In the
 United States Court of Appeals
              For the Seventh Circuit
                        ____________

No. 02-2312
DONALD R. JOHANSEN,
                                           Plaintiff-Appellant,
                              v.

JO ANNE B. BARNHART,
Commissioner of Social Security,
                                          Defendant-Appellee.
                        ____________
          Appeal from the United States District Court
             for the Western District of Wisconsin.
           No. 01-C-613-S—John C. Shabaz, Judge.
                        ____________
 ARGUED NOVEMBER 5, 2002—DECIDED DECEMBER 23, 2002
                    ____________


  Before FLAUM, Chief Judge, and CUDAHY and COFFEY,
Circuit Judges.
  FLAUM, Chief Judge. Donald Johansen applied for So-
cial Security benefits, alleging disability due primarily to
back pain and depression. The administrative law judge
(“ALJ”) concluded that Johansen was not disabled, and
the Appeals Council denied Johansen’s petition for re-
view. Johansen now appeals from the district court’s judg-
ment upholding the denial of benefits. We affirm.
2                                                No. 02-2312

                      I. BACKGROUND
    A. Johansen’s Physical Impairments
  Johansen, who was forty years old at the time of the
ALJ’s decision, began complaining of neck and upper back
pain following a car accident in 1993. After magnetic res-
onance imaging (“MRI”) revealed that he had a herni-
ated disc and a bulging disc in his cervical spine, Johansen
underwent physical therapy and took a ten-month leave
of absence from his job as a forklift operator. He stopped
working permanently after he re-injured his back in 1996.
At that time Johansen’s physician restricted him to lift-
ing and carrying no more than twenty pounds.
  During the next two years, Johansen visited a number
of doctors, complaining of exacerbated pain in his back
and extremities. On one occasion he suggested that the
twenty-pound lifting and carrying limitation he received
in 1996 was no longer appropriate because he was actu-
ally “unable to do things up to 20 pounds.” The treatment
notes from Johansen’s doctors reveal, however, that his
condition had not worsened since 1996. For instance, in
January 1997 Johansen’s primary physician, Dr. Mark
Timmerman, stated that a neck examination and an MRI
“show[ed] no significant change since 1993”; in Febru-
ary 1997 neurosurgeon Randy Florell also observed that
Johansen’s MRI results remained unchanged and that
he had only “very minimal disk bulging,” which in Dr.
Florell’s opinion was not “significant”; in March 1997
Dr. Florell noted that Johansen could still lift up to
twenty pounds and could actually increase work activity
“to include forklift driving . . . up to six hours per day”; in
May 1997 a third physician, Dr. Frank Salvi, recom-
mended a “gradual reduction in [Johansen’s] current light
duty work restrictions as his symptoms improve”; in
October 1997 Dr. Salvi observed that Johansen’s condi-
tion had “significantly improved” and recommended “ad-
No. 02-2312                                              3

vancing [him] to medium duty work restrictions”; and
in November 1997 Dr. Salvi noted that Johansen contin-
ued to remain off work despite having been released to
medium-duty work restrictions.
  In March 1998 Johansen began seeing another physi-
cian, Dr. Robert Olson. According to Dr. Olson’s notes,
Johansen experienced some deterioration in his physical
condition during 1998 and 1999. For instance, in August
1998 Johansen reported that he had to cut back on his
exercise regimen because of knee pain. (He had been walk-
ing as much as one mile on a treadmill daily.) Johansen
further reported in July 1999 that he was experienc-
ing an increase in back and neck pain after doing some
“heavy lifting” in connection with an apartment move. And
in October 1999 an MRI revealed that Johansen’s disc
herniations had increased in size.
  In March 1999 agency physician Kenneth Bussan re-
viewed Johansen’s medical records and concluded that
his condition limited him to medium work not requiring
more than minimal overhead reaching. Specifically, Dr.
Bussan found that Johansen could lift and carry twenty-
five pounds frequently and fifty pounds occasionally, sit
for six hours in an eight-hour workday, and stand or
walk six hours in an eight-hour workday. In making his
assessment, Dr. Bussan noted that Johansen had the abil-
ity to walk one mile a day on a treadmill.
   In November 1999 Dr. Olson submitted his assessment
of Johansen’s physical ability to do work-related activ-
ities. Dr. Olson concluded that Johansen could occasionally
lift and carry ten pounds and frequently carry less than
ten pounds, stand or walk for about four hours in an eight-
hour workday, and sit for about six hours in an eight-
hour workday. In Dr. Olson’s opinion, Johansen’s impair-
ments would cause him to be absent from work more
than three times a month.
4                                            No. 02-2312

