion to substitute immediately after he retained
new counsel, he had never requested substitute counsel
previously, he had no history of gaming the system, and the
time since arraignment was “relatively short.” Carlson, 526
F.3d at 1026. The court also noted that the case was
relatively simple and would not require a lengthy trial nor
many witnesses. The same can be said for Sellers on all
counts (in fact, the time from Sellers’s arraignment to the
scheduled trial date was only sixty days – shorter by more
than a third than Carlson’s ninety‐nine days). See also Santos,
201 F.3d at 958‐59 (two and a half months from indictment to
trial was not, among other reasons, a reason to deny a
continuance). Like Sellers, Carlson informed the court that
communication between his lawyer and himself had
completely broken down and that they could not agree on
an approach to the defense. Carlson, 526 F.3d at 1027. If
there is any difference at all, it is that Carlson remained in
custody while his case was pending whereas Sellers was
released on bond. Although this may have given Sellers
incentive to delay his trial, there is no evidence in the record
that his request to delay the trial in order to accommodate
14 No. 09-2516
the appearance of his counsel of choice was filed in an
attempt to postpone incarceration. To the contrary, this was
the first and only motion for a continuance that Sellers filed
prior to trial, and there was an abundance of evidence that,
from day one, Sellers had been represented by a lawyer he
never chose.
We look, however, not just at how close to trial the
request came, or how long it has been since the arraignment,
but rather, as the court did in Carlson, we look at the whole
of the circumstances surrounding the last minute filing. See
also Smith, 618 F.3d at 666 (looking at the court’s comments,
taken as a whole); Santos, 201 F.3d at 958 (“the appellate
court must consider both the circumstances of the ruling and
the reasons given by the judge for it”). At arraignment, the
magistrate judge ordered all pretrial motions to be filed
within thirty days of the March 13, 2008 arraignment (i.e. on
April 12, 2008), and set a trial date for May 12, 2008. As of
the pre‐trial conference on May 2, 2008, Oppenheimer had
not filed any pre‐trial motions on Sellers’s behalf. On that
date, Oppenheimer informed the magistrate judge that he
was not counsel of choice and that he would file a motion for
a continuance to give Sellers’s chosen counsel the
opportunity to file an appearance and prepare for trial. In
light of that information, the magistrate judge extended the
deadlines for filing motions, contingent on the district
court’s grant of the continuance. Oppenheimer, apparently
expecting Wiener to replace him at any moment, failed to
No. 09-2516 15
file the pre‐trial motion to suppress by the original April 12
date. He also failed to file his proposed jury instructions,
proposed voir dire, and joint statement of the case as
originally required, errantly relying on the magistrate’s
judge’s contingent extension.
There is no doubt that Oppenheimer was at fault for
missing deadlines while waiting for Wiener to appear, and
for incorrectly relying on the magistrate judge’s contingent
extension. But a court that sacrifices a Sixth Amendment
right without viewing the circumstances of the case as a
whole acts arbitrarily. When viewed through the lens of the
case as a whole, we see that Oppenheimer assumed from the
get‐go that Wiener would be taking the helm. Wiener asked
Oppenheimer only for his assistance as second chair. R. 36,
Tr. 5/9/08 at 9‐12. Although this does not justify
Oppenheimer’s failure to meet the court’s deadlines, it does
provide some evidence that Oppenheimer did not fail to
prepare the case for trial and seek a continuance as a delay
tactic or for other illegitimate reasons, but rather he delayed
preparation in true anticipation that Wiener would step in as
he apparently had promised. Oppenheimer appeared to be
counting on Wiener’s appearance until the bitter end. See R.
36, Tr. 5/9/08 at 11 (“It is my understanding, Judge, that Mr.
Wienerʹs appearance has not yet been filed, although he
plans on filing his appearance”); R. 36, Tr. 5/12/08 at 3 (“The
Court: you were advised that he was going to enter an
appearance today? Mr. Oppenheimer: That’s correct, your
16 No. 09-2516
Honor.”); Id. at 8 (“The Court: Mr. Wiener is still going to
enter an appearance you thought today some time? Mr.
Oppenheimer: Yes.”); R. 36, Tr. 5/16/08 at 22 (“The Court: As
late as this week did Mr. Wiener tell you he was going to
appear. Sellers: Yes.”).
Moreover, although it is true that the district court
admonished Oppenheimer to prepare for trial, it issued that
warning on the Friday prior to a Monday trial. R. 36, Tr.
