In the

    United States Court of Appeals
                 For the Seventh Circuit
                     ____________________

No. 14-3622
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                   Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                 v.

ALFREDO VASQUEZ-HERNANDEZ,
                                               Defendant-Appellant.
                     ____________________

         Appeal from the United States District Court for the
           Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
           No. 09 CR 383 — Rubén Castillo, Chief Judge.
                     ____________________

   ARGUED JANUARY 11, 2016 — DECIDED AUGUST 25, 2016
                     ____________________

   Before EASTERBROOK, WILLIAMS, and SYKES, Circuit Judges.
    EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge. Alfredo Vasquez-Hernandez
pleaded guilty to a drug conspiracy. 21 U.S.C. §846. He ad-
mitted transporting 200 kilograms of cocaine, worth some $5
million, on behalf of the notorious Sinaloa Cartel, and to re-
ceiving a further 76 kilograms to be sold on consignment for
about $2 million. The district court calculated a Guidelines
range of 188 to 235 months’ imprisonment and sentenced
2                                                  No. 14-3622

Vasquez-Hernandez to 264 months, about 2½ years more
than the high end of the range. Although Vasquez-
Hernandez conceded being an agent of others, the district
judge concluded that he also had a supervisory role—that,
indeed, anyone entrusted with $7 million of someone else’s
cocaine must have high status in the organization. Vasquez-
Hernandez contends on appeal that these were one-off
transactions, that he supervised no one, that the range there-
fore should have been 135 to 168 months, and that his sen-
tence should be within that range.
    The principal appellate contest revolves around the three
offense levels that the district judge added under U.S.S.G.
§3B1.1(b), which applies when the defendant was “a manag-
er or supervisor (but not an organizer or leader) and the
criminal activity involved five or more participants or was
otherwise extensive”. The district court found that the Sina-
loa Cartel is substantially larger than five participants, and
that Vasquez-Hernandez had criminal contact with at least
that many persons. If an organization has five members (or
is otherwise extensive), supervising any one of them sup-
ports the enhancement. See United States v. Figueroa, 

, 696–97 (7th Cir. 2012). The judge’s findings are not clear-
ly erroneous.
    Vasquez-Hernandez makes much of the district judge’s
failure to name the persons he managed or supervised. Yet
the language of §3B1.1(b) does not require naming names,
nor does our case law. See United States v. Mansoori, 

, 668–69 (7th Cir. 2002); United States v. Richards, 

, 1031, 1034 (7th Cir. 2000). This leaves only Vasquez-
Hernandez’s argument that he just didn’t supervise anyone.
No. 14-3622                                                 3

    One problem with this argument is the sheer quantity of
cocaine to which he admitted. No one can carry 276 kilo-
grams of cocaine on his back or hide it in the glove com-
partment of a car. Moving any substance of this weight and
bulk requires the assistance of multiple people. And the dis-
trict judge inferred from the fact that the Sinaloa Cartel was
willing to trust Vasquez-Hernandez with $7 million worth of
cocaine that he had a high status in the organization and was
in a position to tell at least some other people what to do,
rather than being at the bottom of the totem pole. That infer-
ence is not clearly erroneous.
    More: Vasquez-Hernandez effectively admitted supervis-
ing some others. “Individual A” (whose name has been con-
cealed for his safety) fronted the 76 kilograms to Vasquez-
Hernandez. As part of his plea, Vasquez-Hernandez stated
that he “utilized Individual A’s connections to arrange for
the transportation of the cocaine”. This strongly implies that
he told Individual A’s associates (his “connections”) what to
do. It may be that Vasquez-Hernandez and Individual A
were on the same level of the organization, neither giving
instructions to the other, but that can’t be said about the
“connections” through whom Vasquez-Hernandez made es-
sential arrangements.
    The district court did not make any findings of fact on
this subject (beyond saying that Vasquez-Hernandez must
have had some “subordinates” to move the drugs) and did
not need to. Disputes must be resolved by findings; undis-
puted matters may be taken as established. The district court
did remark that 276 kilograms of cocaine can’t be moved by
one person, and that the quantity alone prevents treating
Vasquez-Hernandez as a low-level mule. This means that
4                                                 No. 14-3622

