In the
 United States Court of Appeals
               For the Seventh Circuit
                          ____________

No. 01-3495
WILLIAM T. DIVANE JR., et al.,
                                              Plaintiffs-Appellees,
                                 v.

KRULL ELECTRIC CO.,
                                                          Defendant,
                                and

JOHN J. CURRY JR.,
                                           Respondent-Appellant.
                          ____________
            Appeal from the United States District Court
       for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
           No. 95 C 6108—George W. Lindberg, Judge.
                          ____________
ARGUED SEPTEMBER 24, 2002—DECIDED FEBRUARY 11, 2003
                   ____________


  Before BAUER, POSNER, and KANNE, Circuit Judges.
   KANNE, Circuit Judge. Three years ago, we upheld
the district court’s imposition of Rule 11 sanctions against
John J. Curry Jr. for filing an answer and counterclaim
that (i) denied certain facts that Curry’s client, Krull
Electric Company, previously had admitted in companion
litigation and (ii) asserted a frivolous counterclaim for
which Curry never provided any evidentiary support,
despite the frequent opportunities to do so during the
2                                               No. 01-3495

underlying litigation’s “tortuous three-year road to trial.”
Divane v. Krull Electric Co., Inc., 

, 1022 (7th
Cir. 1999) [hereinafter Divane I]. We remanded the case
to the district court to determine the appropriate amount
of sanctions, vacating the district court’s initial blanket
award of attorney’s fees and costs because it necessarily
included some amount that did not directly result from
Curry’s sanctionable conduct. 

the
district court’s decision on remand, Curry appeals the
sanction award once again, arguing this time that the
district court abused its discretion by ignoring certain
elements of our mandate and disregarding governing
principles in fashioning an appropriate award. Because
the district court acted within its discretion in reducing
the amount of the original sanction award by a figure
representing a reasonable estimate of what the plaintiffs’
attorney’s fees and costs would have been absent Curry’s
sanctionable conduct, we affirm.


                         HISTORY
  The sanctions were imposed in a case that began in
October 1995, when plaintiffs-appellees William T. Divane
Jr., et al., known collectively as the Electrical Insurance
Trustees, filed a complaint against defendant Krull
Electric Company claiming that the defendant owed them
delinquent benefit-fund contributions under the terms of
a collective bargaining agreement (“CBA”). For ease of
later explanation, we will refer to this case as Krull Elec-
tric II. Specifically, in Krull Electric II, the Trustees al-
leged that Krull Electric was an electrical employer em-
ploying electricians pursuant to an October 1984 letter of
assent that Krull Electric had executed to a CBA orig-
inally entered into between Local 134 of the International
Brotherhood of Electrical Workers and the Electrical
Contractors’ Association of the City of Chicago. Under the
terms of the CBA, Krull Electric (as an employer) agreed
No. 01-3495                                                  3

to pay certain wages and to file a monthly payroll report
and make corresponding monthly contributions to the
Trustees (as the duly appointed representatives of Local
134 and the Association) to cover certain fringe benefits
for Krull Electric’s employees. The Trustees alleged that
Tan Lee—an electrician employed by Krull Electric and
husband of its president, Pamela Lee—had testified in a
September 1995 deposition (taken in a related case, which
is explained below) that he had been working forty hours
a week for the company. This was news to the Trustees;
Krull Electric had stopped making contributions in Octo-
ber 1994, filing monthly payroll reports that claimed that
no contributions were due because no “clock hours” had
been logged by any of its electricians. Citing provisions
of the CBA and its related agreements, which granted the
Trustees the power to demand and collect delinquent
contributions on the Fund’s behalf, the Trustees brought
suit under ERISA and the Labor Management Rela-
tions Act to recover the delinquent funds.
  Krull Electric denied liability, claiming it had no pay-
ment obligation because it was no longer a signatory to
the CBA, and filed a counterclaim alleging that the Trust-
ees’ demand for payment constituted a violation of section
302 of the LMRA. 29 U.S.C. § 186 et seq. (1995) (prohibit-
ing the collection of payments without the requisite pro-
visions of services or benefits). In its answer, Krull Electric
denied knowledge of various CBA and related-agreement
provisions, denied knowledge that Tan Lee had testified
to working forty hours a week, and although it admitted
that it had not made any fringe-benefit contributions
since October 1994, denied that it had any obligation to
make them. It asserted four affirmative defenses: (1) that
it was not bound by any agreement to pay benefit-fund
contributions; (2) that the Trustees suffered no loss; (3) that
the amounts claimed by the Trustees were excessive;
and (4) that the Trustees’ demands for payment were
unlawful. In its corresponding single-count counterclaim,
4                                               No. 01-3495

Krull Electric explained why it was no longer obligated
to make benefit-fund contributions despite its October
1984 assent to the CBA: Krull Electric alleged that in
October 1994, Local 134 determined that the company
was no longer a signatory of the CBA. And since the
Trustees knew (or should have known) of Local 134’s
determination, their demand to compel payment vio-
lated the LMRA.
  Krull Electric’s denials and counterclaim allegations
frustrated and confused the Trustees. First, the de-
nials directly contradicted admissions the company had
made just months earlier in response to another, related
complaint the Trustees had filed against Krull Electric. In
that case, which had been pending before Judge Kocoras
since April 1995, the Trustees claimed that Krull Elec-
tric had been underreporting the amount of hours Tan
Lee had worked each week for the years 1992 and 1993
in order to minimize the amount of fringe-benefit con-
tributions the company was responsible for making under
the CBA. Since it was filed first (even though it is dis-
cussed second here), we will call this case Krull Electric I.
The Trustees’ Krull Electric I complaint had set forth some
of the same CBA and related-agreement provisions that
were alleged in Krull Electric II. But in its Krull Elec-
tric I answer, the company had admitted knowledge of
these provisions and to being a signatory to the agree-
ment. (Tellingly, Krull Electric filed a motion on May 15,
1996—five days after filing its answer in Krull Electric
II—seeking to amend its Krull Electric I answer in order
to remove its admissions regarding its knowledge of the
CBA provisions and to refute its status as a signatory.
Judge Kocoras denied the motion.) Second, it was in the
course of discovery for Krull Electric I that Tan Lee’s
deposition had been taken, revealing the post-October 1994
hours worked that formed the core of the Trustees’ cause
of action in Krull Electric II. And as such, the Trustees
were perplexed over how Krull Electric—who, as a party
No. 01-3495                                               5

