Judges: Per Curiam
Filed: Dec. 21, 2017
Latest Update: Mar. 03, 2020
Summary: In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit _ No. 17-2092 KENNETH E. NELSON, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. BRUCE R. SCHULTZ and JON K. RODGERS, Defendants-Appellees. _ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 15 C 8560 — Harry D. Leinenweber, Judge. _ ARGUED NOVEMBER 15, 2017 — DECIDED DECEMBER 21, 2017 _ Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and MANION and KANNE, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM. Kenneth Nelson sued two former business
Summary: In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit _ No. 17-2092 KENNETH E. NELSON, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. BRUCE R. SCHULTZ and JON K. RODGERS, Defendants-Appellees. _ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 15 C 8560 — Harry D. Leinenweber, Judge. _ ARGUED NOVEMBER 15, 2017 — DECIDED DECEMBER 21, 2017 _ Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and MANION and KANNE, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM. Kenneth Nelson sued two former business p..
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In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 17‐2092
KENNETH E. NELSON,
Plaintiff‐Appellant,
v.
BRUCE R. SCHULTZ and JON K. RODGERS,
Defendants‐Appellees.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 15 C 8560 — Harry D. Leinenweber, Judge.
____________________
ARGUED NOVEMBER 15, 2017 — DECIDED DECEMBER 21, 2017
____________________
Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and MANION and KANNE,
Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM. Kenneth Nelson sued two former business
partners, Bruce Schultz and Jon Rodgers, for breach of con‐
tract and several torts. During discovery Schultz and Rodgers
asked Nelson to produce various bank statements and tax re‐
turns, which, the defendants said, they needed to defend
against his claims. After Nelson refused, the district court
granted the defendants’ motion to compel their production
2 No. 17‐2092
and warned him, twice, that it would dismiss the case if he
did not produce the documents or provide an affidavit docu‐
menting a diligent search for them. Nelson did neither, and
the judge dismissed the case for want of prosecution. On ap‐
peal Nelson argues that the district judge erred by not as‐
sessing whether his misconduct justified dismissing the case.
Because the judge sufficiently evaluated this matter and did
not abuse his discretion by dismissing the suit after multiple
warnings, we affirm.
This dispute began when Nelson, Schultz, and Rodgers
formed an LLC to develop a property in Downtown Chicago.
In mid‐2005 they created 664 N. Michigan, LLC, which, ac‐
cording to Nelson, they formed in order to develop the Ritz‐
Carlton Residences, a mixed‐use luxury skyscraper on the
Magnificent Mile. The LLC’s operating agreement provided
that development fees would be divided among the LLC’s
managers “as they mutually agree” and that a manager of the
LLC could be removed for cause by a majority vote of the
LLC’s owners. According to Nelson, the LLC’s managers
were Nelson Hotels, Inc. (Nelson was its president) and Prism
Construction Management, owned by Schultz and Rodgers.
In late 2005, Rodgers and Schultz voted to remove Nelson
Hotels, Inc. as an LLC manager, which, according to Nelson,
caused his company lose out on $1.13 million when the Ritz‐
Carlton Residences was built. Nelson asserts that Schultz and
Rodgers removed his company as a manager to enrich them‐
selves; they justified their decision, however, on grounds that
he had a negative $15 million net worth that prevented the
LLC from getting financing for the development.
Ten years later Nelson sued Schultz and Rodgers for
breach of contract, unjust enrichment, breach of fiduciary
No. 17‐2092 3
duty, and conversion. After Nelson’s lawsuit survived the de‐
fendants’ motion to dismiss, the parties proceeded to discov‐
ery.
Schultz and Rodgers sought to gather evidence to support
their defense that Nelson’s company had been removed as an
LLC manager for cause—Nelson’s poor finances obstructed
the project’s financing—and to examine whether Nelson mit‐
igated his damages from the alleged contract breach. They
asked Nelson to produce his and his company’s tax returns
for the previous ten years as well as his and his company’s
loan applications and financial statements between 2004 and
2008. Nelson refused, arguing that he did not guarantee his
“creditworthiness” when his company became one of the
LLC’s managers and that many of the requested documents
fell outside of the relevant period for mitigating damages. On
the defendants’ motion, the judge compelled the disclosure of
the requested documents. The judge reasoned that until he
ruled on these documents’ relevance, the defendants should
receive them so that they could prepare their defense.
