On this appeal we must decide the res judicata effect of a prior dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

The appellant's earlier suit against the present defendant and one of its franchised dealers, brought in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia and based in part upon the diversity of citizenship provisions of 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1332 (1976),1 was dismissed for lack of the requisite statutory amount in controversy and for absence of complete diversity of citizenship. Dozier v. Ford Motor Co., No. 80-0958-A (E.D.Va. Dec. 12, 1980) ("Dozier I "). As specifically stated in the Fourth Circuit's affirmance, the suit sought "$7,000 compensatory and $1,000,000 in punitive damages for alleged breach of express and implied warranties pertaining to an automobile manufactured by Ford." Dozier v. Ford Motor Co., 661 F.2d 920, unpublished op. at 2 (4th Cir.1981) (per curiam) ("Dozier I Appeal"). Appellant's request for rehearing in the Fourth Circuit alleged that the amount of actual damages was $13,900; nevertheless rehearing was denied. Appellant then filed the present suit in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, complaining of the same transaction and alleging $16,400 in actual and $1,000,000 in punitive damages. Holding that the doctrine of res judicata precluded relitigation of whether appellant's claim placed more than $10,000 in controversy, as required by 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1332 (1976), the district court dismissed the suit. Dozier v. Ford Motor Co., No. 81-2102 (D.D.C. Feb. 23, 1982). We affirm.

To give proper res judicata effect to the judgment rendered in the Eastern District of Virginia, it is necessary to determine precisely what the judgment decided. In conducting that inquiry, we must assume that the court rendering the judgment acted in accordance with governing law; otherwise, we would in effect be permitting collateral attack. The cardinal rule governing the Eastern District's dismissal for insufficient amount in controversy (and the Fourth Circuit's affirmance) is expressed in the leading case as follows:

It must appear to a legal certainty that the claim is really for less than the jurisdictional amount to justify dismissal.... [I]f, from the face of the pleadings, it is apparent, to a legal certainty, that the plaintiff cannot recover the amount claimed, or if, from the proofs, the court is satisfied to a like certainty that the plaintiff never was entitled to recover that amount, and that his claim was therefore colorable for the purpose of conferring jurisdiction, the suit will be dismissed.

* * *

* * *[T]he plaintiff ... knows or should know whether his claim is within the statutory requirement as to amount. His good faith in choosing the federal forum is open to challenge not only by resort to the face of his complaint, but by the facts disclosed at trial, and if from either source it is clear that his claim never could have amounted to the sum necessary to give jurisdiction there is no injustice in dismissing the suit. Indeed, this is the court's duty ....

St. Paul Mercury Indemnity Co. v. Red Cab Co., 303 U.S. 283, 289-90, 58 S. Ct. 586, 590-91, 82 L. Ed. 845 (1938) (footnotes omitted and emphases added) (cited with approval in Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld, 420 U.S. 636, 642 n. 10, 95 S. Ct. 1225, 1230 n. 10, 43 L. Ed. 2d 514 (1975)). Thus, the Eastern District of Virginia, affirmed on appeal by the Fourth Circuit, must have decided "to a legal certainty" (from the face of the complaint, given that the case did not proceed to trial) that neither punitive nor actual damages could be recovered in an amount exceeding the statutory threshold in Sec. 1332.2 See, e.g., Wiggins v. North American Equitable Life Assurance Co., 644 F.2d 1014 (4th Cir.1981); Givens v. W.T. Grant Co., 457 F.2d 612 (2d Cir.), vacated and remanded on other grounds, 409 U.S. 56, 93 S. Ct. 451, 34 L. Ed. 2d 266 (1972). Because the doctrine of res judicata applies to dismissal for lack of jurisdiction as well as for other grounds, that determination bars the present suit in federal district court, at least to the extent appellant seeks to base jurisdiction on Sec. 1332. American Surety Co. v. Baldwin, 287 U.S. 156, 53 S. Ct. 98, 77 L. Ed. 231 (1932) (Brandeis, J.); Acree v. Air Line Pilots Ass'n, 390 F.2d 199 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 393 U.S. 852, 89 S. Ct. 88, 21 L. Ed. 2d 122 (1968).

