In the
 United States Court of Appeals
              For the Seventh Circuit
                         ____________

No. 02-3727
JAMES M. DIXON,
                                            Plaintiff-Appellant,
                               v.


CITY OF NEW RICHMOND, MARK SAMELSTAD,
DAVID H. LEVI, ET AL.,
                                    Defendants-Appellees.
                       ____________
           Appeal from the United States District Court
              for the Western District of Wisconsin.
             No. 02 C 115—John C. Shabaz, Judge.
                         ____________
      ARGUED APRIL 10, 2003—DECIDED JULY 2, 2003
                    ____________


  Before BAUER, RIPPLE, and EVANS, Circuit Judges.
  BAUER, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff James M. Dixon filed an
action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging due process viola-
tions by the City of New Richmond, Wisconsin, Police De-
partment and its officials (collectively, “NRPD”). He
claimed the NRPD suspended, demoted, removed, and/or
constructively discharged him from his position as a part-
time police officer after charges were filed against Dixon by
the Village of Somerset, Wisconsin, Police Department for
violations of alcoholic beverage laws, misconduct related to
a Bureau of Transportation Safety grant, falsification of
time sheets, and theft of evidence. We affirm the district
2                                               No. 02-3727

court’s decision to grant summary judgment in favor of the
NRPD.


                     BACKGROUND
  Dixon began his law enforcement career in the summer
of 1998 as a part-time police officer with the NRPD and the
Village of Somerset Police Department (“Somerset”). He be-
came a full-time officer with Somerset in May 1998 and
continued working on a part-time basis for the NRPD, the
North Hudson, Wisconsin, Police Department, and the St.
Croix County Sheriff’s Department. As a part-time officer
for the NRPD, Dixon was scheduled to work strictly on an
as-needed basis. The NRPD Chief of Police made all staff-
ing decisions, and shifts were assigned according to depart-
mental needs and the availability of work.
  In January 2001, an employment complaint was filed
against Dixon in Somerset, alleging violations of alcoholic
beverage laws, misconduct related to a Bureau of Transpor-
tation grant, falsification of time sheets, and theft of evi-
dence. Shortly after these charges were filed, Dixon’s attor-
ney, R. Michael Waterman, contacted the NRPD and re-
quested that the NRPD reserve judgment until the
Somerset matter concluded. Police Chief David H. Levi
informed Waterman that the NRPD would do so but that
Dixon would not be assigned part-time shifts until the
Somerset matter concluded.
  Pursuant to Wisconsin law (Wis. Stat. § 62.13), Somerset
conducted a hearing in February 2001. On February 15,
2001, Somerset’s Police Review Board unanimously deter-
mined that Dixon committed the acts alleged, with the ex-
ception of the alcohol beverage law violations, and termi-
nated Dixon’s employment. Dixon then availed himself of
the procedures set forth by Wis. Stat. § 62.13(5) and ap-
No. 02-3727                                               3

pealed Somerset’s decision to the St. Croix County Circuit
Court.
  In June 2001, Chief Levi retired from the NRPD, and in
September 2001, Mark Samelstad became the new Chief.
After Chief Samelstad’s appointment, former-Chief Levi in-
formed him about Dixon’s situation and his agreement to
defer disciplinary action until completion of the proceed-
ings in Somerset. Shortly after being appointed, Chief
Samelstad issued new credentials to all NRPD officers
except Dixon. In October 2001, Chief Samelstad contacted
Dixon and requested that Dixon return his credentials.
Dixon did not comply with the request and stated that he
wished to speak with his attorney. In response to Chief
Samelstad’s request, but prior to the circuit court’s ruling
on Dixon’s appeal, Waterman sent a letter to Chief
Samelstad on October 11, 2001, stating that Dixon still con-
sidered himself a part-time NRPD officer and was willing to
accept part-time shifts.
   On December 31, 2001, the Wisconsin circuit court
affirmed Somerset’s decision, finding sufficient evidence to
sustain the charges and termination of Dixon’s employment.
In late January 2002, Dixon personally contacted Chief
Samelstad and expressed his interest in working part-time
shifts for the NRPD. Chief Samelstad replied to Dixon on
February 12, 2002, and informed Dixon that he was still
listed as an NRPD part-time officer but that his status
would be reviewed.
  Chief Samelstad notified Dixon on February 20, 2002,
that an internal investigation would be conducted concern-
ing Dixon’s dismissal from the Somerset Police Depart-
ment. Chief Samelstad also afforded Dixon an opportunity
to meet and present his version of the events at issue, but
Dixon failed to attend a mutually-agreed upon meeting the
two scheduled for February 25, 2002. Dixon filed the in-
4                                              No. 02-3727