Vasquez-Hernandez had authority over at least one per-
son—and, since that person need not be identified, the ap-
plication of an enhancement under §3B1.1(b) was not an
abuse of discretion.
    Vasquez-Hernandez maintains that the judge should not
have imposed a sentence longer than 235 months, the top of
the range as the court calculated it. His sentence was 29
months higher, which does not require elaborate justifica-
tion. The quantity table in U.S.S.G. §2D1.1 assigns 150 to 450
kilograms of cocaine to offense level 36. Vasquez-Hernandez
was responsible for at least 276 kilograms of cocaine, almost
double what is necessary to produce that level. The judge
also suspected that Vasquez-Hernandez was lying when he
said that these 276 kilos represent the only drugs for which
he is responsible, and that he is just the proprietor of a
struggling auto-repair shop who accepted help in the form
of 276 kilos of cocaine from friends who wanted to assist his
family financially. The judge stated: “I cannot sit here, as a
judge who’s been on the bench for 20 years and who’s been
involved in the drug war for a good portion of my life, and
think for one second, nor do I think any other Chicagoan
could think for one second that this was the first time that
you just happened to do this, that you … got up out of bed
and said, well, let me do a 276-kilogram transaction to Chi-
cago today.”
    The prosecutor produced statements from other con-
fessed participants in the Sinaloa Cartel that attributed sub-
stantial quantities to Vasquez-Hernandez. These conspira-
tors asserted that they, working together with Vasquez-
Hernandez, had imported at least ten tons of cocaine—
mostly by aircraft but some by trains and submarines—and
No. 14-3622                                                   5

smuggled the proceeds back to Mexico. The district court
decided to take the approach most favorable to Vasquez-
Hernandez and disregard this evidence, although at one
point the judge mused that it called into question the wis-
dom of giving Vasquez-Hernandez a three-level reduction
for acceptance of responsibility. (If the evidence had been
credited, Vasquez-Hernandez not only would have lost this
reduction but also would have been exposed to a two-level
addition for obstructing justice by falsely denying relevant
conduct.) The district court’s overall approach cannot be
deemed unreasonably unfavorable to Vasquez-Hernandez.
    Indeed, we wonder whether the district judge’s decision
to exceed the top of the Guidelines range does not show that
details such as the §3B1.1 enhancement were irrelevant. Mul-
tiple potential additions and subtractions were in play.
We’ve mentioned three—supervision, acceptance of respon-
sibility, and obstruction of justice—and there were more. If it
was a mistake to decide the supervision issue adversely to
Vasquez-Hernandez, it may equally have been a mistake to
rule in his favor on acceptance of responsibility and the
quantity of cocaine for which he is accountable.
    We have urged district judges to let us know whether
they would have imposed the same sentence even if they
had also ruled differently on one of the many subsidiary is-
sues that the Guidelines pose. See, e.g., United States v. Haw-
kins, 

, 885 (7th Cir. 2015); United States v. Lopez,

, 953–54 (7th Cir. 2011); United States v. Sanner,

, 405–06 (7th Cir. 2009). The district judge’s
statements at sentencing strongly imply that three levels one
way or the other (either for supervision or acceptance of re-
sponsibility) just did not affect the sentence. He said several
6                                               No. 14-3622

times that 25 years (less credit for time Vasquez-Hernandez
had spent in Mexican confinement) was the only sensible
sentence. But the judge did not say expressly that he would
have held to this view had the Guidelines range been as low
as 135 to 168 months, as Vasquez-Hernandez contends it
should have been. It would help both litigants and the court
of appeals for judges to say when every last level matters,
and when it does not.
                                                  AFFIRMED
No. 14-3622                                                   7

    WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge, dissenting. For drug-distribution
offenses, the Guidelines recommend lengthier sentences for
larger distributions. For example, before applying enhance-
ments or reductions, the 2013 Guidelines that were used in
this case recommend a sentence of between 235 and 293
months for an offender with no prior criminal history who
distributes    276      kilograms    of     cocaine.   U.S.S.G.
§ 2D1.1(a)(5)(c)(1); § 5A. If the same offender distributed be-
tween 500 grams and 2 kilograms, his range would be only
63 to 78 months. 