in Krull Electric I, attended the Tan Lee deposition and
was entitled to the same copy of the deposition transcript
that the Trustees had received—could credibly claim lack of
knowledge over what Tan Lee had testified to. Finally,
at Pamela Lee’s deposition on May 24, 1996, the Trust-
ees inquired into the factual underpinnings of the counter-
claim: namely, the alleged Local 134 determination. Over
objections by Curry, Pamela claimed she didn’t know
what Local 134 might have done in October 1994 and,
strangely, that if she did, the information about it was
privileged. After the deposition, the Trustees informed
Curry that if he could not provide support for Krull Elec-
tric’s counterclaim allegations, they would seek sanctions.
  Curry never did. He deposed several Local 134 mem-
bers, but never was able to drum up any support for the
notion that the union had repudiated its agreement with
Krull Electric. So on September 13, 1996, the Trustees
sent Curry a motion requesting that he withdraw the
counterclaim and amend his answer by October 4, 1996, or
face sanctions. Judge Lindberg denied the motion to strike,
noting that by alleging the October 1994 repudiation by
Local 134, Krull Electric had raised an issue of fact. But
the court warned Curry that if he could not substantiate
his claim, he would face sanctions. Discovery concluded,
and the case went to bench trial in December 1997. In his
trial brief, Curry advanced a couple of new arguments as
to why the company was not obligated to pay contribu-
tions as required by the CBA. Finding these last-minute
arguments as equally unsupported by the evidence as the
October 1994 repudiation allegation, the district court
found in favor of the Trustees and awarded just over
$54,000 in damages.
  In post-trial proceedings, the Trustees renewed their
Rule 11 motion, requesting the court to award $25,000 as a
flat sanction. Simultaneously, they filed a fee petition
against Krull Electric under ERISA’s fee-shifting provision.
6                                                No. 01-3495

In a March 27, 1998 order addressing both motions, the
district court first found Curry’s conduct sanctionable,
observing that the answer and counterclaim had been
filed without any evidentiary support (or reasonable in-
quiry) and were intended for the improper purposes of
incurring unnecessary delay and needlessly increasing
the costs of litigation. As such, Curry’s sanctionable con-
duct had infected the entire proceeding, pressing an
otherwise straightforward, routine, and, for that matter,
meritorious case (because, after all, Krull Electric never
was able to produce any viable defense to the Trustees’
claim) all the way to trial, imposing en route undue bur-
dens on the Trustees and the court. As a sanction, the
district court ordered Curry to pay a $5000 penalty to the
court, and, should Krull Electric not be able to satisfy its
judgments, to pay the roughly $37,645 in attorney’s fees
and $2526.07 in costs prayed for by the Trustees in their
ERISA fee petition—reasoning that the practical effect
(and perhaps targeted goal) of Curry’s obstructionism
was the avoidance of any realistic possibility of the Trust-
ees’ recovery from Krull Electric, which had by then
claimed insolvency and seemed likely to enter bank-
ruptcy proceedings. In setting the amount of the fee
award, the district court considered and rejected Krull
Electric’s numerous objections to the Trustees’ fee petition,
including claims that the Trustees’ attorney’s billing rates
were unreasonable and the time requested was excessive.
  Dissatisfied, Curry filed a Rule 59(e) motion seeking
to alter or amend the court’s sanction award, essentially
repeating the arguments he advanced in opposition to
the Trustees’ Rule 11 motion and fee petition the first
time. In an April 16, 1998 order, the district court refused
to address the only new argument Curry advanced—
that the court had in fact already stricken the counter-
claim back in June 1996—because that argument was
available to Curry at the time he filed his original response.
But the court did proceed to modify the judgment. Having
No. 01-3495                                              7

determined that circumstances now made clear that Krull
Electric would not be able to satisfy the judgments en-
tered against it, the court dispensed with contingencies
altogether and ordered Curry to pay the Trustees all
attorney’s fees and expenses incurred after May 10, 1996—
the date of the offensive pleading—a total of $33,292 in
fees and $2306.69 in costs. In the court’s opinion, this
amount was an appropriate sanction for Curry’s conduct
and was warranted for effective deterrence.
  On appeal, we upheld the district court’s imposition of
Rule 11 sanctions against Curry, rejecting his procedural
and substantive challenges. Divane 

.
But in evaluating the fee-based sanction in light of the
Rule’s mandate in subsection (c)(2) that sanctions be lim-
ited to the least amount sufficient to deter repetitious
conduct and—that being so—that an award of reasonable
attorney’s fees and other expenses be limited to those
directly resulting from the sanctionable conduct, we
could not accept that all of the awarded legal expenses
were warranted. 

see also Fed. R. Civ. P.
11(c)(2). We remanded the case so that the district court
could set a more appropriate amount, noting that it was
in the best position to determine which of the Trustees’
legal costs were the direct result of the sanctionable
conduct. 

we added a “cautionary note” to the dis-
trict court, which explained that a proper award would
include, for example, any research into the sole legal
issue raised by Curry’s counterclaim, but that it could not
include such activities as the cost of deposing witnesses
who would have been deposed without regard to the
frivolous counterclaim. 