In response Nelson stated that, for almost all of the re‐
quested documents, he “believed” that they had been pro‐
duced and that he was “not in possession” of them. The de‐
fendants then moved for sanctions under Federal Rule of
Civil Procedure 37(b)(2)(A)(v), asking the judge to dismiss the
case because Nelson’s reply was “non‐responsive and eva‐
sive.” On the day before the hearing on the defendants’ sanc‐
tions motion, Nelson sent the defendants copies of his tax
transcripts (partial records of his tax returns) for 2006 through
2011.
At the first hearing on their sanctions motion, the defend‐
ants asserted that Nelson’s tax transcripts were inadequate
4 No. 17‐2092
substitutes for his tax returns and that they still had not re‐
ceived the requested bank statements. The judge agreed and
told Nelson that he had “one more chance” to produce the
requested documents or else he was “going to probably dis‐
miss it for want of prosecution.” The judge added that if Nel‐
son did not have some of the requested documents, he should
provide “a crystal‐clear affidavit” stating the actions that he
and his attorney took to locate them.
Before the next production deadline, Nelson produced
only one of the requested tax documents and provided a dec‐
laration that largely copied his response to the defendants’
first production request. This declaration included Nelson’s
assertion that the requested documents “in possession, cus‐
tody, or control of Nelson from 2004–2008 are believed to
have been produced. For these years, Nelson is not in posses‐
sion of these documents.”
At the second hearing on their sanctions motion, the
defendants argued that Nelson’s declaration, like his
response to their first production request, was self‐
contradictory—Nelson said that he produced the requested
documents but also that he did not have them. Nelson’s
counsel responded that he misinterpreted the judge’s
previous order to produce the documents. The judge then
gave Nelson five additional weeks either to produce the
requested documents or provide an affidavit stating that he
did not have them despite a diligent search. The judge closed
the hearing with a second warning: “If you don’t show a very,
very, very substantial effort to comply, then I’m going to
probably dismiss the complaint for want of prosecution.”
No. 17‐2092 5
Nelson did not produce any documents by the next dead‐
line. One month after the deadline, Nelson forwarded the de‐
fendants an email he had received from his company’s bank,
which said that it kept records going back only seven years.
Nelson also provided a second declaration that generally mir‐
rored his first one.
At the third hearing on the defendants’ sanctions motion,
the defendants argued that Nelson’s second declaration was
“completely evasive” because, as was the case with his first
declaration, the second one stated that he produced the doc‐
uments to the extent he had them but also that he was “not in
possession … . of these documents.” The defendants added
that the statement from Nelson’s bank was incomplete be‐
cause Nelson did not declare that it was the only bank he used
during the relevant period. Nelson responded by telling the
judge that after “mov[ing] several times in the past years,” he
did not have his tax returns or bank records from 2004
through 2008.
The judge then dismissed the case using language that al‐
luded to both Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 37(b) and
41(b). He appeared to grant the defendants’ Rule 37(b) mo‐
tion, saying that it was “well taken,” but then, apparently ref‐
erencing Rule 41(b), explained that he dismissed the case “for
want of prosecution as a sanction against the failure to coop‐
erate in discovery.” Likewise the judgment states that the
judge dismissed the case for “want of prosecution” and
reached this decision “on a motion,” an apparent reference to
the defendants’ Rule 37(b) motion.
Nelson then moved for reconsideration, arguing that the
judge erred by dismissing his case without considering lesser
6 No. 17‐2092
sanctions or the merits of his claims. The judge denied the mo‐
tion. He concluded that he permissibly dismissed the suit be‐
cause Nelson, despite receiving multiple warnings about the
possibility of this sanction being imposed, had engaged in a
“pattern of dilatory conduct” by failing “either to produce the
records or declare that a reasonable search revealed nothing
more.”
On appeal Nelson argues that the district judge erred by
failing to analyze whether the sanction was proportionate to
his misconduct. He contends that before dismissing this suit,
the judge was required to consider its merits and the magni‐
tude of his misconduct, which, he says, weigh in favor of a
lesser sanction.