§ 5A. So drug quanti-
ty matters—a lot. There is nothing inappropriate about that.
    But the enhancements under § 3B1.1 require more than
just a lot of drugs. These enhancements are aimed at the of-
fender’s “relative role” in the offense. United States v. Schuh,

, 972 (7th Cir. 2002) (citing United States v.
Mustread, 

, 1103 (7th Cir. 1994)). If ten offenders
worked together to move 276 kilograms of cocaine, but one
of them was the mastermind, two were intermediate super-
visors, and the rest were foot soldiers, § 3B1.1 recommends
punishing the mastermind more harshly than the supervi-
sors, and the supervisors more harshly than the foot soldiers.
That is so even though, in the determination of their base of-
fense levels, they may all be held accountable for the full 276
kilograms.
    The key dispute in this case is whether the evidence justi-
fied punishing Vasquez-Hernandez for being a “manager or
supervisor.” Because I disagree with my colleagues on this
point, I respectfully dissent. The majority’s holding rests on
two pillars: the quantity of drugs, and the wording in a doc-
ument submitted on Vasquez-Hernandez’s behalf. Both are
addressed below; neither withstands scrutiny.
8                                                         No. 14-3622

    A. Drug Quantity
   Vasquez-Hernandez was entrusted with an enormous
amount of cocaine. The majority writes that the district judge
“inferred” from that “trust” that Vasquez-Hernandez man-
aged or supervised “at least some people.” The majority
concludes that such an inference was not clearly erroneous.
But as the majority acknowledges, 1 the district judge did not
explicitly find that Vasquez-Hernandez managed or super-
vised anyone. So the judge said nothing about the inference
that the majority credits him with having made. We should
not guess at a judge’s inferences and then decide whether
they were clearly erroneous.
     In any event, the inference, if it was made, was clearly er-
roneous. As we have held, trust does not imply management
or supervision. United States v. Pagan, 

, 893 (7th
Cir. 1999) (“The fact that Pagan may have ‘trusted’ Herrera-
Ruiz more than the other street-level dealers in his opera-
tion, standing alone, does not support the enhancement.”).
We very recently reaffirmed that logic in a different context,
holding that “trust” does not prove that a buyer and seller of
drugs are co-conspirators. United States v. Musgraves, --- F.3d
----, 

, at *19–20 (7th Cir. July 27,
2016). And because “trust” does not imply management or
supervision, we have repeatedly rejected the specific argu-
ment accepted today—that a § 3B1.1 enhancement is appro-
priate simply because the defendant was entrusted with a

    1 The majority writes that the district judge “did not make any find-
ings of fact on this subject (beyond stating that Vasquez-Hernandez must
have had some ‘subordinates’ to move the drugs) … .” In fact, the judge
found that Vasquez-Hernandez’s co-defendants had subordinates, not
that anyone was subordinate to Vasquez-Hernandez.
No. 14-3622                                                    9

large quantity of drugs. E.g., 

(“The fact
that a defendant was a distributor in a drug conspiracy, even
a large distributor, is not enough to support a § 3B1.1 offense
level increase. Instead, the government must show that the
defendant exercised some control over others involved in the
commission of the offense.”) (internal citation and quotation
marks omitted); United States v. Brown, 

, 1381–
82 (7th Cir. 1991) (“The government showed that William
processed large quantities of marijuana, but we have previ-
ously rejected the notion that the size of a drug deal is de-
terminative of eligibility for an enhancement under
§ 3B1.1.”); see also United States v. Herrera, 

, 1001
(7th Cir. 1989) (“[W]hile we have no doubt that a large quan-
tity of drugs permissibly may be used to infer that a large
organization exists, that does not address the defendant’s
relative role in that large organization—the issue under
Guidelines 3B1.1.”). The majority does not grapple with, or
even mention, Pagan, Herrera, or Brown.
   B. Vasquez-Hernandez’s Admissions
    The majority writes that Vasquez-Hernandez “effectively
admitted supervising some others.” That is a remarkable
way to interpret the relevant document, which was submit-
ted by Vasquez-Hernandez to explicitly object to the § 3B1.1
enhancement. A few paragraphs before the snippet relied on
by the majority, the document states: “Mr. Vasquez-
Hernandez never managed or supervised anyone in connec-
tion with the drug conspiracy.” The document contains simi-
lar denials throughout. Nonetheless, the majority concludes
that Vasquez-Hernandez’s admission that he “utilized Indi-
vidual A’s connections to arrange for the transportation of
the cocaine” “strongly implies that he told Individual A’s as-
10                                                  No. 14-3622