    B. Johansen’s Mental Impairments
  In March 1999 state-agency psychologist Linda Ingison
examined Johansen and diagnosed him with dysthymia
and panic disorder without agoraphobia. Dr. Ingison con-
cluded that Johansen’s “ability to withstand the pace,
change, and stress in a typical workplace would appear
to be limited.” Dr. Ingison also observed that Johansen
“appeared to be in some pain and had problems sitting
and getting up from the chair. . . . He did not appear to
be exaggerating or minimizing his symptoms.”
  Also in March 1999, agency medical consultant Anthony
Matkom reviewed Johansen’s file and concluded that
he was “not significantly limited” in seventeen of twenty
work-related areas of mental functioning. Dr. Matkom
then determined that Johansen ranged between “moder-
ately limited” and “not significantly limited” in the re-
maining three areas: (1) the ability to perform activities
within a schedule, maintain regular attendance, and be
punctual within customary tolerances; (2) the ability
to complete a normal workday and workweek without
interruptions from psychologically-based symptoms and
to perform at a consistent pace without an unreason-
able number and length of rest periods; and (3) the abil-
ity to accept instructions and respond appropriately to
criticism from supervisors. Finally, Dr. Matkom trans-
lated his worksheet observations into an assessment of
Johansen’s mental residual functional capacity (“RFC”)
and concluded that he could perform repetitive, low-stress
work.
   Later, psychologist Kent Berney reviewed Johansen’s
files and appeared at the administrative hearing at the
request of the agency. Dr. Berney testified that Johansen
was moderately limited in his abilities to carry out de-
tailed instructions, maintain attention and concentration,
perform activities within a schedule, maintain regular
No. 02-2312                                              5

attendance, sustain an ordinary routine without special
supervision, and complete a normal workday. When asked
by Johansen’s counsel to quantify “moderately limited,”
Dr. Berney explained that a “moderately limited” individ-
ual might experience difficulty in a given area of work-
related functioning between twenty-five and fifty percent
of the time.


 C. Administrative Proceedings
  At the hearing the ALJ called vocational expert (“VE”)
Leslie Goldsmith and asked him to consider a hypothet-
ical individual of Johansen’s age, education, and work
experience, who could perform low-stress, repetitive,
unskilled work that did not involve lifting more than
twenty pounds occasionally and ten pounds frequently.
Goldsmith concluded that this hypothetical individual
could not perform Johansen’s past jobs of forklift opera-
tor, truck driver, or laboratory technician, but could per-
form a significant number of other jobs in the regional
economy, such as production work and food preparation.
Johansen’s attorney then asked Goldsmith to consider
an individual who was unable to maintain a regular
schedule or complete a normal workweek between twenty-
five to fifty percent of the time. Goldsmith responded
that such an individual would not be able to perform sus-
tained employment.
  Johansen testified on his own behalf regarding his
activities of daily living. According to his testimony, he
cannot do any type of sports activity or regular house-
hold chores such as vacuuming; he has to lean his head
against a cupboard for support while trying to do dishes;
he needs to lie down for periods every day to relieve pres-
sure on his neck; sometimes he feels like lying down all
day; and on his good days, he will try to walk on the
treadmill but can do so for only five to ten minutes at
a time.
6                                                No. 02-2312