Moreover, we ob-
served that we could see no reason why the sanctionable
denials in the answer would cause the Trustees to incur
additional legal expenses since those denials were di-
8                                                No. 01-3495

rectly at odds with admissions made in companion litiga-
tion. 

Curry seized upon our cautionary language
as an explicit endorsement that the district court evaluate
each specific line-item entry in the fee petition in setting
the appropriate award. Moreover, he read our language
questioning whether any additional fees could result
from contesting denials in an answer that had been admit-
ted elsewhere to mean that we had conclusively held
unrecoverable any fees claimed to have resulted from the
sanctionable answer. As this left only the sanctionable
counterclaim, he scoured the fee petition objecting to any
line-item entry that did not specifically reference it and
it alone. As a result, he struck all but two entries, which
totaled $334 in fees. Apart from his objections, Curry
advocated for a period of discovery during which he could
depose the Trustees’ counsel and gain access to their
individual timesheets, which in his opinion were the only
evidence of contemporaneous timekeeping capable of
clarifying the pre-billing reports and conclusively establish-
ing the time spent addressing his sanctionable conduct.
He demanded that at the conclusion of this additional
discovery the court hold an evidentiary hearing before
ruling on an appropriate award.
  Viewing his latest procedural requests against the
protracted procedural history of this case and its related
proceedings, the Trustees argued in response that grant-
ing the request for additional discovery and an evidentiary
hearing would do nothing more than create another bat-
tlefield for Curry’s war of attrition, one that the court
need not endorse or participate in. In any event, they
asserted that their pre-billing time descriptions were
adequate and that discovery of individual timesheets
wouldn’t aid the district court in its analysis. The difficulty
in separating recoverable from nonrecoverable fees was
not—as Curry asserted—due to insufficient time-record-
No. 01-3495                                              9

ing procedures or a failure to satisfy the Trustees’ bur-
den to substantiate their fee request, but was instead a
byproduct of Curry’s sanctionable conduct. The denial
that Krull Electric was no longer bound by the terms of
the CBA (an argument up until trial based solely on the
counterclaim allegations) so pervaded discovery and the
pretrial proceedings that the Trustees were unable to
separate by individual time entry that time spent litigat-
ing against the counterclaim from that time spent pros-
ecuting their own case. To illustrate, they responded to
many of Curry’s objections to their individual time en-
tries on the pre-billing report, setting forth how each
challenged entry directly related to Curry’s sanctionable
conduct. Moreover, they argued that Krull Electric’s only
practical defense to the action was to delay the course of
the litigation, which Curry accomplished by asserting
the baseless counterclaim and obstructionist answer. Ab-
sent this sanctionable conduct, the Trustees argued that
the company would, at the least, have been forced into
favorable settlement terms since Krull Electric had no
viable defenses to the Trustees’ claims (as born out by
the meritless arguments asserted in its last-minute trial
brief). But because of the time the Trustees spent battling
against Curry’s stonewalling tactics, Krull Electric was
essentially allowed to liquidate its assets, preventing any
meaningful recovery by the Trustees. Thus, the Trustees
stood by their claim to the entire amount originally
awarded.
  Only after additional prompting by the court to come
up with some portion attributable only to the counter-
claim did the Trustees capitulate. They pointed to the
fees they had been awarded in prosecuting a similar
straightforward ERISA case and argued that those fees,
$8500, be deducted as a fair benchmark of what it would
have cost them to prosecute this litigation against an
opponent who was unwilling to violate Rule 11. The court
10                                              No. 01-3495

agreed, but deducted not the $8500 eventually awarded
(which reflected reasonableness-of-fee-and-time deductions),
but the $11,584 that the Trustees had requested in that
fee petition. So it reduced the original amount of the
sanctions, $29,869, by $11,584, to arrive at $18,285. More-
over, the district court agreed with Curry’s position that
in our cautionary note we had determined that no addi-
tional fees could have been generated in response to the
answer’s sanctionable denials. The court estimated that
one-third of the fees that were not attributable to the
estimated figure of the Trustees’ base prosecution costs
were attributable to other nonrecoverable aspects of the
case (i.e., litigating against the denials), and thus further
reduced the award by $6095, arriving at $12,190. As for
costs, the district court reduced the original $2306.69
requested by forty-one percent, since the $12,190 fee award
represented forty-one percent of the original $29,869
requested for fees. So it added $945.74 in costs to the
running total, bringing the sanction award to $13,135.74.
Finally, the district court added an additional $6425 in
attorney’s fees generated in litigating the Rule 11 motion
through remand, representing two-thirds of the total
amount requested, $9637.50; the one-third reduction rep-
resenting the amount of time on remand the Trustees had
spent arguing that the sanctionable denials resulted in
additional fees (an estimate based on the observation
that approximately one-third of the Trustees’ briefs ad-
dressed that argument).
  Regrettably—but not surprisingly—the case is back be-
fore us. Curry argues that the district court’s chosen
methodology was an abuse of discretion and, for that
matter, that had the district court conducted anything
short of a mini-trial over each of the recorded entries, it
would have likewise abused its discretion. In the alterna-
tive, since the Trustees refused to meet him on the line-
item-entry battlefield, Curry argues they are in derelic-
No. 01-3495                                                11

tion of their duty to substantiate their fee request and
thus entitled to no fees-as-sanctions award at all (or at
least, only to the $344 he admits directly resulted from
his sanctionable conduct). In addition, he asserts a num-
ber of objections to the reasonableness of the entire fee
request itself: namely, that the hours submitted were
excessive and that the rates were unreasonably high.
Finally, he argues that the award should have been fur-
ther reduced based upon numerous equitable principles:
most notably, that the Trustees failed to mitigate their
damages and that the district court did not properly take
into account his ability to pay the fine assessed. Curry’s
remaining challenges have been considered by the court,
are meritless, and warrant no discussion here.


