Judges: Manion
Filed: Jun. 05, 2017
Latest Update: Mar. 03, 2020
Summary: In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit _ No. 16-1188 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. DANIEL MONTEZ, Defendant-Appellant. _ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 1:12-cr-00755-8 — Ronald A. Guzman, Judge. _ ARGUED MARCH 30, 2017 — DECIDED JUNE 5, 2017 _ Before POSNER, MANION, and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges. MANION, Circuit Judge. Daniel Montez appeals his convic- tion and sentence for possess
Summary: In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit _ No. 16-1188 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. DANIEL MONTEZ, Defendant-Appellant. _ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 1:12-cr-00755-8 — Ronald A. Guzman, Judge. _ ARGUED MARCH 30, 2017 — DECIDED JUNE 5, 2017 _ Before POSNER, MANION, and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges. MANION, Circuit Judge. Daniel Montez appeals his convic- tion and sentence for possessi..
More
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 16‐1188
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff‐Appellee,
v.
DANIEL MONTEZ,
Defendant‐Appellant.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 1:12‐cr‐00755‐8 — Ronald A. Guzman, Judge.
____________________
ARGUED MARCH 30, 2017 — DECIDED JUNE 5, 2017
____________________
Before POSNER, MANION, and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges.
MANION, Circuit Judge. Daniel Montez appeals his convic‐
tion and sentence for possession with intent to distribute co‐
caine. He principally argues that the district court erred in ad‐
mitting a wiretapped conversation he had with an alleged
supplier. He also asserts that the district court improperly ap‐
plied the Sentencing Guidelines’ career offender enhance‐
ment. Finding his arguments unpersuasive, we affirm the
judgment of the district court.
2 No. 16‐1188
I. Background
This case arose from an investigation of a drug trafficking
ring led by Jose de Jesus Ramirez‐Padilla (known as “Gallo”).
Beginning in 2011, federal agents placed court‐authorized
wiretaps on the phones of Gallo and others connected with
his organization. These wiretaps intercepted a call between
Montez and Gallo, and another one between Montez and
Gallo’s brother, Helein Ramirez‐Padilla (“Helein”).
Based upon the evidence obtained through the wiretaps,
the government initially charged 40 individuals, including
Gallo, Helein, and Montez, with narcotics conspiracy in vio‐
lation of 21 U.S.C. § 846. The grand jury eventually returned
indictments charging 23 individuals with narcotics‐traffick‐
ing crimes. While Gallo, Helein, and four others were eventu‐
ally indicted on conspiracy charges, Montez was indicted on
three counts of possession with intent to distribute cocaine in
violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). The three counts related to
three distinct alleged transactions: on October 27, 2011; De‐
cember 12, 2011; and June 17, 2012.
Before trial, Montez raised concerns that the recordings of
the wiretapped calls (or at least the words of Gallo and Helein
in those recordings) were inadmissible hearsay. Montez
pressed only general objections to calls from October 27, De‐
cember 12, and December 14, 2011. The district court rejected
what it termed Montez’s “blanket objection to every statement
in the recordings,” and then went on to provide some specific
examples of statements that were not hearsay. The court held
that Helein’s words were necessary as context for Montez’s
admissions and allowed the recordings to be played to the
jury.
No. 16‐1188 3
At trial, in addition to the phone calls, the government
elicited Gallo’s live testimony that Montez had been a cus‐
tomer of his organization. Two FBI agents also testified to the
effect that Montez had admitted to purchasing cocaine at the
time of his arrest. Montez’s strategy was to cast himself as a
user of the drugs, rather than a distributor. To that end, he
called one additional agent who testified that he didn’t find
any typical drug‐dealing paraphernalia in Montez’s home at
the time of the arrest. In the end, Montez was convicted of the
December count, but acquitted of both the October and June
counts.
At sentencing, the district court found that Montez was a
career offender under Section 4B1.1 of the Sentencing Guide‐
lines based on his 1985 Illinois murder conviction and 2007
Illinois conviction for aggravated battery of an officer. After
the enhancement, Montez’s offense level was 32 and his crim‐
inal history category was VI, accounting for a Guidelines
range of 210 to 262 months, capped by a 20‐year statutory
maximum. The district court sentenced Montez to 210
months’ imprisonment. Montez appealed his conviction and
the application of the career‐offender enhancement.
II. Discussion
Montez raises four issues with the proceedings below. He
says: (1) the district court should have excluded at least por‐
tions of his December phone calls with Helein because He‐
lein’s statements were inadmissible hearsay; (2) the district
court erred in its treatment of a witness’s answer that he
worked on the “gang task force” after the parties had agreed
to omit any mention of gang activity in the trial; (3) his con‐
viction was tainted by incorrect transcripts of wiretapped
calls introduced before the grand jury; and (4) his conviction
4 No. 16‐1188
for aggravated battery was insufficient to justify the applica‐
tion of the Guidelines’ career‐offender enhancement. We con‐
sider and reject each argument in turn.