As an initial matter, there is some confusion whether the
judge dismissed this case under Rule 37(b) or Rule 41(b). But
this confusion did not affect his determination of whether dis‐
missal was a proportionate sanction for Nelson’s misconduct.
Both rules require that judges tailor sanctions to the severity
of plaintiffs’ misconduct, see Johnson v. Chi. Bd. of Educ., 718
F.3d 731, 732–33 (7th Cir. 2013) (Rule 41(b) proportionality re‐
quirement), Langley by Langley v. Union Elec. Co., 107 F.3d 510,
515 (7th Cir. 1997) (Rule 37 proportionality requirement), and
here, the judge satisfied both rules’ proportionality require‐
ments.
The judge complied with Rule 37(b)’s proportionality re‐
quirement by showing that he evaluated the appropriateness
of dismissal based on Nelson’s noncompliance with several
discovery orders. See Brown v. Columbia Sussex Corp., 664 F.3d
182, 190 (7th Cir. 2011); Negrete v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp.,
547 F.3d 721, 724 (7th Cir. 2008) (requiring district court to as‐
No. 17‐2092 7
sess whether dismissal is “an appropriate sanction” for “dis‐
covery violations”). At the final hearing on the defendants’
sanctions motion, the judge stated that dismissal was war‐
ranted because of Nelson’s “failure to cooperate in discov‐
ery.” Moreover, in denying Nelson’s motion for reconsidera‐
tion, the judge said that Nelson’s “pattern of dilatory con‐
duct” despite two warnings justified dismissal. The judge did
not abuse his discretion in making this evaluation because
Nelson’s discovery violations were willful and repeated. See
Negrete, 547 F.3d at 724. Although the judge did not make this
finding explicitly, we “infer it … from the sanction order it‐
self.” Aura Lamp & Lighting Inc. v. Int’l Trading Corp., 325 F.3d
903, 909 (7th Cir. 2003). As the judge observed, Nelson did not
cooperate in discovery. Despite three orders and two last‐
chance warnings, he did not produce the documents or pro‐
vide a declaration stating that he could not find them after a
diligent search.
Even if we construe the judge’s dismissal as arising under
Rule 41(b), Nelson fares no better. To evaluate the proportion‐
ality of dismissing a case under this rule, a district judge must
assess whether the plaintiff’s “neglect in pursuing his case
was sufficiently serious to warrant dismissal.” McInnis v.
Duncan, 697 F.3d 661, 664 (7th Cir. 2012); see also Aura Lamp,
325 F.3d at 909 (evaluating district judge’s conclusion that dis‐
missal was “only effective sanction at the time”). The judge’s
statements that he dismissed this case for Nelson’s “failure to
cooperate in discovery” and “pattern of dilatory conduct”
show that he made this assessment. And the judge did not
abuse his discretion in making this assessment because Nel‐
son’s violations of the court’s discovery orders constituted a
“pattern of failure to meet court‐imposed deadlines.” Dicker‐
son v. Bd. of Educ. of Ford Heights, Ill., 32 F.3d 1114, 1117
8 No. 17‐2092
(7th Cir. 1994). Further, regarding the considerations that Nel‐
son says weigh in favor of a lesser sanction, they are merely
“factors that are relevant to the district court’s decision,”
Kasalo v. Harris & Harris, Ltd., 656 F.3d 557, 561 (7th Cir. 2011);
a judge is not bound to evaluate them expressly. See Aura
Lamp, 325 F.3d at 908 (identifying “principles” that “[i]deally,
the district court should consider”); Ball v. City of Chi., 2 F.3d
752, 759–60 (7th Cir. 1993) (same).
Nelson next argues that the district judge needed to con‐
sider lesser sanctions before dismissing the case. He is correct
that the judge did not expressly evaluate this matter. But
while district judges should weigh lesser sanctions before dis‐
missing a case, they are not required to. See McInnis, 697 F.3d
at 665; Aura Lamp, 325 F.3d at 908–09. Given that the district
judge permissibly concluded that Nelson’s misconduct war‐
ranted dismissal, it did not matter that the judge did not con‐
sider lesser sanctions first.
The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.