                         ANALYSIS
                              I.
   “A request for attorney’s fees should not result in a sec-
ond major litigation.” Hensley v. Eckerhart, 

,
437 (1983). Despite this oft-quoted admonition, fee litiga-
tion has become a significant burden on the federal courts.
As we have previously observed, fee litigation “can turn a
simple civil case into two or even more cases—the case on
the merits, the case for fees, the case for fees on appeal, the
case for fees for proving fees, and so on ad infinitum, or
at least ad nauseam.” Ustrak v. Fairman, 

,
987 (7th Cir. 1988). Given the burdens this litany of fee
litigation imposes upon the courts, we have granted wide
latitude to district courts in setting awards of attorney’s
fees, for “neither the stakes nor the interest in uniform
determination are so great as to justify microscopic ap-
pellate scrutiny.” 

district court will only
abuse this discretion when no reasonable person could
have taken the same view it adopted. Bright v. Land
O’Lakes, Inc., 

, 442 (7th Cir. 1988).
12                                                No. 01-3495

  The same holds true for awards of attorney’s fees as Rule
11 sanctions. In general, the district court enjoys broad
discretion in setting a sanction award that it believes
will serve the deterrent purpose of Rule 11. In an effort to
deter future conduct, it may impose a flat sanction, it may
strike offensive pleadings, or—more commonly—it may
direct the offending party to pay the other party’s reason-
able attorney’s fees. In the latter case, “Rule 11 is not a fee-
shifting statute in the sense that the loser pays.” Mars
Steel Corp. v. Cont. Bank, 

, 932 (7th Cir. 1989).
Instead, “Rule 11 ensures that each side really does bear
the expenses of its own case—that the proponent of a
position incurs the costs of investigating the facts and
the law.” Id.; see also Johnson v. A.W. Chesterton, 

, 1366 (7th Cir. 1994). But if the court determines
that an award of attorney’s fees will serve the deterrent
purpose of Rule 11, it has an obligation to award only
those fees which directly resulted from the sanctionable
conduct. Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(c)(1)(A). This ensures that the
proponent of a sanctionable position ultimately pays the
costs resulting from it, serving a dual purpose of deter-
rence and restitution, while avoiding blanket fee-shifting,
which would have the tendency to overcompensate the
opponent and penalize the proponent.
   In practice, this proves to be an inexact science. Essen-
tially, the analysis is a matter of causation. This is apt
since we have already analogized Rule 11 litigation to tort
law, having opined that “it establishes a new form of
negligence,” where one owes a “duty to one’s adversary
to avoid needless legal costs and delay.” 

(citing In re Central Ice Cream Co., 

,
1072 (7th Cir. 1987) (“[T]he Rule speaks of ‘reasonable’ pre-
filing inquiry, the language of tort law.”) and Hays v. Sony
Corp., 

, 418 (7th Cir. 1988) (“Rule 11 defines
a new form of legal malpractice.”)). Carrying the analogy
further: once a violation of this duty has been established,
No. 01-3495                                               13

a claimant must still show how its damages resulted
from that violation. As with tort law, there are easy cases
and hard ones. If a plaintiff files a baseless single-count
complaint, it is fairly simple for a district court deciding
upon an award of attorney’s fees as a Rule 11 sanction to
determine which fees resulted from the plaintiff’s conduct:
they are those that the defendant spent answering the
complaint and defending against it. This scenario is the
slip-and-fall of Rule 11 cases. The task becomes more
complicated with multicount complaints or multiple de-
fenses intertwined around similar operative facts, some
of which are sanctionable, some not. Think of these cases
as complex toxic-tort litigation. But just as tort law has
developed various mechanisms to allow innocent plain-
tiffs to recover from negligent defendants even if it is
difficult, if not impossible, to prove that all of the plain-
tiff’s injuries resulted from the defendant’s conduct, so too
has the law of fee litigation developed to address these
more complex scenarios.
   In deciding upon a fee award in a case where a plain-
tiff has only partially prevailed, a court must apportion
the award according to the results actually achieved.

. Perhaps a victorious plain-
tiff will have succeeded on only some of his claims for re-
lief, in which case the district court has an obligation to
adjust the award downward to account for time spent on
unsuccessful claims. In Hensley, the Supreme Court out-
lined the framework for the district court’s analysis:
“Factually unrelated claims are treated as separate law-
suits, and therefore if the plaintiff loses on such a claim
he is not to be reimbursed for the attorney’s fees allocable
to it.” 

(discussing Hensley). In this
scenario, a fee applicant should have maintained and
provided records identifying “the general subject matter
of his time expenditures,” which will “enable a reviewing
court to identify distinct claims.” See 

                                               No. 01-3495

437 & n. 12. “But where ‘the plaintiff’s claims of relief . . .
involve a common core of facts or [are] based on related
legal theories,’ so that ‘much of counsel’s time will be
devoted generally to the litigation as a whole, making it
difficult to divide the hours expended on a claim-by-claim
basis, . . . the district court should focus on the significance
of the overall relief obtained by the plaintiff in relation
to the hours reasonably expended on the litigation.’ ”

(quoting 

).
If the latter is applicable, “[n]o exact calculation” of the
time reasonably required to prepare and litigate a case
if that case had been confined to its meritorious issues is
possible. 