The Eastern District and the Fourth Circuit considered the $1,000,000 punitive damage claim inadequate to satisfy the amount-in-controversy requirement because it was clear that on the facts alleged the governing state law would not allow punitive damages. Appellant's principal attack, however, is upon the actual damage aspect of the matter. He suggests that the prior courts did not make the determination necessary to bar the present suit because they did not inquire into whether he could in good faith have alleged greater actual damages. But St. Paul Mercury requires no such inquiry; it explicitly permits the "legal certainty" determination to be based upon the face of the complaint. See also Horton v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., 367 U.S. 348, 353, 81 S. Ct. 1570, 1573, 6 L. Ed. 2d 890 (1961) (citing St. Paul Mercury ) ("The general federal rule has long been to decide what the amount in controversy is from the complaint itself ..."). The averment of damages, like the other averments of a complaint, is an allegation of fact. There was no more need to probe beneath that allegation, to determine whether Dozier's actual damages might in good faith be claimed to be higher, than there was to probe beneath the allegations of acts producing the damage, to determine whether they might in good faith be recast to sustain a claim for punitive damages. Simply stated, where jurisdiction is at issue a plaintiff is held to his own representations regarding damages just as regarding everything else; and "[i]f he fails to make the necessary allegations he has no standing." McNutt v. General Motors Acceptance Corp., 298 U.S. 178, 189, 56 S. Ct. 780, 785, 80 L. Ed. 1135 (1936).3 See LeBlanc v. Spector, 378 F. Supp. 301, 307 (D.Conn.1973), where, in dismissing a $10,000 claim, the court did not feel constrained to inquire into whether the facts might have justified a claim reaching the $10,001 jurisdictional minimum.

Appellant portrays his inadequate damage claim in the earlier suit as a mere pleading deficiency which falls within the "curable defect" exception to the res judicata effect of jurisdictional dismissals. It does not qualify. The "curable defect" exception applies where a "precondition requisite" to the court's proceeding with the original suit was not alleged or proven, and is supplied in the second suit--for example, the Government's filing of an affidavit of good cause in a denaturalization proceeding, Costello v. United States, 365 U.S. 265, 284-88, 81 S. Ct. 534, 544-46, 5 L. Ed. 2d 551 (1961), proper service of process, Martin v. Dep't of Mental Hygiene, 588 F.2d 371, 373 n. 3 (2d Cir.1978), or residency adequate to invoke diversity jurisdiction, see Napper v. Anderson, 500 F.2d 634, 637 (5th Cir.1974), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 837, 96 S. Ct. 65, 46 L. Ed. 2d 56 (1975). What all these cases have in common is that the jurisdictional deficiency could be remedied by occurrences subsequent to the original dismissal. The deficiency pertained to a fact (filing of affidavit, service of process or present residence) separate and apart from the past and completed transactions that constituted the cause of action. It may be desirable (though not unquestionably so) to give a plaintiff multiple chances to comply with these post-transactional requirements;4 but it is quite another matter to permit him to change his sworn recitation of past facts.5 Some very old cases suggest that any "defect in pleading" may be remedied. For example in Smith v. McNeal, 109 U.S. 426, 431, 3 S. Ct. 319, 321, 27 L. Ed. 986 (1883), the Supreme Court held that dismissal for failure to allege the jurisdictional prerequisite of disputed title was no bar to a subsequent suit which remedied that "defect in pleading." We regard such cases as superseded, expressing a rule that made sense only in a system where liberal amendment of pleading was not permitted.6 (Smith v. McNeal has not been cited by the Supreme Court in the century since its issuance.)7