5/16/08 at 27. The district court advised, “Mr. Oppenheimer,
I suggest that you get ready for trial on Monday until such
time as you are terminated, if you are terminated.” Id.
(emphasis supplied). In fact, Sellers contacted Oppenheimer
later that very day to fire him. R. 74, Tr. 5/19/08 at 8‐9. In
short, it does not appear that Sellers was attempting to delay
his trial or game the system. See Carlson, 526 F.3d at 1026;
Santos, 201 F.3d at 959.
The district court spoke generically of how
continuances burden other litigants and the court’s calendar.
R. 36, Tr. 5/12/08 at 4; R. 74, Tr. 5/19/08 at 11. But the fact
that the district court failed to inquire of either
Oppenheimer, or later Volpe, how long substitute counsel
would need to prepare adequately for trial evidences a
failure to actually balance the right to choice of counsel
against the needs of fairness, and suggests that the district
court unreasonably viewed any delay as unacceptable. See
United States v. Williams, 576 F.3d 385, 390 (7th Cir. 2009)
No. 09-2516 17
(“The failure to inquire how long the defense needs to
prepare suggests that the district court unreasonably
considered any delay unacceptable: That sort of rigidity can
only be characterized as arbitrary.”); see also Carlson, 526 F.3d
at 1026. A district court’s schedule, although a significant
consideration, does not automatically trump all other
interests. Smith, 618 F.3d at 666. As this court has noted,
trial dates frequently open when cases settle and defendants
plead. Carlson, 526 F.3d at 1026. Although the district court
had a two‐to‐three week political corruption trial set to begin
May 26 (i.e. a week after Sellers’s trial began) (R. 36, Tr.
5/9/08 at 22‐23), even the inconvenience of pushing a trial
back a month or so can easily be outweighed by a
defendant’s interest in having counsel of choice. See Carlson,
526 F.3d at 1026.
The record provides no evidence that the court
balanced any of these circumstances against the needs of
fairness and the demands of its calendar. See Gonzalez‐Lopez,
548 U.S. at 152. It seems instead that the court stood on
unyielding principle — the principle that new counsel must
“take the case as he finds it;” the principle that continuances
will not be granted for those who request them at the
eleventh‐hour and miss other deadlines; and the principle
that delay of one case will unfairly backlog other cases.
In addition to the more compelling “eleventh‐hour”
and court scheduling rationales articulated by the district
18 No. 09-2516
court, its opinion and oral rulings are riddled with
indications of generalized annoyance with defendant’s
counsel that smack of an arbitrary application of the rule as
retribution for both counsel’s own errors, and the errors of
others. Most strikingly, the district court confessed:
I also ran into the problem where there were
other cases with Illinois counsel, who just
happened some were Illinois counsel, and they
were counsel that were appearing at the 11th
hour and asking for continuances because of
new counsel. So if I got excited with you, that
was one of the reasons you caught my wrath
because of the dilemma that was being caused
by that.
R. 36, Tr. 5/12/08 at 5. There can be no more arbitrary and
unreasonable application of a rule than as punishment for
the missteps of another lawyer in an unrelated case. There
were plenty of other indications that the court was simply
annoyed with Oppenheimer. The court appeared to
disbelieve everything from Oppenheimer’s claim of car
trouble at one status hearing to his scheduled appearance on
another out‐of‐state matter. See, e.g., R. 30 at 2
(“Oppenheimer failed to appear at the first pretrial
conference in front of Magistrate Rodovich, claiming car
trouble”); R. 30 at 3, (“Oppenheimer now claims to be in
New Mexico on a matter, but does not explain why this
No. 09-2516 19
takes precedence to a trial, or why he was not prepared.”)3
The district court judge even complained that he “canceled
in part for this case my attendance at the Seventh Circuit
Judicial Conference, which is being held in Chicago today,”
R. 74, Tr. 5/19/08 at 7, and finally, that he had already “spent
a substantial amount of time getting ready for this case over
the weekend and in the last few weeks.” Id. at 12; R. 36, Tr.
5/9/08 at 20.
We reiterate that a court certainly may consider how
last minute continuances and missed deadlines tread upon
the rights of parties and the demands of a court’s calendar.
The key, however, is that these legitimate considerations
must be balanced against the reasons in support of the
motion for a continuance to accommodate new counsel.