The amount is an “elusive counter-
factual,” and thus relegated to the domain of best esti-
mates. 

the “best estimate” of the cost of
prosecuting plaintiff’s sole meritorious claim amid five
other unsuccessful ones would have been “half as great as
it turned out to be”).
  We see no reason why Hensley shouldn’t control under
Rule 11’s directly resulting standard. For that matter
neither do the parties. The more pressing question is
where the relationship between the Trustees’ bare pros-
ecution costs and Curry’s sanctionable conduct lies amid
Hensley’s distinction between factually unrelated, inde-
pendent claims and those claims interwoven around a
common core of facts or based on related legal theories. A
district court is less likely to abuse its discretion in decid-
ing to “simply reduce the award to account for . . . lim-
ited success,” rather than identifying and eliminating
specific unrelated hours, in a case where the prevalence
of common facts and related themes makes it difficult, if
not impossible, efficiently and expediently to pursue the
other alternative. See 

(“There
is no precise rule or formula for making these determina-
tions. The district court may attempt to identify specific
hours that should be eliminated, or it may simply re-
No. 01-3495                                                    15

duce the award to account for the limited success. The
[district] court necessarily has discretion in making this
equitable judgment.”).
  Here, it cannot be said that the Trustees’ claim and Krull
Electric’s counterclaim are “factually unrelated.” They
share a central issue of proof: During the relevant time
period, was Krull Electric obligated under the CBA agree-
ment to make contributions? To succeed on their claim,
one of the elements that the Trustees had to prove was
that Krull Electric was a signatory to the CBA1; converse-
ly, in order for Krull Electric to succeed in its own right, it
had to prove it was not. In its answer, Krull Electric first
denied that it had any contributory obligations and then
asserted this denial as an affirmative defense. It added
as another affirmative defense that the Trustees’ demand
for payment without obligation was unlawful. These de-
fenses comprised Krull Electric’s counterclaim; only in
pleading the counterclaim, Krull Electric was required
to submit a short plain statement of the facts. Krull Elec-
tric alleged that Local 134 had repudiated Krull Elec-
tric’s signatory status in October 1994 (no obligation) and
that the Trustees’ demand for payment violated the LMRA
(unlawful). In addition to the October 1994 repudiation
allegation, Krull Electric’s trial brief presented a couple
new factual twists about why Krull Electric was no longer
bound by its earlier assent to the CBA. These alternate


1
   The Trustees’ claim had the following elements: (1) the Trustees
administer ERISA funds for Local 134 members; (2) Krull Elec-
tric was a signatory to Local 134’s CBA, which required con-
tributions to be made to the Trustees; (3) Krull Electric employed
an individual who performed bargaining unit work; and (4) Krull
Electric failed to remit fringe-benefit fund contributions to the
Trustees. See 29 U.S.C. §§ 1132(a)(3), 1145 (2002); Connors
v. Hallmark & Son Coal, 

, 337-38 (D.C. Cir. 1991);
1 ROTHSTEIN ET AL., EMPLOYMENT LAW § 3.27 (2d ed. 2002).
16                                              No. 01-3495

theories could have provided support for Krull Electric’s
counterclaim, had Krull Electric been able to offer up
any proof in support. It could not. It was this complete
failure of proof, regardless of the theory advanced, that
ultimately made the counterclaim sanctionable. Restated,
if the counterclaim was supportable on any theory, it
would not have been sanctionable. But regardless of wheth-
er it took the form of the initial October 1994 repudiation
allegation or those later advanced, the Trustees had to
refute the central allegation of the sanctionable counter-
claim that Krull Electric was no longer obligated to contrib-
ute in order to succeed in prosecuting their case.
  This is not to say that a blanket award of all attorney’s
fees incurred in the litigation was justified under Rule 11.
Indeed, we remanded because it was not. But certainly
this case was like those where recoverable claims are
closely interwoven factually and legally with nonrecov-
erable ones. And we cannot say that given this interrelated-
ness, the district court abused its discretion in determin-
ing that an analysis of each line-item entry in the peti-
tion was overburdensome and unlikely to produce a reli-
able result. See Tomazzoli v. Sheedy, 

, 98 (7th
Cir. 1986) (“[I]t is generally unrealistic to expect a trial
court to evaluate and rule on every entry in an applica-
tion.”).
  Curry would reject this conclusion, arguing that a district
court has an obligation to respond to specific objections
raised in opposition to a fee petition. See Oxford Asset
Mgmt. v. Jaharis, 

, 1196 (11th Cir. 2002). The
Eleventh Circuit has observed that the “more specific the
objections to a fee application are, the more specific the
findings and reasons for rejecting those objections can be.”

Here, Curry asserted boilerplate objections
to all but two entries in the fee petition. Essentially, they
were comprised of one of two categories: either he objected
to any entry that did not mention the counterclaim specifi-
No. 01-3495                                                  17

cally, or he objected to line item entries that clearly referred
to the counterclaim or motions written in opposition to it,
but objected to them because they also included time he
opined was dedicated to addressing other tasks. Curry
would have a point if his sanctionable conduct and the
Trustees’ prosecution efforts were not—as demonstrated
above—so factually and legally intertwined. Keeping this
interrelatedness in mind, however, we find—as the district
court must have—that Curry’s boilerplate objections were
unduly overbroad. The Trustees effectively demonstrated
this point to the district court in their reply, where they
showed how entries that did not reference the counterclaim
on their face nonetheless reflected time spent in opposition
to it (or at the least, time spent litigating the central issue
in the case: whether or not Krull Electric was obligated
under the CBA). Nonetheless, even if Curry’s individual
objections were nonspecific in the sense that they were
fatally overbroad, the gist of them had some merit; on
remand the district court was charged with the obligation
to segregate the recoverable from the nonrecoverable. But
Curry’s concerns are addressed by the district court’s
decision to reduce the award; they are not offended by the
court’s refusal of Curry’s invitation to do so on an entry-by-
entry basis.
  Curry next argues that the district court violated our
mandate by simply reducing the fee award instead of
deciding upon specific entries in the fee petition. Curry
reads too much into our opinion. We remanded because
we noted that the district court was in the best position to
make the decision on fees, having had first-hand exper-
ience with the parties and the issues advanced through-
out the litigation. Had we felt otherwise, we had the
authority to review the petitions and make our own deter-
mination of an appropriate award. See 