The appropriateness of dismissing this suit is confirmed by the fact that even if appellant's revision of his damage claim had been attempted through amendment of the pleadings before judgment in the original suit, it should probably not have been allowed. As was said in another case dismissing a claim because the damage alleged fell short of the jurisdictional amount:

Plaintiff is, of course, entitled to leave to amend his complaint. But when an initial prayer proves defective at conferring jurisdiction, and the complaint is amended so as to raise the prayer above the jurisdictional amount, the plaintiff may find that he has provided the court with the objective evidence of a colorable claim necessary to dismiss an action seeking highly speculative damages despite the jurisdictionally liberal presumption in favor of the plaintiff's good faith. Absent some showing of "[a] change of circumstances or developing injuries to explain the inflation of the claim which alone [gives] color of federal jurisdiction," ... amendment of a claim after a finding of jurisdictional inadequacy provides "independent evidence ... tending to show that the claim [has] been inflated solely to exceed the jurisdictional threshold."

LeBlanc v. Spector, supra, 378 F.Supp. at 307-08 (citations omitted). See also Fritz v. Warner-Lambert Pharmaceutical Co., 349 F. Supp. 1250 (E.D.N.Y.1972); Brown v. Bodak, 188 F. Supp. 532 (S.D.N.Y.1960). Plaintiff evidently declined to expose himself to that risk before the original district court. If the doctrine of res judicata is to achieve its intended purposes he must be barred here.8

Two factors peculiar to the present case might alter the effect of the judgment based upon the inadequate pleading. First, it might be argued that because the earlier courts found, in addition to insufficient jurisdictional amount, lack of diversity between the parties, the former is an alternative holding and, as such, is not entitled to res judicata effect. The cases and commentators are divided on this issue9--and understandably so, since a real dilemma is presented. A rule declining to accord res judicata effect to an alternate ground must of course apply to both grounds, which would mean that a case which is doubly inadequate can be refiled whereas a case inadequate in only one respect cannot. On the other hand, a rule which gives res judicata effect to both grounds leaves the losing party who concedes the adequacy of one no appellate remedy for the patent invalidity of the other except a frivolous appeal. We need not reach that more general question in the present case,10 since here the losing party did pursue an appeal, which was explicitly rejected on both grounds. Dozier I Appeal at 2. We hold that in such circumstances the dismissal on each ground is res judicata in a subsequent suit.

The second factor peculiar to the present case is that the Fourth Circuit judgment was expressly entered "without prejudice." The usual meaning of this phrase, however, is "without prejudice as to the substantive cause of action ... [but] with prejudice on the issue ... 'which was litigated in the prior action.' " In re Kauffman Mutual Fund Actions, 479 F.2d 257, 267 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 414 U.S. 857, 94 S. Ct. 161, 38 L. Ed. 2d 107 (1973) (quoting Restatement of Judgments Sec. 49, comment b, at 195 (1942)). The issue litigated here, as we have discussed, was whether the present claim exceeded the jurisdictional minimum. Dismissal "without prejudice" was appropriate, of course, to make it clear that appellant was not to be precluded by the doctrine of res judicata from having his claim heard on the merits in state court. In the days when pleadings were not liberally amendable, it might have made sense to interpret the phrase "without prejudice" to mean that the court was only determining the adequacy of the particular pleadings, and not the adequacy of the facts (whether pertaining to jurisdiction or the merits) to which the pleadings were directed. But such an interpretation today is fanciful, since it assumes, in the context of this case, that the Eastern District of Virginia and the Fourth Circuit went through the trouble they did to make the plaintiff refile instead of amending his complaint. See note 6, supra.