  In a February 2000 decision, the ALJ concluded that
Johansen was not disabled and accordingly denied his
application for benefits. The ALJ found that Johansen’s
“medically determinable impairments could reasonably
cause some, but not all, of the pain and symptoms alleged.”
The ALJ further determined that Dr. Olson’s assessment
of Johansen’s physical RFC was not consistent with the
record or with Johansen’s own description of his activities
of daily living. Instead, the ALJ agreed with Dr. Bussan
that Johansen had the RFC to perform light work involv-
ing only limited overhead reaching. In coming to this
conclusion, the ALJ emphasized the fact that Johansen
had been given a light-work restriction in 1996. The ALJ
then reasoned that, because Johansen’s symptoms “have
remained relatively unchanged since that period of time,
with only brief periods of symptom increase,” a limita-
tion to light work was still appropriate.
  With regard to Johansen’s mental condition, the ALJ
seemed to credit the opinion of Dr. Matkom that Johansen
retained the RFC to perform low-stress, repetitive work.
The ALJ expressly found credible VE Goldsmith’s testi-
mony that Johansen could not return to his past work
as a forklift operator, laboratory technician, or truck driv-
er, but that an individual fitting the ALJ’s hypothetical
could perform a significant number of jobs in the re-
gional economy. The ALJ did not mention Goldsmith’s
other conclusion that an individual would not be able to
perform sustained employment if he could not maintain
a regular schedule or attendance twenty-five to fifty per-
cent of the time.


                        II. ANALYSIS
  We review the ALJ’s decision under the “substantial
evidence” standard. Sims v. Barnhart, 

, 428
(7th Cir. 2002). Evidence is “substantial” if it is sufficient
No. 02-2312                                                7

for a reasonable person to accept as adequate to support
the decision. 

ALJ need not address every
piece of evidence, he must articulate, at some minimum
level, his analysis of the record so that the reviewing
court can follow his reasoning. Diaz v. Chater, 

,
307 (7th Cir. 1995).
  On appeal Johansen first challenges the ALJ’s conclu-
sion that he retained the physical RFC to perform light
work. In support of his position, Johansen points out cer-
tain factual inaccuracies in the ALJ’s analysis, such as
the finding that Johansen never objected to the light-
work restriction imposed by his treating physician in
1996. But though Johansen is correct that the decision
contains some factual errors, we find the ALJ’s ultimate
conclusion that Johansen could perform light work to
be supported by substantial evidence. Specifically, the
ALJ’s decision is supported by the opinions of two of
Johansen’s treating physicians, Drs. Timmerman and Salvi,
both of whom concluded in 1997 that a restriction to light
work was appropriate. In fact Dr. Salvi’s notes reveal that
he recommended a gradual reduction in the light-duty
work restrictions and that he eventually released Johansen
to medium-duty work restrictions. Consultative physi-
cian Dr. Bussan also concluded in 1999 that Johansen
was physically capable of performing medium work.
  Johansen contends that the light-work restriction im-
posed in 1996 was no longer appropriate when the ALJ
issued his decision in 2000 because, he says, his condi-
tion has progressively worsened. This allegation is not
without evidentiary support; for instance the record re-
veals that by October 1999 Johansen’s disc herniations
had increased in size. Nonetheless, as the ALJ found, a
restriction to light work was still appropriate in 2000
because Johansen’s symptoms had “remained relatively
unchanged . . . with only brief periods of symptom increase.”
For example, though Johansen complained to Dr. Olson
8                                             No. 02-2312

in November 1998 of increased neck pain, he reported
back in January 1999 that the pain had been relieved by
his new medication. Further, as the Commissioner points
out in her brief, some of Johansen’s complaints of symp-
tom exacerbation during 1998 and 1999 were temporary
and due to outside factors, such as the “heavy lifting”
Johansen did in connection with his move to a new apart-
ment.
  Johansen also argues that the ALJ should have ac-
corded controlling weight to Dr. Olson’s opinion that
Johansen could lift and carry no more than ten pounds. But
a treating physician’s opinion is entitled to controlling
weight only if it is not inconsistent with other substan-
tial evidence in the record. Clifford v. Apfel, 

, 870 (7th Cir. 2000). And in this case, Dr. Olson’s
conclusion that Johansen did not have the ability to
perform light work is contradicted by the earlier opinions
of treating physicians Timmerman and Salvi, as well as
that of consultative physician Bussan. Further, Dr. Olson’s
general opinion that Johansen was “unable to work gain-
ful employment because of his chronic neck [pain], left
arm pain and low back pain” is not conclusive on the
ultimate issue of disability, which is reserved to the Com-
missioner. 

much of his brief arguing that the
ALJ erred in concluding that his activities of daily living
were consistent with the ability to perform light work.
Johansen is right that involvement in “minimal” daily
activities does not necessarily contradict a claim of dis-
ability. Zurawski v. Halter, 

