Judges: Posner
Filed: Jul. 06, 2016
Latest Update: Mar. 03, 2020
Summary: In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit _ No. 15-3313 JANA CAUDILL, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. KELLER WILLIAMS REALTY, INC., Defendant-Appellee. _ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 13 C 4693 — Charles P. Kocoras, Judge. _ ARGUED MAY 19, 2016 — DECIDED JULY 6, 2016 _ Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and POSNER and ROVNER, Cir- cuit Judges. POSNER, Circuit Judge. Jana Caudill, the principal plaintiff in t
Summary: In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit _ No. 15-3313 JANA CAUDILL, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. KELLER WILLIAMS REALTY, INC., Defendant-Appellee. _ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 13 C 4693 — Charles P. Kocoras, Judge. _ ARGUED MAY 19, 2016 — DECIDED JULY 6, 2016 _ Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and POSNER and ROVNER, Cir- cuit Judges. POSNER, Circuit Judge. Jana Caudill, the principal plaintiff in th..
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In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 15‐3313
JANA CAUDILL, et al.,
Plaintiffs‐Appellants,
v.
KELLER WILLIAMS REALTY, INC.,
Defendant‐Appellee.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 13 C 4693 — Charles P. Kocoras, Judge.
____________________
ARGUED MAY 19, 2016 — DECIDED JULY 6, 2016
____________________
Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and POSNER and ROVNER, Cir‐
cuit Judges.
POSNER, Circuit Judge. Jana Caudill, the principal plaintiff
in this diversity suit for breach of contract governed by Tex‐
as law, is an Indiana resident who owns a real estate broker‐
age company named Leaders. The defendant, Keller Wil‐
liams, is a Texas corporation that franchises real estate firms
like the plaintiffs’ and in 2001 had franchised Caudill’s com‐
pany, with the result that it operated under the Keller Wil‐
2 No. 15‐3313
liams name. Later she was made a Regional Director of Kel‐
ler Williams. Their relationship soured, however. Her posi‐
tion was terminated in 2010 and her company’s franchise the
following year.
Her suit, filed in a federal district court in Indiana, was
transferred to a federal district court in Texas and settled in
2012. The settlement agreement included a prohibition
against disclosure of its terms, including the amount paid
Caudill in the settlement. The agreement allowed certain en‐
tities, such as tax professionals, insurance carriers, and gov‐
ernment agencies, to receive the disclosures, but the recipi‐
ents had to promise to keep them in confidence. The agree‐
ment contained a liquidated damages provision which stat‐
ed that because damages for violations of the prohibition
against disclosure of a settlement term “are not susceptible
to precise quantification,” any such violation would entitle
the victim (in this case Caudill) to damages of $10,000.
Three months after the court in Texas dismissed Caudill’s
suit pursuant to the settlement agreement, Keller Williams
issued what is called an FDD (Franchise Disclosure Docu‐
ment) to some 2000 existing or potential franchisees and oth‐
er interested firms or persons. None of the recipients was
permitted by the settlement agreement to receive such dis‐
closures. And the FDD failed to require recipients to keep
the disclosed information confidential. In violation of the set‐
tlement agreement the FDD described Caudill’s lawsuit
against Keller Williams in detail—it had alleged a variety of
violations of tort and contract law and of state statutes—and
noted that the case had been dismissed after the parties had
settled. The FDD also disclosed both the total amount paid
by the defendants to Caudill and her company and the share
No. 15‐3313 3
of the settlement that Keller Williams’ insurer had contribut‐
ed.
The Federal Trade Commission requires the FDD to be
sent to “a prospective franchisee … 14 calendar‐days before
the prospective franchisee signs a binding agreement with,
or makes any payment to, the franchisor or an affiliate in
connection with the proposed franchise sale,” 16 C.F.R.
§ 436.2(a); see also id. § 436.5(c) (the FDD must also include
information about past litigation). But so far as appears Kel‐
ler Williams sent the FDD not only to on‐the‐verge‐of‐
becoming‐franchisees of Keller Williams, as required by the
regulations, but also to other potential franchisees, including
renewing franchisees (who are not generally entitled to such
disclosures under the regulations, id. § 436.1(t)), Keller Wil‐
liams employees, and regional owners (not defined).