We may comment upon the fact that appellant has been a pro se litigant in all these proceedings--both in the District Court and Court of Appeals in the Fourth Circuit, and before the District Court and Court of Appeals here. At least where a litigant is seeking a monetary award, we do not believe pro se status necessarily justifies special consideration. See, e.g., Mazique v. Mazique, 356 F.2d 801 (D.C.Cir.) (per curiam), cert. denied, 384 U.S. 981, 86 S. Ct. 1882, 16 L. Ed. 2d 691 (1966). While such a pro se litigant must of course be given fair and equal treatment, he cannot generally be permitted to shift the burden of litigating his case to the courts, nor to avoid the risks of failure that attend his decision to forgo expert assistance. The present appellant is, in any event, a particularly poor candidate for special treatment. Though not a member of this bar, he claimed under oath and in response to question from the Eastern District judge that he is a member of the bar of the State of Maryland, and has practiced law for some 31 years, representations upon which the court relied. Transcript of Proceedings, Dozier I at 6; see also, Answer to Defendant Ford's Motion to Dismiss, id. at 3. Moreover, appellant was fully aware both that jurisdiction would lie under Sec. 1332 only if the amount in controversy exceeded $10,000, and that if the court found punitive damages unavailable, his suit was subject to dismissal because his claim for actual damages was below the threshold amount. See Answer to Defendant Ford's Motion to Dismiss, Dozier I at 1; Brief for Appellant, Dozier I Appeal, at 3 (offer to amend complaint to allege more than $10,000 actual damages).

The dissent believes that our approach does not display sufficient solicitude for "incompetent litigants." Dissent at 1199. We think that concern is misplaced when the jurisdictional question turns upon an issue no more sophisticated and a fact no more likely to be misstated to the plaintiff's detriment than the amount of damages. Even when the noncurable defect is more arcane, however, solicitude for the possibly incompetent must be balanced against solicitude for the possibly harassed. Where allegations of pleadings concerning past facts are concerned, the system has struck the proper equipoise, we think, by extending itself to assist the incompetent at the first trial (through pleading rules that are nontechnical and permit easy amendment), and by saying "enough" at the second. The dissent apparently acknowledges the need to say "enough" at some point (see the last footnote to the opinion) but provides no principled basis for determining when. We prefer a rule of law, and have applied what we believe to be the established and fair one.

The scope of the disagreement between our opinion and the dissent should not be exaggerated. We are in accord that the doctrine of res judicata has application "to questions of jurisdiction as well as to other issues," American Surety Co. v. Baldwin, 287 U.S. 156, 166, 53 S. Ct. 98, 101, 77 L. Ed. 231 (1932) (Brandeis, J.); that it ordinarily precludes subsequent challenge to a finding that jurisdiction does exist, see, e.g., Durfee v. Duke, 375 U.S. 106, 116, 84 S. Ct. 242, 247, 11 L. Ed. 2d 186 (1963); and that it precludes subsequent challenge to a finding of non -jurisdiction--even on an alternate ground (so long as that ground has been considered on appeal)--unless the doctrine of "curable pleading defects" applies. It is on the operation of the latter doctrine that we part ways.

The defendant in this case has already undergone the expense of litigation in two district courts and two courts of appeals. We decline to prolong the contest in the federal courts by allowing the plaintiff simply to change his mind as to the damages he has suffered.

Affirmed.

Appellant James Dozier sued appellee Ford Motor Company ("Ford") and a Virginia Ford Dealer in the Eastern District of Virginia, alleging breach of warranty and seeking $7,000 actual damages and $1,000,000 punitive damages. The Virginia district court dismissed the action without prejudice for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, finding that punitive damages were not recoverable for breach of warranty and that Dozier had not met the $10,000 amount in controversy requirement for diversity jurisdiction. Dozier appealed and the Fourth Circuit affirmed.

Dozier then refiled in the district court for the District of Columbia, alleging $16,400 actual damages and $1,000,000 punitive damages. The district court dismissed for lack of diversity jurisdiction, finding that the doctrine of res judicata barred relitigation of whether Dozier could satisfy the $10,000 jurisdictional requirement. In my view, the availability of punitive damages cannot be relitigated, but Dozier should be given a second chance to show $10,000 in actual damages. I would therefore affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand to the district court to determine the amount in controversy.