(listing cases where appellate courts made
necessary adjustments to fee awards “without bothering
18                                              No. 01-3495

to remand”). In remanding, our cautionary notes merely
reinforced the district court’s obligation to segregate out
those fees generated as a result of sanctionable conduct.
They did not mandate that a particular methodology be
employed to achieve that end.


                             II.
  We next address the application of the district court’s
chosen methodology. Under Hensley, the starting point
in a district court’s evaluation of a fee petition is a lode-
star analysis; that is, a computation of the reasonable
hours expended multiplied by a reasonable hourly 

. Here, that figure was the $29,869 that
the Trustees had requested in their initial post-trial fee
petition submitted under ERISA’s fee-shifting provision.
The district court used this number as a base award from
which to deduct nonrecoverable fees. Curry argues that
the district court abused its discretion in using this figure
as a starting point without first making reductions for
unreasonable hours (vague time entries, multiple tasks
in single entries, etc.) and unreasonably high hourly
rates. But the district court had already rejected these
same arguments in its March 27, 1998 order, in which it
ruled that the hours spent and the rates charged were
reasonable. Curry did not appeal this aspect of that ruling,
and, as such, these arguments have been waived. See
Moriarty v. Svec, 

, 963-64 (7th Cir. 2000). In
any event, since no circumstances have changed that
would affect the district court’s initial impression of the
reasonableness of the total hours spent litigating the case
or the hourly rates charged, we can see no abuse of dis-
cretion in the district court’s refusal to readdress the
issue on remand.
  Curry also challenges the baseline figure by arguing
that it still improperly included some amount of fees
No. 01-3495                                                  19

generated before the filing of the sanctionable answer and
counterclaim. Looking at the original fee request, Curry
asserts that just over $4800 in fees included in the original
petition was generated between October 1995 and May 10,
1996. We agree and will subtract $4800 from the court’s
baseline figure of $29,869. In so doing, we note that Curry
receives a bit of a windfall from this deduction since the
court’s later subtraction for estimated prosecution costs,
which was based on a bare ERISA claim taken from filing
to judgment, would have by definition accounted for
expenses incurred at the outset of the Trustees’ claim;
that is, between filing the complaint and receiving the
sanctionable answer. But in the face of clear evidence—
because the burdensome and inexact task of interrelated-
claim segregation discussed above is not at issue for the
time period before the sanctionable papers were even
filed—we will make the deduction.2
   Curry’s main problem with the court’s chosen methodol-
ogy is its decision to use the fees incurred by the Trust-
ees in another, unrelated ERISA case as a benchmark for
what their fees would have been in this case had no
sanctionable conduct occurred. Despite Curry’s protesta-
tions, the approach itself is not novel. We have noted
that district courts often look to fees awarded in similar
litigation for guidance in fashioning appropriate awards.
See, e.g., Tolentino v. Friedman, 

, 652 (7th Cir.
1995) (fees charged in other cases used as evidence of
attorney’s market rate); People Who Care v. Rockford Bd. of
Educ., 

, 1315 (7th Cir. 1996) (same). Here, the
district court looked to a recent ERISA case prosecuted
by the Trustees against another signatory to the same


2
  We reiterate that we have the power to modify the judgment
without remanding. See Burda v. M. Excker Co., 

, 778
(7th Cir. 1993); 

. We do so here in
the interests of bringing this protracted litigation to a close.
20                                               No. 01-3495

CBA, Divane v. Barnet Electric Co., No. 93 C 1721, 

(N.D. Ill. Feb. 7, 1995). An audit of Barnet
Electric’s payroll by the Trustees’ accountant revealed
inaccurately kept records for fiscal year 1988 and, as a
result, showed the Trustees being owed some $29,000 in
delinquent benefit-fund contributions. There was no dis-
pute that Barnet Electric was a signatory to the CBA or
that it was liable to make regular reports and correspond-
ing benefit-fund contributions. Instead, the only issue
presented for trial was whether the audit revealed unre-
ported overtime hours or merely noncompensable reim-
bursements. Barnet Electric was a single issue ERISA case;
at most, the kind of case that Krull Electric II should
have been absent sanctionable denials and allegations
that Krull Electric was no longer bound by the agreement.
   Curry makes much of the fact that the same parties
were simultaneously litigating Krull Electric I and that
if the court was going to look to other cases, it should
have looked to the Trustees’ Krull Electric I fee petition
(some $48,000). It is not clear whether this argument
was ever presented to the district court, but even if it
was, we don’t find it persuasive. In making it, Curry fails
to recognize that Krull Electric II should have been a
very simple case because of the admissions obtained as
a result of the Krull Electric I litigation. Almost by defini-
tion then, Krull Electric I was not analogous and must
have been excluded from the court’s comparison.
  In the end, we could speculate a number of ways that
the district court could have decided upon an estimate
of base prosecution fees. For example, it could have
looked to more than one case, and even to similar cases
between other litigants, and averaged the results. But
we cannot say that the approach it did take, given its
knowledge of both the issues and the protracted proce-
dural history of the instant case, was one that no other
reasonable person in the same situation would have taken.
No. 01-3495                                              21