A. Hearsay Objections
Montez’s most significant complaint about the district
court’s judgment is the court’s decision to admit conversations
between himself and Helein from December 12 and December
14, 2011.1 Montez made only a blanket hearsay objection to
the entire conversation, refusing the district court’s invitation
to identify particular statements by Helein that constituted in‐
admissible hearsay. He has now identified particular portions
of the transcripts that he says contain hearsay statements by
Helein.
Normally, we would review the district court’s evidentiary
rulings for abuse of discretion. United States v. Davis, 845 F.3d
282, 286 (7th Cir. 2016). The government argues that we
should apply the plain error standard of review because of
Montez’s failure to make objections to particular statements.
See United States v. Walker, 237 F.3d 845, 851 (7th Cir. 2001).
Abuse of discretion is a “highly deferential” standard of re‐
view, but plain error is “even more highly deferential.” United
States v. Cheek, 740 F.3d 440, 451 (7th Cir. 2014). However, we
do not need to decide this question because even under the
abuse of discretion standard, we would uphold the district
court’s evidentiary ruling.
The three particular exchanges that Montez highlights in
his brief are as follows:
1 Montez also objected to admission of the October conversation, but
that’s not relevant on appeal since he was acquitted on the October count.
No. 16‐1188 5
December 12:
Montez: And listen, is it hard or is it loose?
Helein: It’s real nice, dude.
Montez: Okay. That’s what I need to know.
Helein: It’s more or less.
Montez: Okay, no, no, so I know because these fucking
dudes are picky.
December 12:
Montez: I’m passing uh, almost by 47th.
Helein: Look, dude, take about fucking 20 minutes
around there, dude. Are you going to want the three?
Montez: I’m going to grab one first, uh, I’m ... because
the other dude is not going to give me the tickets yet;
but I will need three, yes.
Helein: All right.
Montez: So, so what do you want?
Helein: For you to arrive in about 20 minutes so I can
measure all of the shit.
December 14:
Montez: But, is it going to be uh, firmer ... not like
Helein: No, it’s nice, it’s nicer dude.
Montez: Good, because this other one you gave me,
man, wasn’t worth shit man. It was good, but it was all
loose, man. I had problems even giving it to that son of
a bitch.
6 No. 16‐1188
The district court, in overruling Montez’s general objec‐
tions, found that Helein’s statements were not hearsay be‐
cause they were necessary to provide context for Montez’s ad‐
missions. However, as we explained last year, when an argu‐
ment is made that out‐of‐court statements should be admitted
as context, the relevant legal question is still whether those
statements are offered for their truth. United States v. Smith,
816 F.3d 479, 481 (7th Cir. 2016). In other words, the fact that
the declarant’s words help place the defendant’s admissions
into context is not an independent basis upon which to say
the declarant’s statements are not hearsay.
In Smith, we explained the difference between a statement
offered for its truth and one offered to make sense of another
party’s admission. Suppose the declarant (Helein in this case)
says to the defendant, “I will pay you $7,000 in exchange for
a letter my client can use to seek a grant for a daycare center.
Do you agree?” To this, the defendant simply responds “yes.”
Under the reasoning in Smith, the declarant’s words are ad‐
missible because they are not offered for their truth, but rather
“to show the meaning of [the defendant’s] ‘yes,’ which does
not depend on whether [the declarant] was speaking truth‐
fully.” Id. On the other hand, suppose the declarant had said,
“[l]ast week I paid you $7,000 for a letter that my client will
use to seek a grant for a daycare center. Do you remember?”
If the defendant responded “yes,” the declarant’s statement
would be hearsay “because it would be relevant only if [the
declarant] spoke the truth – that he had paid $7,000 in ex‐
change for a letter.” Id. at 482.
Similarly, in United States v. Amaya, 828 F.3d 518, 528 (7th
Cir. 2016), an officer testified that an out‐of‐court declarant
No. 16‐1188 7
had said “[t]hat was a big‐ass pistol” and the officer had re‐
sponded “[h]ell yea.” We reasoned that the declarant’s state‐
ment was hearsay because his exclamation regarding the pis‐
tol only puts the officer’s response “in context and is only rel‐
evant if the [declarant] was speaking the truth.” Id. These
cases teach that the ultimate question is whether the declar‐
ant’s statement is relevant only if it is true. If a statement is
relevant irrespective of its veracity, then it is not hearsay.