, 887 (7th Cir.
2001). Here, however, we doubt whether Johansen’s daily
activities (e.g., performing his home exercise and traction
program, grocery shopping, doing laundry, driving a car,
and walking one mile daily) qualify as truly “minimal.” See
Scott v. Sullivan, 

, 524 n.6 (7th Cir. 1990)
(claimant’s testimony that he could help out around the
No. 02-2312                                              9

house, carry groceries, set the table, ride a bike, and go
hunting and fishing supported ALJ’s conclusion that
claimant was not limited to sedentary work). In any event
this is a question we need not decide because, even assum-
ing that Johansen’s activities can be characterized as
minimal, the ALJ’s decision adequately explained how
Johansen’s allegation that he could not perform light
work was inconsistent with the record viewed as a whole.
See 

(in rejecting a claimant’s
allegations of disabling pain, ALJ must explain how
those allegations are inconsistent with the medical find-
ings in the record). Specifically, after detailing all the
relevant medical evidence, the ALJ found that Johan-
sen’s pain and symptoms had remained “relatively un-
changed” since 1996 and thus concluded that there was
“no justification in the record to change [his] light work
restriction to a sedentary restriction.” Indeed, other than
Dr. Olson, every physician involved in this case uniformly
opined that Johansen retained the ability to perform
light work. There was, in short, an abundance of evidence
supporting the ALJ’s conclusion that Johansen’s “medically
determinable impairments could reasonably cause some,
but not all, of the pain and symptoms alleged.”
  Next, Johansen challenges the ALJ’s finding that he
retained the mental RFC to perform repetitive, low-stress
work. The problem with the ALJ’s decision, according to
Johansen, is that it does not mention VE Goldsmith’s
testimony that an individual could not perform sustained
employment if he was unable to maintain a regular sched-
ule or attendance twenty-five to fifty percent of the time.
As we mentioned above, Goldsmith’s testimony was based
on Dr. Berney’s finding that Johansen could not per-
form activities within a schedule, maintain regular atten-
dance, and sustain an ordinary routine without special
supervision between twenty-five and fifty percent of the
time. The ALJ’s decision accepts Dr. Berney’s testimony
10                                            No. 02-2312

as true but does not make even a passing reference to
Goldsmith’s opinion based on that testimony.
  Despite this omission we conclude that there was still
substantial evidence supporting the ALJ’s decision. In
formulating the hypothetical to present to Goldsmith, the
ALJ relied on consultative physician Matkom’s opinion
that, because Johansen was “not significantly limited” in
seventeen of twenty work-related areas of mental func-
tioning, he retained the mental RFC to perform repeti-
tive, low-stress work. The ALJ then credited Goldsmith’s
testimony that a hypothetical individual with this RFC
would be able to perform a significant number of jobs in
the regional economy.
  The ALJ did not err in relying on Dr. Matkom’s assess-
ment of Johansen’s mental RFC. Both Dr. Matkom and
Dr. Berney found that Johansen was essentially “moder-
ately limited” in his ability to maintain a regular sched-
ule and attendance, and in his ability to complete a nor-
mal workday and workweek without interruptions from
psychologically-based symptoms. Dr. Matkom, however,
went further and translated those findings into a spe-
cific RFC assessment, concluding that Johansen could
still perform low-stress, repetitive work. Dr. Berney, on
the other hand, did not make an RFC assessment (nor
did state-agency physician Ingison). Thus, because Dr.
Matkom was the only medical expert who made an RFC
determination, the ALJ reasonably relied upon his opin-
ion in formulating the hypothetical to present to Gold-
smith. See Meredith v. Bowen, 

, 654 (7th Cir.
1987) (“All that is required is that the hypothetical ques-
tion [to the VE] be supported by the medical evidence in
the record.”). Though Goldsmith may have disagreed
with the ALJ’s RFC assessment, such determinations
are reserved exclusively to the Commissioner, 20 C.F.R.
§ 404.1527(e), and there was substantial evidence to sup-
No. 02-2312                                            11

port the specific determination made by the ALJ in this
case.


                    III. CONCLUSION
  The ALJ’s decision is supported by substantial evidence.
Accordingly, the judgment of the district court upholding
the denial of benefits is AFFIRMED.

A true Copy:
      Teste:

                       ________________________________
                       Clerk of the United States Court of
                         Appeals for the Seventh Circuit




                  USCA-02-C-0072—12-23-02