  Continuing to follow the district court’s analysis, if we
deduct the $4800 from the baseline figure of $29,869
and then deduct the district court’s $11,584 estimate of
base prosecution fees, we arrive at $13,485. Having de-
cided that we had ruled conclusively that no additional
fees were generated as a result of Curry’s sanctionable
denials, the district court next estimated that one-third
of this remaining amount (which is now $13,485) should
be attributed to time spent litigating against the non-
recoverable, though nonetheless sanctionable denials. Had
the Trustees taken issue with this aspect of the district
court’s award and cross-appealed, they may have found
sympathetic ears: although we note that in further reduc-
ing the amount the district court was only attempting
to follow the cautionary statements in our first opinion,
we see potential problems with its conclusion.
  First, we observe that it is a very different thing to say
“we see no reason” why the sanctionable denials would
generate additional fees, Divane 

, than
to hold “there is no reason.” The former connotes skepti-
cism about a possibility; the latter forecloses it. Accord

(“Moriarty’s first claim is that
any reduction in the Phase I fees is prohibited by language
in the first opinion of this court, which states that ‘we
see no error in any of the cost and fee calculations the
[district] court has already ordered.’ However, immedi-
ately preceding this phrase the opinion states that ‘we
realize that this award may have to be adjusted on re-
mand to reflect any additional proceedings.’ This lan-
guage plainly demonstrates that we did not freeze the
amount of the Phase I award but rather explicitly invited
the district court to adjust it in accord with subsequent
proceedings.” (citations omitted)). Second, the Trustees
did present evidence in their submissions on remand
showing how the sanctionable denials resulted in addi-
tional attorney’s fees. Krull Electric had argued at trial
22                                              No. 01-3495

that its Krull Electric I admissions were evidentiary, not
judicial in nature. In other words, although they were
admissible evidence, they were nonbinding, and Krull
Electric was free to introduce evidence to refute them. The
Trustees produced trial transcripts to show that the
company proceeded to spend trial time introducing testi-
mony to that effect, and that the Trustees were obligated
to respond. Finally, the very fact that the court attrib-
uted some amount of fees to the task of litigating against
the denials belies our prognostication that no amount
of fees was generated in response to them. We doubt that
this amount was substantial (another reason for reject-
ing the estimated one-third reduction); nevertheless,
when the district court found that fees were generated in
response to the sanctionable denials, the fees should
have been awarded, not discounted. But since on appeal
the Trustees assert no error with this portion of the dis-
trict court’s analysis, we will not decide whether there
was one. Hence, we will reduce our adjusted figure
($13,485) by one-third ($4495), arriving at $8990.
  Moving on to costs, the district court next computed
a ratio of the amount of fees it was prepared to award
against the amount originally requested and then appor-
tioned costs accordingly. It was reasonable to expect
that portion of the fees attributable to the sanctionable
conduct would bear a relationship to the portion of the
costs attributable to the same, and thus we see no error
in this next step of the court’s analysis. If we do the
same, allowing for our adjustments, we calculate that
thirty percent of the total costs should be awarded, or
$692. Adding this amount to the $8990, we arrive at $9682.
  The court then considered an award of fees and costs
for the effort spent in remand proceedings. Rule 11 allows
the court, in its discretion, to award to the prevailing par-
ty the reasonable attorney’s fees and expenses incurred
in presenting or opposing the Rule 11 motion. Fed. R. Civ.
No. 01-3495                                                23

P. 11(c)(1)(A). Curry never convincingly argues why the
fees incurred on remand are noncompensable under the
rule. At the end of the day, despite the fact that it took
an appeal and additional proceedings on remand, the
Trustees prevailed on their motion, proving that Curry
violated the rule and securing an award of attorney’s fees
as a sanction. Cf. Sullivan v. Hudson, 

, 889
(1989) (holding that a claimant could recover attorney’s
fees for work done in administrative proceedings after
remand, where those proceedings were critical to vindica-
tion of the claimant’s rights); Weyant v. Okst, 

,
316-17 (2d Cir. 1999). Given the amount of paper Curry
filed in opposition to the Trustees’ efforts to secure the
amount of the award on remand—including, for example,
motions to reconsider, motions to amend motions, an
amended motion to reconsider, numerous discovery re-
quests and subpoenas, a motion to present a surreply
and the surreply itself, and rescheduling motions—it is
hardly surprising that the district court felt that the Trust-
ees’ efforts in successfully prosecuting their motion should
not go unrewarded. Furthermore, we have reviewed the
Trustees’ fee petition for this period and find the hours
expended (64.25) and the rates charged ($150 per hour) to
be reasonable. And although for reasons similar to
those discussed above we are skeptical of the district
court’s one-third reduction of this amount, we will not
disturb this aspect of the award absent challenge. Add-
ing two-thirds of the Trustees’ expenses generated on
remand ($6425) to our adjusted figure ($9682), we total
$16,107.


                             III.
  Finally, we address Curry’s remaining arguments at-
tacking the district court’s refusal to reduce the sanctions
award further. Of these, the only challenges meriting
24                                              No. 01-3495

discussion are whether the Trustees’ failed to mitigate
their damages and whether the district court failed to
consider Curry’s financial situation.
  “A party defending against a frivolous paper has a duty
under Rule 11 to mitigate its legal fees and expenses
by resolving frivolous issues quickly and efficiently.”
Dubisky v. Owens, 

, 1037 (7th Cir. 1988).
Which is to say, “[c]ounsel must mitigate [his] damages
by correlating his response, in terms of hours and funds
expended, to the merit of the claims.” 