Carlson, 526 F.3d at 1026‐27. Here, the court failed in its duty
to look also at the other side of the scale and to weigh
Sellers’s rationale for terminating Oppenheimer. The court
ought to have considered the fact that Oppenheimer had
never been Sellers’s counsel of choice (R. 36, Tr. 5/16/09 at
23). This was not a case where a defendant hired one
counsel and then later changed his mind. More importantly,
communication between Sellers and Oppenheimer had
completely deteriorated. R. 74, Tr. 5/19/08 at 7 (“I don’t want
3 The district court judge later conceded that Oppenheimer
had a “well founded” excuse for missing the status
conference to attend a previously scheduled hearing in New
Mexico. R. 36, Tr. 5/9/08 at 13.
20 No. 09-2516
Mr. Oppenheimer to represent me. We have too many
differences on the case. We don’t see eye to eye. We don’t
get along.”). Furthermore, the court must have known that
Oppenheimer was unprepared for trial. The court had
informed Oppenheimer that he should prepare for trial until
such time as he was terminated. R. 36, Tr. 5/16/08 at 27. But
Oppenheimer made clear to the court that he was informed
on the Friday before the Monday trial that he had been fired.
R. 74, Tr. 5/19/08 at 8‐9. In fact Oppenheimer was apparently
so certain that he was terminated that he had made
arrangements to appear in another courthouse in another
matter on the date set for Sellers’s trial, and had to call his
office from Judge Lozano’s courtroom to arrange for another
lawyer to appear. R. 74, Tr. 5/19/08 at 17.4
The district court also had the duty to consider that
Sellers’s new counsel and counsel of choice, Volpe, informed
the court that “I would be doing a great, great disservice to
Mr. Sellers if I attempted to try this case this week.” R. 74,
Tr. 5/19/08 at 12. Furthermore, Sellers made it clear that he
was not prepared to proceed pro se. “Well, Your Honor, I
can’t represent myself.” Id. at 7. Thus the court knew that
Sellers was left with three choices: First, he could opt for a
lawyer, not of his choosing, who, although somewhat
4 It was clear that he was not prepared to give an opening
statement that day, as it was less than one page of transcript
(250 words) and failed to present any coherent theory of the
case. R. 74, Tr. 5/19/08 at 177‐78.
No. 09-2516 21
familiar with the case, was unprepared for trial, and with
whom he could not get along or agree. Second, he could
pick a lawyer of his choice who was completely unfamiliar
with his case and wholly unprepared for trial; or third, he
could represent himself, again without any time to prepare
for trial or study the law. Sellers’s reasons for needing a
continuance were facially valid, yet the district court failed
to explore them or balance them against the legitimate
reasons for denying the motion for a continuance. See
Carlson, 526 F. 3d at 1026‐27.
The government argues that Sellers’s case is similar to
United States v. Carrera, where this court upheld the trial
court’s denial of a continuance for substitution of counsel
made in the days just prior to trial. Id. 259 F.3d 818 (7th Cir.
2001). The government ignores the fact that, because
Carrera’s proposed new attorney never actually appeared to
move for a continuance, the district court could not engage
in the exact type of balancing that is essential before
deciding whether a continuance is warranted. Id. at 825 For
this reason, Carrera’s lawyer’s motion to withdraw as
counsel was denied.5 Carrera, 259 F.3d at 825 (“because his
attorney never moved for a continuance, we do not know if
5 Carrera’s attorneys filed an emergency motion to withdraw
noting that Carrera had terminated their representation.
Carrera’s new counsel, however, did not appear and never
filed a motion to continue or for substitution of counsel.
Carrera, 259 F.3d at 822‐23.
22 No. 09-2516
the government would have opposed the motion, if the
judge had a scheduling conflict, or if a continuance would
have caused hardship to any of the parties.”)
Under Gonzalez‐Lopez, this constitutional violation
constitutes a structural error not subject to review for
harmlessness. Id., 548 U.S. at 148‐49, 152. It is impossible to
know what different choices, if any, Wiener or Volpe would
have made in how they approached the pre‐trial motions,
how they defended Sellers at trial, and what impact those
differences might have had on the outcome of the
proceedings. Id. at 150. The error affected the framework of
the trial and pre‐trial proceedings and denied Sellers his
Sixth Amendment right to choice of counsel.
As a final matter, on May 9, 2011, Sellers moved this
court for a temporary release on bond pending appeal. That
motion to this court is now moot, but in light of the exigent
situation regarding Sellers’s mother and her declining
health, the district court shall construe that motion as one
made to it and shall decide the motion with all due haste.
The judgment and sentence below are VACATED,
and this case is REMANDED for a new trial, including all
pre‐trial proceedings. The mandate shall issue immediately.