Dozier's complaint alleges that he purchased a used Mercury Bobcat from Brown Lincoln-Mercury of Arlington, Virginia, in February 1980. Dozier also purchased a one-year service contract from Ford. The car repeatedly broke down, and neither the dealer nor Ford would honor the service contract. Dozier, at that time a resident of Virginia, brought suit pro se in the Eastern District of Virginia against the dealer and Ford, alleging breach of warranty and claiming $7,000 in actual damages and $1,000,000 in punitive damages. He did not itemize or explain his claim for actual damages.1 Jurisdiction was based on diversity.

The Virginia district court found no complete diversity since both Dozier and the car dealer were Virginia citizens. In addition, the court ruled that under Virginia law, punitive damages could not be recovered for breach of warranty; therefore, Dozier had also failed to meet the $10,000 amount in controversy requirement for diversity jurisdiction.2 The court did not inquire into whether Dozier could in good faith allege more than $10,000 actual damages. The court dismissed the case for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, without prejudice.

Dozier appealed to the Fourth Circuit, which affirmed the Virginia district court on all grounds. Dozier then filed a petition for rehearing in which for the first time he itemized his damages and claimed more than $10,000 actual damages.3 The petition was denied. Dozier, by now a resident of Maryland, filed a new complaint in the District of Columbia district court, naming Ford as the only defendant. He claimed $16,400 in itemized actual damages and $1,000,000 in punitive damages, and again asserted diversity jurisdiction. The district court dismissed the action for lack of jurisdiction, relying on the doctrine of res judicata, and Dozier appealed to this court.

A finding that jurisdiction exists is generally res judicata between the parties to the lawsuit. See, e.g., Durfee v. Duke, 375 U.S. 106, 116, 84 S. Ct. 242, 247, 11 L. Ed. 2d 186 (1963) ("[W]hen ... the jurisdictional issues had been fully and fairly litigated ... in the Nebraska courts, the federal court in Missouri was correct in ruling that further inquiry was precluded."); American Surety Co. v. Baldwin, 287 U.S. 156, 166, 53 S. Ct. 98, 101, 77 L. Ed. 231 (1932) (Brandeis, J.) ("The principles of res judicata apply to questions of jurisdiction as well as to other issues.").4

The preclusive effect of a finding that jurisdiction does not exist is less settled. In some cases, a plaintiff can successfully reassert a basis for jurisdiction that was previously rejected. For example, if a claim of diversity jurisdiction fails for lack of complete diversity, and a later move by one of the parties establishes complete diversity, diversity jurisdiction will lie.5 Similarly, lack of personal jurisdiction (because of defective service of process or otherwise) can be cured and the suit recommenced.6 More generally, "a plaintiff's failure to comply with a precondition requisite to the Court's going forward to determine the merits of his substantive claim" can be cured and the case refiled. Costello v. United States, 365 U.S. 265, 285, 81 S. Ct. 534, 545, 5 L. Ed. 2d 551 (1961) (by implication).7

On the other hand, numerous cases hold that where a question of jurisdiction has been fully litigated and the claim dismissed for lack of jurisdiction, the issue of jurisdiction cannot be relitigated. See, e.g., Zoriano Sanchez v. Caribbean Carriers, Ltd., 552 F.2d 70, 72 (2d Cir.) (no subject matter jurisdiction under the Jones Act over foreign shipowner), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 853, 98 S. Ct. 168, 54 L. Ed. 2d 123 (1977); Hoston v. Silbert, 514 F. Supp. 1239, 1242 (D.D.C.1981) (statute of limitations); Miller v. Saxbe, 396 F. Supp. 1260, 1261 (D.D.C.1975) (failure to meet the time limit for filing race discrimination complaint).8