sociates (his ‘connections’) what to do.” The government
made a similar argument—that the word “arranged” is “an
acknowledgement by [Vasquez-Hernandez] that he neces-
sarily acted in a managerial or supervisory role with respect
to those participants who actually transported the narcot-
ics.” Neither the majority nor the government cited anything
in support of its reasoning—not even a dictionary. And at
oral argument, the government conceded that “arranged”
does not imply management or supervision. (For example,
one can “arrange” to have Federal Express ship an enormous
quantity of just about anything, across the country, without
managing or supervising anyone involved.)
    The reasoning employed by the majority and the gov-
ernment has been appropriately rejected by one of our sister
circuits (in another case that the majority fails to mention). In
United States v. Martinez, 

(11th Cir. 2009), the
Eleventh Circuit reversed a § 3B1.1 enhancement, even
though the defendant had admitted to “orchestrat[ing]”
drug shipments and to “us[ing] others to assist in the drug
shipments.” Noting that “orchestrate” means “to arrange,
develop, organize, or combine so as to achieve a desired or
maximum effect,” 

(citing Webster’s Third New
International Dictionary (2002)) (emphasis added), the court
held that the word “orchestrate” did not prove that the de-
fendant “exercised any position of leadership or authority
over his co-conspirators.” 

is not meaningfully
different.
   “Arranging” a shipment by “utilizing” “connections”
might be part of managing or supervising, or it might be
merely cooperating. But only the former counts because a
§ 3B1.1 “enhancement requires ongoing supervision, not a
No. 14-3622                                                   11

one-off request from one equal to another during the course
of the criminal activity.” United States v. Weaver, 

,
444 (7th Cir. 2013); see also United States v. Figueroa, 

, 697–98 (7th Cir. 2012) (“Because to be a ‘manager’ or
‘supervisor’ is to occupy a role—to have a status—cases dis-
tinguish between ongoing supervision and merely asking a
coconspirator on one occasion to do something.”) (citations
omitted). Simply put, Vasquez-Hernandez did not admit to
managing or supervising another criminal participant.
   C. Speculation Not Sufficient
    I am not saying that Vasquez-Hernandez was not a man-
ager or supervisor. But the facts in the record—that he “ar-
ranged” a very large drug shipment by “utilizing” someone
else’s “connections”—do not support the required conclu-
sion that he managed or supervised another criminal partic-
ipant. A sentencing enhancement cannot be based on mere
speculation. E.g., United States v. Clinton, --- F.3d ----, 

, at *6 (7th Cir. June 16, 2016) (revers-
ing enhancement and rejecting as speculation the conclusion
that a gun was paid for with drugs merely because it was
sold by a drug addict to a drug dealer); United States v. Brad-
ley, 

, 400 (7th Cir. 2010) (due process requires
that sentencing determinations be based on reliable evidence
rather than speculation or unfounded allegations). Indeed,
we have rejected speculation-based enhancements in the
specific context of § 3B1.1. In Schuh, the defendant owned a
tavern that he let drug dealers use to make sales, and they
showed their appreciation by giving him free 

. The district judge applied a § 3B1.1 enhance-
ment, based in part on his conclusion that the tavern owner
could have demanded more cocaine from the dealers. 

                                               No. 14-3622

972. Finding that to be “mere speculation,” we rejected the
enhancement. 

    Imagine a district judge applied a § 3B1.1 enhancement to
an offender based on (1) the fact that the offender had been
dealing drugs for five years, and (2) the judge’s guess that
nobody lasts in the drug trade for five years without moving
up the ladder. Recognizing that “common sense assump-
tions about the drug trade only go so far,” United States v.
Block, 

, 764 (7th Cir. 2013), I believe we would
reject the enhancement. But as best as I can tell, the majority
affirms Vasquez-Hernandez’s enhancement based on very
similar speculation. I respectfully dissent.