stant lawsuit on February 22, 2002, alleging that the NRPD
had denied him due process of law by suspending, demot-
ing, removing, and/or constructively discharging him in
January 2001 when Chief Levi took Dixon’s name off the
part-time officers’ call list and when Chief Samelstad re-
quested that Dixon return his NRPD credentials in October
2001.
  Formal disciplinary proceedings against Dixon began on
April 25, 2002, when Chief Samelstad filed a statement of
charges with the New Richmond Police and Fire Commis-
sion (“NRPFC”), and a hearing before the NRPFC was
scheduled for May 22, 2002. Dixon responded to these
charges by sending a letter to the NRPFC on May 20, 2002,
stating that he had been constructively discharged by the
NRPD. Dixon also failed to attend the May 22 hearing,
which concluded with the NRPFC terminating his employ-
ment with the NRPD on May 23, 2002.
   In late July and early August 2002, both parties moved
for summary judgment on Dixon’s § 1983 claims. The
district court determined that Wisconsin law provides Dixon
with a protected property interest in his job but that Dixon
had not been deprived of that interest because the NRPD
had not suspended, demoted, removed, or constructively
fired him. The court further found that, even if Dixon had
been deprived of a protected property interest in January
2001, he was only entitled to post-deprivation procedures
according to Parratt v. Taylor, 

(1981), which
took place via the May 2002 hearing before the NRPFC that
Dixon refused to attend. Thus, Dixon’s motion was denied
and the NRPD’s motion was granted. This appeal ensued.


                       ANALYSIS
  We undertake a de novo review of the district court’s
decision to grant summary judgement in favor of the NRPD
No. 02-3727                                                5

and Chiefs Levi and Samelstad, viewing the record in a
light most favorable to Dixon and drawing all reasonable
inferences in his favor. Baron v. City of Highland Park, 

, 337-38 (7th Cir. 1999). Summary judgment is
appropriate “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to inter-
rogatories, and admissions on file, together with the
affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to
any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law.” FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c) (2003). A
genuine issue of material fact exists if there is sufficient
evidence in favor of the nonmoving party to permit a jury to
return a verdict for that party. 

.
  Our inquiry into Dixon’s procedural due process claim
begins with determining whether he was deprived of a
protected property interest, which involves a two-fold
examination: a) whether a protected property interest
exists; and b) whether Dixon was deprived of that protected
interest. If a deprivation has occurred, we evaluate what
process is due Dixon before he can be deprived of that
entitlement. Fittshur v. Vill. of Menonmonee Falls, 

, 1405 (7th Cir. 1994). Only certain types of property
interests are protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. To
be protected, a person must have a legitimate claim of enti-
tlement rather than only a unilateral expectation of some
benefit. Amendola v. Schliewe, 

, 83 (7th Cir.
1984). We look to independent sources, such as state law, to
determine the scope of property interests. Thus, “a public
employee must have an enforceable expectation of contin-
ued employment under state law to trigger the due process
requirement of pretermination notice and hearing.” 

law, the inquiry turns on whether
Dixon’s employment was “at-will” or whether he could be
terminated only “for cause,” the latter receiving due process
protection. Flynn v. Kornwolf, 

, 926 (7th Cir.
1996). The Wisconsin Supreme Court has held that the
6                                               No. 02-3727

state legislature removed police officers from the scope of
the employment at-will doctrine by enacting § 62.13, which
grants them procedural protections that prevent wrongful
discipline or discharge. Wis. Stat. § 62.13(5) (2003); Larson
v. City of Tomah, 

, 728-29 (Wis. 1995).
Accordingly, this Court has held that § 62.13(5) confers a
protected property interest upon Wisconsin police officers
and firefighters. Schultz v. Baumgart, 

