Judges: Posner
Filed: Dec. 14, 2016
Latest Update: Mar. 03, 2020
Summary: In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit _ Nos. 16-1690, -1692 AVENTINE RENEWABLE ENERGY, INC., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. GLACIAL LAKES ENERGY, LLC, and ABERDEEN ENERGY, LLC, Defendants-Appellees. _ Appeals from the United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois. Nos. 1:13-cv-01391, -01392 — Michael M. Mihm, Judge. _ ARGUED NOVEMBER 8, 2016 — DECIDED DECEMBER 14, 2016 _ Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and POSNER and ROVNER, Cir- cuit Judges. POSNER, Circuit Judge.
Summary: In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit _ Nos. 16-1690, -1692 AVENTINE RENEWABLE ENERGY, INC., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. GLACIAL LAKES ENERGY, LLC, and ABERDEEN ENERGY, LLC, Defendants-Appellees. _ Appeals from the United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois. Nos. 1:13-cv-01391, -01392 — Michael M. Mihm, Judge. _ ARGUED NOVEMBER 8, 2016 — DECIDED DECEMBER 14, 2016 _ Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and POSNER and ROVNER, Cir- cuit Judges. POSNER, Circuit Judge. ..
More
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
Nos. 16‐1690, ‐1692
AVENTINE RENEWABLE ENERGY, INC.,
Plaintiff‐Appellant,
v.
GLACIAL LAKES ENERGY, LLC, and ABERDEEN ENERGY, LLC,
Defendants‐Appellees.
____________________
Appeals from the United States District Court for the
Central District of Illinois.
Nos. 1:13‐cv‐01391, ‐01392 — Michael M. Mihm, Judge.
____________________
ARGUED NOVEMBER 8, 2016 — DECIDED DECEMBER 14, 2016
____________________
Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and POSNER and ROVNER, Cir‐
cuit Judges.
POSNER, Circuit Judge. The plaintiff, Aventine, is a dis‐
tributor of ethanol, a common additive to gasoline. The two
defendants, affiliated companies that for the sake of simplici‐
ty we’ll pretend are one and call Glacial, manufacture and
sell ethanol. The disputants are of diverse citizenship, and
have agreed that the law applicable to their dispute is that of
New York State.
2 Nos. 16‐1690, ‐1692
Until 2009, Aventine bought ethanol from Glacial and
distributed it, but in January of that year the parties executed
“termination agreements.” The agreements required Aven‐
tine to pay Glacial $898,000 (we round to the nearest $1000)
for ethanol that Aventine had received from Glacial before
the termination date specified in the agreements but had not
yet paid for (the parties call the payments that Aventine was
required to make “true‐up payments”) and required Glacial
to pay Aventine $1,250,000 for commissions that Glacial
would have had to pay Aventine for marketing the ethanol
that Aventine had agreed to buy from it. In addition Glacial
agreed to assume Aventine’s leases from Union Tank Car
Company of 473 railcars used for transporting ethanol;
trembling on the brim of bankruptcy, Aventine didn’t need
railcars any more.
Glacial used the railcars between February 23 and April 7
(Aventine declared bankruptcy on April 7) without reim‐
bursing Aventine for the lease payments that Aventine owed
Union Tank, a sum exceeding $500,000, which Aventine
could not afford to pay. When Aventine declared bankrupt‐
cy, Glacial owed it some $1,600,000 for marketing commis‐
sions and railcar leases while Aventine owed Glacial some
$900,000 for the ethanol it had bought from Glacial before
the termination date specified in the termination agree‐
ments. Netting the two debts would have resulted in Gla‐
cial’s paying Aventine $700,000. But because, or at least os‐
tensibly because, Aventine either couldn’t or wouldn’t pay
Glacial any part of the $900,000 that Aventine owed it, Gla‐
cial refused to pay Aventine the $700,000—or indeed any‐
thing, while continuing to use the railcars Aventine had
transferred to it.