“Further, the court must consider to what ex-
tent a defending party’s injury could have been avoided
or was self-inflicted.” 

v. Capital Secur-
ity Servs., Inc., 

, 879 (5th Cir. 1988) (en
banc)). “This entails an examination of the promptness
and method of bringing the frivolous conduct to the atten-
tion of both the court and the opposing party.” 

we remanded a Rule 11 sanction award to
the district court for redetermination in light of the de-
fendant’s failure to mitigate its damages incurred in
responding to the plaintiff’s complaint. The plaintiff’s
complaint inaccurately alleged diversity jurisdiction.
Instead of informally bringing this error to the attention
of plaintiff’s counsel, the defendants filed an extensive
motion to dismiss and moved for sanctions, all of which
generated substantial fees. Finding the plaintiff’s con-
duct sanctionable, the district court awarded as a sanc-
tion all the fees generated in preparing the motion to
dismiss. We held this to be error. Litigants have a duty to
use the least expensive alternative to alert the court
and the offending party to a possible Rule 11 violation.
An informal phone call or status conference would have
alerted the plaintiff to his error and thus could have
avoided litigation over the issue. If, however, after receiv-
ing informal notice of his error, the plaintiff chose to
press his jurisdictional allegations then the defendant
No. 01-3495                                               25

would have been justified in filing its extensive motion. 

   Here, we all but considered and rejected Curry’s mitiga-
tion argument three years ago. There, Curry argued that
we should estop the Trustees’ motion since it was not
filed in a timely fashion. Divane 

. We
rejected Curry’s argument noting that “[i]mmediately after
Pamela Lee’s testimony, when it became apparent to
Trustees’ counsel that the counterclaim lacked a factual
basis, Trustees informed Krull Electric and Curry that
they would file for sanctions if factual information to
substantiate this claim did not emerge.” 

Therefore, Dubisky’s informal-notice requirement was sat-
isfied. Despite the warning, Curry never withdrew his
counterclaim. Like the hypothetical situation we pro-
pounded in Dubisky, Curry’s refusal justified the Trustees’
further efforts to strike the counterclaim and move for
sanctions. 

. Although they
served Krull Electric with a motion for sanctions in Sept-
ember 1996 and moved for sanctions on October 17, 1996,
the court rejected the motion at that time noting that
the counterclaim raised issues of fact that still had ade-
quate time to be discovered. Divane 

.
For this reason, the Trustees waited until after trial to
move again for sanctions. In the meantime, the Trustees
still had to prove their case, and, as discussed at length
above, necessarily had to refute the counterclaim allega-
tions in doing so. Having had the advantage of this
nearly year-and-a-half period of additional discovery dur-
ing which he neither proved nor withdrew the sanction-
able counterclaim, it is disingenuous for Curry now to
fault the Trustees for the benefit accorded him by the
district court.
  It is also disingenuous for Curry to claim financial
hardship. It appears to this Court that Curry’s financial
circumstances change to suit his litigation posture. When
26                                               No. 01-3495

arguing against a substantial sanction award, Curry
claims he lacks significant assets and that a large award
may force him into bankruptcy. But when defending against
the Trustees’ fraudulent-conveyance claim, initiated in the
same district court and alleging that Curry unlawfully
conveyed his residence from joint tenancy with his wife
to tenancy in the entirety with his wife in an effort to
avoid payment of the sanction award, Curry claims “[t]here
is no evidence or indication that John Curry will be unable
to pay any award, even one as high as $35,589.69.” (R. 164,
Curry’s Mot. for Stay of Fraudulent Conveyance Claim
at ¶ 3.) Reading these fraudulent-conveyance submissions,
the district court took Curry at his word, “Mr. Curry’s
submissions have shown that he will have the ability
to pay the amount of sanctions that will be ultimately
awarded,” (R. 206) and so will we.


                             IV.
  Both parties have indicated that they wish this litiga-
tion to end. To ensure that it does, we direct the Trustees
to submit to this court within fifteen days a statement of
fees reasonably incurred on appeal. Accord 

. The Trustees as prevailing appellees achieving
substantial success on appeal are entitled to these costs.
Fed. R. App. P. 39(a)(2), (4); 

(“But
the fact that we have cut down the district court’s fee
award [by one third] does not in itself justify trimming
the award for fees in this court, given [the plaintiff’s] stat-
us as an appellee defending with substantial although
not complete success a district court’s judgment in his
favor.”). “[W]e can determine those fees ourselves; we
need not require the district court to make the determina-
tion.” 

. Curry may of course submit
specific objections to particular items of expense.
No. 01-3495                                            27

                     CONCLUSION
  In conclusion, the judgment of the district court is
AFFIRMED as MODIFIED. Curry is ordered to pay $16,107 to
the Trustees as a sanction for conduct in violation of
Rule 11. Interest on the judgment shall accrue from Sep-
tember 5, 2001, the date that the sanction award on remand
was set. Kaiser Alum. & Chem. Corp. v. Bonjorno, 

, 835-36 (1990) (“Where the judgment on damages was
not supported by the evidence, the damages have not
been ‘ascertained’ in any meaningful way.”); Harris v.
Chicago Great W. Ry., 

(7th Cir. 1952) (vacat-
ing and reducing a district court’s award of reasonable
attorney’s fees from $500,000 to $350,000, directing the
district court to enter judgment in conformity with man-
date, and allowing interest to accrue only from the date
of the revised judgment; “[N]either the amount due for
fees nor the due date of the obligation was authorita-
tively defined until our decision. There will be a final
valid judgment only when a new one shall have been
entered in conformity with our mandate.”).

A true Copy:
      Teste:

                       ________________________________
                       Clerk of the United States Court of
                         Appeals for the Seventh Circuit




                  USCA-02-C-0072—2-11-03