In our case, the truth or falsity of Helein’s statements is ir‐
relevant. For example, in the first exchange above, Helein’s
statements “[i]t’s real nice, dude” and “[m]ore or less” weren’t
offered to prove that the cocaine the two men were discussing
was in fact of high quality. Rather, they were offered to ex‐
plain the meaning of Montez’s answers. Without Helein’s
statements, Montez’s “[o]kay” would be unintelligible, as we
would have no idea to what he was responding. Like the first
statement discussed in Smith, Helein’s words are admissible
because they were offered irrespective of their truth to explain
Montez’s response. Montez’s words, particularly his admis‐
sion that “these fucking dudes are picky,” do all the work to
incriminate him as a distributor of cocaine.
Likewise in the second exchange, Helein’s statements were
not offered for their truth (such as that he would take 20
minutes to measure the cocaine or that he had cocaine at all),
but to illustrate the significance of Montez’s agreement to
show up. And in the third exchange, the truth of Helein’s ut‐
terance (that the cocaine was better than the batch he had pro‐
vided two days earlier) was similarly irrelevant. Helein’s
words were instead offered to explain Montez’s complaint
about the quality of the December 12 cocaine. Once again,
Montez’s problem is not Helein’s words, but that his own
8 No. 16‐1188
statements on December 14 show that he did indeed pick up
cocaine from Helein on December 12.
We conclude that Helein’s statements in the wiretapped
calls were not offered for the truth of the matters asserted
therein. Therefore, the district court did not err, much less
abuse its discretion, by admitting the entirety of the conversa‐
tions.
B. The “Gang Task Force” Comment
Montez next argues that the district court erred by failing
to do anything when a federal agent witness, by way of intro‐
ductory questioning, testified that he worked in the gang task
force. Because the parties had agreed not to mention anything
gang‐related during the trial, Montez’s counsel asked for a
sidebar after the comment. While Montez now says the judge
should have issued a limiting instruction or struck the com‐
ment from the record, at the time his counsel told the judge
there was nothing the judge could do about it. As a result, he
has waived any objection to the judge’s handling of the com‐
ment.
“Waiver occurs when a criminal defendant intentionally
relinquishes a known right.” United States v. Haddad, 462 F.3d
783, 793 (7th Cir. 2006). “Waiver of a right extinguishes any
error and precludes appellate review.” United States v. Brodie,
507 F.3d 527, 530 (7th Cir. 2007). “We have found waiver
where either a defendant or his attorney expressly declined to
press a right or to make an objection.” United States v. Cooper,
243 F.3d 411, 416 (7th Cir. 2001). That is precisely what hap‐
pened here. The court asked Montez’s counsel what it should
do about the stray reference, but counsel rejected the judge’s
invitation to do something. Given the situation, this was
No. 16‐1188 9
“clearly a strategic decision rather than a mere oversight.” Id.
Montez cannot resurrect this argument on appeal.2
C. The Grand Jury
Montez’s third argument is that his conviction was tainted
by improper evidence introduced to the grand jury. The im‐
proper evidence amounted to a few mistakes in the tran‐
scripts of recorded phone calls. This claim lacks merit because
“the petit jury’s guilty verdict[] render[s] harmless any possi‐
ble error in the grand jury proceedings.” United States v. Mor‐
gan, 384 F.3d 439, 443 (7th Cir. 2004). As we have explained, a
rule designed “to protect the innocent from being indicted ...
should not be enforced by reversing a conviction obtained af‐
ter trial – because we know, as surely as courts ‘know’ any‐
thing, that the convicted defendant is not a member of the
class of beneficiaries of the rule.” United States v. Fountain, 840
F.2d 509, 515 (7th Cir. 1988). Thus, even assuming that there
was error, we will not vacate Montez’s conviction on this
ground.
D. Sentencing
Montez’s last argument is that the district court erred by
applying the Sentencing Guidelines’ career‐offender enhance‐
ment to him, increasing his offense level from 26 to 32. In or‐
der to qualify as a career offender under Section 4B1.1 of the
Guidelines, a defendant must be over eighteen years of age,
2 Even if Montez had not waived this objection, the gang task force
reference would amount to harmless error under this court’s precedent.
See Sanchez v. City of Chicago, 700 F.3d 919, 932 (7th Cir. 2012) (“As evi‐
dence of an officer’s experience, assignment, and qualifications, the mere
mention that the officer is a gang specialist or assigned to a gang unit typ‐
ically is appropriate and harmless.”).
10 No. 16‐1188
have committed a crime of violence or a controlled substance
offense, and have “at least two prior felony convictions of ei‐
ther a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense.”