Nos. 16‐1690, ‐1692 3
Further bypassing Aventine, Glacial made a deal to lease
the railcars from Union Tank. Although the termination
agreements required Glacial if it wanted to use the railcars to
secure a release of Aventine from its Union Tank leases, Gla‐
cial didn’t do that and as a result Aventine was required as
part of its bankruptcy plan to make good on what it owed to
Union Tank—to the tune of almost $2.3 million worth of Av‐
entine stock.
Why wasn’t the dispute resolved in the bankruptcy pro‐
ceeding? Glacial wouldn’t have filed a claim in bankruptcy
court, because a claim is a right to payment, 11 U.S.C.
§ 101(5)(A), and Glacial was a net loser under the termina‐
tion agreements. Had it filed a claim Aventine would have
responded with defenses and a counterclaim. See 28 U.S.C.
§ 157(b)(2)(C), (c)(1); Stern v. Marshall, 131 S. Ct. 2594 (2011).
Aventine could have initiated an adversarial proceeding but
didn’t need to, since its bankruptcy plan explicitly preserved
its cause of action, along with Glacial’s right of setoff.
Still owed lots of money by Glacial, after going through
bankruptcy Aventine sued it in an Illinois state court (Aven‐
tine is a citizen of Illinois). Glacial removed the suit to feder‐
al district court, which granted summary judgment for Gla‐
cial on the ground that while it would be “unjust” to allow
Glacial “to avoid any liability” to Aventine, the latter’s fail‐
ure to make the true‐up payments “dooms the Plaintiff[,] as
performance is an essential element of its claim for breach of
contract.” But to place all the onus on Glacial as the district
judge did was mistaken, as both parties had defaulted on the
obligations they’d agreed to in the termination agreements.
Aventine had just happened to sue first—unsurprisingly
since it was owed more by Glacial than it owed Glacial.
4 Nos. 16‐1690, ‐1692
The district judge ignored the law of New York (which as
we said the parties agree governs their dispute), under
which a party cannot “at the same time treat the contract as
broken and as subsisting,” Strasbourger v. Leerburger, 134
N.E. 834, 835 (N.Y. 1922), which is what Glacial did by using
the railcars while insisting that Aventine cannot sue for
breach of contract. Applying New York law the Second Cir‐
cuit has held that a party’s “refusal to perform its end of the
bargain” after it has affirmed a contract by continuing to ac‐
cept its benefits is “impermissible.” ARP Films, Inc. v. Marvel
Entertainment Group, Inc., 952 F.2d 643, 649 (2d Cir. 1991); see
also McDonald’s Corp. v. Robert A. Makin, Inc., 653 F. Supp.
401, 403 (W.D.N.Y. 1986). Or as the great Judge Cardozo put
it, a sales contract kept alive “remains alive as much for the
benefit of the buyer as for the benefit of the seller. … The
buyer may now insist that the seller’s misconduct shall be
cast in the balance with its own. ... If the defendant never re‐
tracted its unlawful claim of right, the like is true of the
plaintiff. The one as much as the other is chargeable with
wrong.” Rubber Trading Co. v. Manhattan Rubber Mfg. Co., 116
N.E. 789, 790 (N.Y. 1917).
Glacial argued in the district court that Aventine would
suffer no loss from failing to obtain any damages from Gla‐
cial because as a result of its bankruptcy the creditors of Av‐
entine are now its owners; they’ll take the loss, since if a cor‐
poration sustains a substantial loss, the owners’ stock is
worth less. But it doesn’t follow that because the owners of
the corporation are hurt, the corporation isn’t. And finally
Glacial argues that the value of Aventine’s indemnification
claim is zero, because Aventine’s debt to Union Tank (which
Glacial promised to cover) was discharged in the bankruptcy
in exchange for stock that Aventine would otherwise have
Nos. 16‐1690, ‐1692 5
been forced to give to another creditor. But Aventine’s debt
to Union Tank, and therefore Glacial’s liability to Aventine,
was sharply reduced by the bankruptcy. That was enough of
a windfall for Glacial. It’s not entitled to more.
The judgment of the district court is reversed, and the
case remanded with instructions to net out the difference in
the amounts of money owed by the parties to each other and
award the difference to the party to whom it is due.