Most of the decided cases, whether they find or reject res judicata, are broadly phrased. They suggest either that the same jurisdictional ground can always or can never be relied on in a second action. Compare, e.g., Johnson v. Boyd-Richardson Co., 650 F.2d 147, 148 (8th Cir.1981) (in an earlier action, plaintiff misnamed the corporate defendant; "the res judicata bar does not arise") and Mann v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 488 F.2d 75, 76 (5th Cir.1973) (per curiam) (original action was dismissed "basically because requisite jurisdictional allegations [of diversity] were missing ...; that dismissal does not operate as an adjudication upon the merits") with, e.g., McCarney v. Ford Motor Co., 657 F.2d 230, 234 (8th Cir.1981) (if plaintiffs "had refiled their suit under the [same] Act it would have clearly been precluded by their earlier suit") and Boone v. Kurtz, 617 F.2d 435, 436 (5th Cir.1980) (per curiam) ("a second complaint cannot command a second consideration of the same jurisdictional claims").

The Tenth Circuit, however, has reconciled Costello and other cases permitting relitigation with cases barring relitigation by distinguishing between "curable" and "noncurable" defects:

"Principles of res judicata apply to jurisdiction as well as to other issues. American Surety Co. v. Baldwin, 287 U.S. 156, 166 [53 S. Ct. 98, 101, 77 L. Ed. 231] (1932). In some cases, however, dismissal for want of jurisdiction is no bar to another suit. See Costello v. United States, 365 U.S. 265, 286 [81 S. Ct. 534, 545, 5 L. Ed. 2d 551] (1961). Thus, suit may be brought again where a jurisdictional defect has been cured or loses its controlling force. See Luker v. Nelson, 341 F. Supp. 111, 115 (N.D.Ill.1972). Here we are not dealing with such a curable defect and the ... bar of res judicata applies."Stewart Securities Corp. v. Guaranty Trust Co., 597 F.2d 240, 242-43 (10th Cir.1979) (some citations omitted) (quoting Eaton v. Weaver Manufacturing Co., 582 F.2d 1250, 1255-56 (10th Cir.1978)); accord Luker v. Nelson, 341 F. Supp. 111, 114-15 (N.D.Ill.1972).

I would adopt the Tenth Circuit's approach, which I would restate as follows: Principles of res judicata apply to dismissals for lack of jurisdiction as well as to other issues. However, where a jurisdictional defect is cured or otherwise loses its controlling force, a second action may be brought under the same jurisdictional provision.9 This rule strikes a reasonable balance between considerations of finality and doing justice to inept litigants. When the defect can be cured, the plaintiff will have a chance to cure it. On the other hand, where the jurisdictional flaw cannot be cured, the plaintiff cannot return to court in the hope that a second judge will find jurisdiction where the first did not. The costs in duplicative litigation will be minor since the defendant need not "incur the inconvenience of preparing to meet the merits." Costello, 365 U.S. at 286, 81 S.Ct. at 545.

Dozier's earlier failure to establish complete diversity has clearly lost its controlling force and is not res judicata. Indeed, Ford does not dispute that Dozier has established complete diversity. Equally clearly, there is nothing to be cured in Dozier's allegation of punitive damages. It is a purely legal question whether they are available for breach of warranty under Virginia law. Moreover, Dozier has had a full and fair opportunity to litigate their availability. The matter was decided both by the Virginia district court and by the Fourth Circuit. Therefore, res judicata precludes either awarding punitive damages or including them as part of the $10,000 jurisdictional amount.

The Virginia district court's finding that punitive damages are unavailable is an alternative holding, and there is some disagreement over when an alternative holding should be given res judicata or collateral estoppel effect. See Stebbins v. Keystone Insurance Co., 481 F.2d 501, 507-08 (D.C.Cir.1973) (expressly not reaching the issue and holding narrowly that where an employment discrimination suit had been dismissed for failure to apply for the job and lack of qualifications, the ruling on qualifications did not create collateral estoppel).10 Here, the district court's ruling on punitive damages was affirmed on appeal, and I concur in the majority holding that this is sufficient indication of careful decisionmaking so that res judicata should apply.