, 235
(7th Cir. 1984).
  The parties do not dispute that Dixon enjoyed a protected
property interest in his position as a part-time officer with
the NRPD by virtue of § 62.13(5). Dixon contends that Chief
Levi’s decision to remove him from the call list in January
2001 amounted to a suspension and that Chief Samelstad’s
request that Dixon return his NRPD credentials in October
2001 amounts to constructive discharge, demotion, or re-
moval. The NRPD vigorously disputes, however, whether
Dixon was deprived of a property interest. We find the
NRPD’s position more persuasive.
  Dixon does not dispute any of the material facts but
simply argues that Chief Levi’s actions in January 2001
amount to a suspension. As a matter of law, we cannot
agree. First, Dixon’s attorney (Waterman) contacted Chief
Levi after the charges in Somerset were filed against Dixon
and requested that the NRPD reserve judgment until the
Somerset situation had been resolved. Keeping with Dixon’s
request, Chief Levi deferred any disciplinary proceedings
with the NRPD but informed Waterman that he would not
call Dixon for part-time shifts while the Somerset charges
were pending. Chief Levi did not institute formal disciplin-
ary procedures against Dixon because he was not disciplin-
ing Dixon. Tellingly, Dixon did not attempt to invoke his
rights under § 62.13(5) at this time but waited over one
year until February 2002 before claiming that Chief Levi
had suspended him (presumably because Dixon did not
No. 02-3727                                                 7

believe Chief Levi had suspended him but instead believed
that Chief Levi had reasonably complied with his request).
  Second, part-time officers receive work with the NRPD on
an as-needed basis, and the Chief of Police retains sole dis-
cretion regarding staffing needs. Chief Levi’s decision to re-
move Dixon from the call list does not amount to a suspen-
sion. Dixon was still listed as an officer with the NRPD on
all personnel and budgetary records throughout 2001 and
until May 2002 when formal disciplinary proceedings were
completed. Dixon simply was not assigned a part-time shift
while serious charges against him were pending in another
town.
  Similarly, we do not find that Chief Samelstad’s actions
deprived Dixon of a protected property interest. We recog-
nize four types of job termination: 1) outright discharge; 2)
coerced resignation; 3) constructive discharge; and 4) con-
structive resignation. Patterson v. Portch, 

,
1405-06 (7th Cir. 1988). Dixon alleges that Chief
Samelstad’s request in October 2001 that Dixon return his
NRPD credentials amounts to demotion, removal, or con-
structive discharge. Dixon’s rank, responsibilities, and pay
were not reduced by Chief Samelstad, so his claim that a
demotion occurred fails. We interpret Dixon’s argument
that he was “removed” as one for outright discharge, but do
not find the argument persuasive. The NRPD did not insti-
tute formal disciplinary proceedings until April 2002, and
Dixon was not terminated by the NRPFC until late May
2002. There was no discharge in October 2001.
  Constructive discharge occurs when the employee quits
because working conditions with his employer become “sim-
ply intolerable.” Lindale v. Tokheim Corp., 

,
955 (7th Cir. 1998). Here, Chief Samelstad maintained the
agreement reached between Dixon and Chief Levi while the
Somerset charges were pending. He did not return Dixon’s
name to the call list but continued to consider Dixon a part-
8                                               No. 02-3727

time officer with the NRPD. In fact, communication in Jan-
uary and February 2002 between Chief Samelstad, Dixon,
and Waterman shows that Chief Samelstad directly
informed Dixon that he was still considered an officer with
the NRPD and that his status with the department would
not be reviewed pending the resolution of the Somerset sit-
uation. Because this agreement was reached at Dixon’s
request, he cannot claim it was “simply intolerable.”
  Chief Samelstad also requested that Dixon return his
NRPD credentials, but Dixon did not comply. After making
the initial request, Chief Samelstad did not pursue the is-
sue, although he issued new credentials to NRPD officers in
the fall of 2001, leaving out Dixon. Again, we note that
Dixon did not complain about this request until several
months after it was made. Certainly, Dixon was aware of
the safeguards established by § 62.13(5)—because he
availed himself of them with respect to the Somerset
charges—so he cannot claim that he was unaware Wiscon-
sin law afforded him due process protections if he felt
aggrieved.
  We also find it compelling that Dixon testified in the
Somerset proceedings that he was still a part-time officer
with the NRPD. And as late as January 2002, Dixon con-
tacted Chief Samelstad and expressed a willingness to work
part-time shifts and update his credentials with the NRPD.
We find it difficult to believe that Dixon could have consid-
ered himself terminated at any point prior to the institution
of formal charges by Chief Samelstad in April 2002. The
facts simply do not show that Dixon quit his job because the
NRPD made his work environment “simply intolerable;” so
he could not have been constructively discharged.
  Accordingly, we find that Dixon was not deprived of a
protected property interest by the actions of the NRPD or
its officials, and because we find no deprivation, we need
not address the applicability of Parratt v. Taylor, 451 U.S.
No. 02-3727                                            9

527 (1981). The grant of summary judgment in favor of the
NRPD is AFFIRMED.

A true Copy:
       Teste:
                      ________________________________
                      Clerk of the United States Court of
                        Appeals for the Seventh Circuit




                  USCA-02-C-0072—7-2-03