Caudill contends that this widespread dissemination of
the FDD was a violation of the confidentiality clause of the
settlement agreement, and that since the liquidated damages
clause specifies damages of $10,000 for each breach of the
confidentiality clause she is entitled to $20 million (2000 x
$10,000) in damages. The district judge disagreed, noting
that under Texas law a liquidated damages clause is en‐
forceable only if “the harm caused by the breach [of the con‐
tract] is incapable or difficult of estimation and … the
amount of liquidated damages [specified in the contract] is a
reasonable forecast of just compensation.” Phillips v. Phillips,
820 S.W.2d 785, 788 (Tex. 1991) (emphasis added).
The relevance of the second requirement lies in the twin
facts that Caudill‘s suit is for breach of contract and that
penalty clauses in contracts are (and long have been, see,
e.g., Durst v. Swift, 11 Tex. 273, 281–82 (1854)) unenforceable
4 No. 15‐3313
under Texas law, as under common law generally. “The
basic principle underlying contract damages is compensa‐
tion for losses sustained and no more; thus, we will not en‐
force punitive contractual damages provisions.” FPL Energy,
LLC v. TXU Portfolio Management Co., L.P., 426 S.W.3d 59, 69
(Tex. 2014). Or as we explained in Lake River Corp. v. Carbo‐
rundum Co., 769 F.2d 1284, 1289–90 (7th Cir. 1985) (applying
Illinois law), “a liquidation of damages must be a reasonable
estimate at the time of contracting of the likely damages
from breach, and the need for estimation at that time must
be shown by reference to the likely difficulty of measuring
the actual damages from a breach of contract after the breach
occurs. If damages would be easy to determine then, or if the
estimate greatly exceeds a reasonable upper estimate of
what the damages are likely to be, it is a penalty.” And
though the reasonableness of a liquidated damages provi‐
sion is ordinarily its reasonableness at the time of contract‐
ing, “when there is an unbridgeable discrepancy between
liquidated damages provisions as written and the unfortu‐
nate reality in application, we cannot enforce such provi‐
sions.” FPL Energy, LLC v. TXU Portfolio Management Co.,
L.P., supra, 426 S.W.3d at 72.
The district judge thought it unreasonable to suppose, at
least in the absence of evidence—and there was virtually
none—that the dissemination of the FDD beyond the limits
specified in the settlement agreement had caused a $20 mil‐
lion loss to Caudill. Although the burden of proving that a
liquidated damages clause is actually a penalty clause is on
the defendant in an action to enforce the clause, id., Keller
Williams was able to show that there was no basis for sup‐
posing the damage to have been anywhere near an average
of $10,000 per unauthorized recipient of the disclosure. Cau‐
No. 15‐3313 5
dill failed to identify a single recipient who had come to
think less of her or her company as a result of it, or a single
referral that she had lost—failures of proof that demolished
her claim to $20 million in damages. And, though this was
icing on the cake, Keller Williams presented evidence that
any fluctuations in Caudill’s annual profits could be best ex‐
plained by factors other than disclosure, such as the termina‐
tion of her business relationship with Keller Williams.
The judge concluded that “actual damages do not exist,”
and even if that’s something of an exaggeration Keller Wil‐
liams had succeeded in showing that “the actual loss [suf‐
fered by Caudill] was not an approximation of the stipulated
[in the settlement agreement] sum.” Healix Infusion Therapy,
Inc. v. Bellos, No., 11–02–00346–CV, 2003 WL 22411873, at *2
(Tex. App. Oct. 23, 2003).
One can, it is true, imagine Caudill’s business being seri‐
ously harmed by the disclosure of the terms of settlement.
The disclosure alleged a frightening catalog of wrongs com‐
mitted by Keller Williams, including “breach of contract,
fraudulent misrepresentation to induce a contract, tortious
interference with contract, promissory estoppel, unjust en‐
richment, fraudulent misrepresentation to induce a written
contract, breach of a written contract, tortious interference
with a written contract, … violation of [the] Illinois Wage
Payment and Collection Act, breach of the franchise agree‐
ment, and violation of the Indiana Deceptive Franchise Prac‐
tices Act.” Reading this litany of alleged wrongs might in‐
deed scare off prospective business partners and clients,
fearing to become targets of Caudill should they enter into a
business relationship with her and the relationship sour. But
this is speculation.
6 No. 15‐3313
The facts also scotch Caudill’s alternative request for a
permanent injunction against further disclosure by Keller
Williams of the terms of the settlement agreement. Should
Keller Williams violate the confidentiality provision of the
settlement agreement by making a disclosure not required
by state or federal law, and measurable harm to Caudill re‐
sult, she will be free to seek further relief, whether monetary
or injunctive.
AFFIRMED