Thus far, the majority and I are in basic agreement. See maj. op. at 12-13. We differ, however, on how to interpret the Virginia district court's finding that there was not $10,000 actual damages in controversy. On the facts of this case, I believe that the court's finding reflects merely a curable defect in pleading and not a factual determination that Dozier could not show $10,000 in actual damages. The court made no inquiry into Dozier's actual damages. (It was not required to, and had little reason to exercise its discretion to do so since it would have dismissed the case in any event for lack of complete diversity.) Instead, it simply took the allegation in Dozier's complaint of $7,000 actual damages at face value.11 Moreover, the Virginia court explicitly dismissed the case "without prejudice," which indicates to me that the court contemplated that Dozier could refile an amended complaint in federal court.

I find the majority's analysis flawed in four aspects. First, the majority refuses to go behind the face of the Virginia district court's negative ruling on amount in controversy to determine whether the court looked only at the complaint or made a factual inquiry into Dozier's actual damages. Fair application of the doctrine of res judicata, however, requires a court to inquire closely into the record. See 18 C. Wright, A. Miller & E. Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure: Jurisdiction, Sec. 4420, at 185 (1981) ("[T]he first step in resolving uncertainty as to the ... issues actually decided lies in painstaking examination of the record of the prior action.") (footnote omitted). In my view, the majority's failure to inquire more closely in this case is inconsistent with the general philosophy, embodied in our liberal pleading rules, of giving even incompetent litigants an opportunity to have their claim heard on the merits.

More troubling is the majority's view that a new suit should be permitted only when the original jurisdictional defect "could be remedied by occurrences subsequent to the original dismissal." Maj. op. at 1192 (emphasis in original). The majority views the total failure to file an affidavit of good cause in Costello as such a defect, but does not view the amount in controversy defect at issue here as such. I do not see the policy reasons for distinguishing between Costello and Dozier on this basis. In both Dozier and Costello, the complainant could have done it right the first time around and did not. In Costello, the government did not file an affidavit of good cause at all, while in Dozier the plaintiff filed a manifestly defective complaint. The policy rationale for not permitting a second suit (avoiding nuisance to the defendant) applies in both cases with equal force. Either can be defended by simply asserting the defect, with no need to prepare a defense on the merits. The policy rationale for permitting a second suit (giving an incompetent complainant a full chance to have his day in court) also applies to both cases equally. There seems no reason why a total bumbler should be permitted to refile while a partial bumbler should not.

The logical upshot of the majority's approach would be that the government could not refile in Costello either. We are constrained, however, to follow Costello, and I see no reason not to apply here its balancing of the competing policies.

Third, the Virginia district court explicitly dismissed the case "without prejudice." The majority contends that this merely indicates the court's desire "to make it clear that appellant ... [could still have] his claim heard on the merits in state court." Maj. op. at 1194. However, this explanation makes little sense. No federal court has any power to bar a claimant, like Dozier, from pursuing his claim in state court. Even if the court had dismissed "with prejudice," the dismissal for lack of jurisdiction under Fed.R.Civ.P. 41(b), "[would] not operate as an adjudication on the merits." 18 C. Wright, A. Miller & E. Cooper, supra, Sec. 4435, at 333; see Costello v. United States, 365 U.S. 265, 286, 81 S. Ct. 534, 545, 5 L. Ed. 2d 551 (1961) ("We do not discern in Rule 41(b) a purpose to change this common-law principle ...."). Thus, the court's dismissal "without prejudice" could only mean that it contemplated that Dozier could refile an amended complaint in federal court. Accord Cloverleaf Standardbred Owners Association v. National Bank of Washington, 699 F.2d 1274, at 1275 n. 2, (D.C.Cir.1983) ("The dismissal [for lack of an indispensable party] was ordered 'with prejudice.' The 'prejudice' ... relates to the filing of another action between the same parties on the same claim in federal court.") (emphasis in original); International Philanthropic Hospital Foundation v. United States, 621 F.2d 402, 405, 223 Ct. Cl. 587 (Ct.Cl.1980) (similar).12