U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1. There’s no dispute that Montez satisfies the
first two requirements, but he argues that he hasn’t been con‐
victed of two qualifying crimes.
The presentence report indicated that Montez had (among
other convictions) a 1985 Illinois conviction for murder and a
2007 Illinois conviction for aggravated battery of an officer. It
is undisputed that the murder conviction counts, so the ques‐
tion here is whether aggravated battery of an officer under Il‐
linois law is a “crime of violence” sufficient to satisfy the third
requirement of the career‐offender Guideline.
At the time of the sentencing, a “crime of violence” was
any state or federal crime punishable by more than one year
imprisonment that “has as an element the use, attempted use,
or threatened use of physical force against the person of an‐
other.” U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a)(1). Under the framework of Mathis
v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 2243 (2016),3 the principal question
is whether the statute under which the defendant was con‐
victed is “divisible” or “indivisible.” When a statute is “indi‐
visible” such that it “sets out a single set of elements to define
a single crime,” it is proper to simply “line[] up that crime’s
elements alongside those of the generic offense [here, the
‘crime of violence’ definition] and see[] if they match.” Id. at
2248. Under this “categorical approach,” a crime counts as
3 Although Mathis was an Armed Career Criminal Act case, courts
have observed that the approaches used to apply the career‐offender en‐
hancement and the Armed Career Criminal Act are similar and thus that
Mathis is controlling in a Guidelines case. See United States v. Hinkle, 832
F.3d 569, 574 (5th Cir. 2016)
No. 16‐1188 11
crime of violence “if its elements are the same as, or narrower
than” that definition. Id.
Some criminal statutes, however, “have a more compli‐
cated (sometimes called ‘divisible’) structure, making the
comparison of elements harder.” Id. at 2249. “A single statute
may list elements in the alternative, and thereby define mul‐
tiple crimes.” Id. To deal with this problem, the Court devel‐
oped the “modified categorical approach,” whereby “a sen‐
tencing court looks to a limited class of documents (for exam‐
ple, the indictment, jury instructions, or plea agreement and
colloquy) to determine what crime, with what elements, a de‐
fendant was convicted of.” Id. The sentencing court then per‐
forms the same analysis as in the categorical approach, com‐
paring the elements of that particular crime to the elements
required for a “crime of violence.” Id.
The Illinois aggravated battery statute under which Mon‐
tez was convicted read, “[i]n committing a battery, a person
commits aggravated battery if he or she ... knows the individ‐
ual harmed to be an officer or employee of ... a unit of local
government.” 720 ILCS 5/12‐4(b)(18). The underlying battery
statute said that “[a] person commits battery if he intention‐
ally or knowingly without legal justification and by any
means (1) causes bodily harm to an individual or (2) makes
physical contact of an insulting or provoking nature with an
individual.” Id. 5/12‐3(a). We have held that this statute is di‐
visible and that violation of the first clause (the bodily harm
clause) is a crime of violence, while violation of the second is
not. See Stanley v. United States, 827 F.3d 562, 566 (7th Cir.
2016); United States v. Rodriguez‐Gomez, 608 F.3d 969, 973–74
(7th Cir. 2010). Thus, the career‐offender enhancement was
12 No. 16‐1188
proper if Montez was convicted under the statute’s first
clause.
Generally, “[t]he scope of our inquiry [into the precise
crime committed] is limited to (1) admissions made by the de‐
fendant, and (2) the charging document, plea agreement, plea
colloquy, and comparable judicial records from the convic‐
tion.” Rodriguez‐Gomez, 608 F.3d at 973 (citing Shepard v.
United States, 544 U.S. 13, 16 (2005)). Montez objects that the
government produced no document showing the facts of his
conviction that would satisfy the requirements of Shepard.
However, he did not contest the facts contained in the presen‐
tence report, which said that the aggravated battery charge
was based upon his kicking a police officer in the chest several
times and in the face once. The government’s failure to rely on
Shepard documents isn’t error where the defendant “didn’t
question the accuracy of the summary in the presentence in‐
vestigation report.” United States v. Aviles‐Solarzano, 623 F.3d
470, 475 (7th Cir. 2010). That is because “[t]here is no reason
to go digging for a state‐court indictment if the parties agree
on what it says.” Id. Thus, Montez’s Shepard argument fails
and we will treat the facts admitted in the presentence report
as accurate.
In conclusion, because uncontested findings in the presen‐
tence report indicate that Montez was indeed convicted under
the aggravated battery statute’s bodily harm clause, the dis‐
trict court did not err by applying the career‐offender en‐
hancement in this case.
No. 16‐1188 13
III. Conclusion
For the reasons stated above, the district court did not err
and we will not disturb Montez’s conviction and sentence.
AFFIRMED