Finally, I note that there is case support for my approach, and none for the majority's. This case seems closely akin to Mann v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 488 F.2d 75, 76 (5th Cir.1973) (per curiam), where a complaint was dismissed "for want of allegations establishing diversity jurisdiction, with leave to amend within 10 days." Plaintiff failed to amend, and the case was dismissed. Eighteen months later, plaintiff refiled a proper diversity complaint; the Fifth Circuit held that the earlier dismissal was not res judicata on the issue of diversity jurisdiction. I believe a similar result is called for here, especially since the Virginia court did not explicitly give Dozier leave to amend. See also Smith v. McNeal, 109 U.S. 426, 431, 3 S. Ct. 319, 321, 27 L. Ed. 986 (1883) (first action was dismissed for failure to allege that title was disputed and that defendants resided in Tennessee; this failure to "state the jurisdictional facts" was no bar to a second action); cf. Johnson v. Boyd-Richardson Co., 650 F.2d 147, 148 (8th Cir.1981) (plaintiff misnamed the defendant corporation and failed to amend when given 15 days to do so; a second action correctly naming the defendant was not barred); Lemmon v. Cedar Point, Inc., 406 F.2d 94, 95 n. 2 (6th Cir.1969) (dictum) (affirming dismissal for failure to properly allege $10,000 in controversy, but noting that "this deficiency can be cured by amendment ... since it is apparent that jurisdiction does in fact exist").

The majority argues that McNeal should be regarded as "superseded" because it was written in a day when liberal amendment of pleadings was not allowed. Maj. op. at 1192. The Costello Court, however, cited with approval several similar cases of equal vintage.13 Moreover, I am reluctant to ignore a Supreme Court precedent merely because it is old, when it has never been overruled either expressly or by implication; especially so when cases such as Mann and Johnson show that modern courts still use similar reasoning. There is a time and place for such action, but this is not it. See Kniffin, Overruling Supreme Court Precedents: Anticipatory Action by United States Court of Appeals, 51 Fordham L.Rev. 53, 88 (1982) (lower court should satisfy itself that the Supreme Court is "highly likely" to depart from the precedent and that "greater justice to both parties will be accomplished thereby").

The majority decision also creates a conflict with the Fifth Circuit's opinion in Mann. The majority concedes that Mann is partly inconsistent with its proposed rule, maj. op. at 1192 n. 4, and strains mightily to distinguish this case on its facts, id. at 1193 n. 7. The attempted distinction, however, does not withstand analysis.14 On the narrow point of res judicata at issue here, we should be reluctant to go our separate way unless we are firmly convinced that the Fifth Circuit is wrong.15 This is doubly so since Supreme Court precedent suggests, if it does not command, that the Fifth Circuit has the better of the argument.

In closing, I stress the policy concerns underlying my dissent. Presumably a litigant assisted by competent counsel would have originally alleged more than $10,000 actual damages and would not have sued a nondiverse defendant. The Virginia court would then in all probability have accepted jurisdiction over the claim and proceeded to decide it on the merits. Even if it turned out after trial that damages were less than $10,000, jurisdiction would not have been lost.16 Dozier, unfortunately, chose to proceed pro se, and failed to do these obvious things.17 The question before us is whether he should have a second chance.

It is a commonplace that courts should construe the pleadings "to do substantial injustice." Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(f). Here, the cost to the defendant to defend based on an obvious pleading defect is relatively small. Thus, "substantial justice" to Dozier requires that we not use the doctrine of res judicata to turn a dismissal for inartful pleading into a lock on the courthouse door. Dozier should have a second chance to cure his defective allegation of jurisdictional amount.18