Judges: Scudder
Filed: Sep. 25, 2018
Latest Update: Mar. 03, 2020
Summary: In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit _ Nos. 18-1275 and 18-1598 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. RUBY MOHSIN and MOHAMMAD KHAN, Defendants-Appellants. _ Appeals from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 1:15-cr-00217 — Charles R. Norgle, Judge. _ ARGUED SEPTEMBER 20, 2018 — DECIDED SEPTEMBER 25, 2018 _ Before MANION, HAMILTON, and SCUDDER, Circuit Judges. SCUDDER, Circuit Judge. Ruby Mohsin and Moha
Summary: In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit _ Nos. 18-1275 and 18-1598 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. RUBY MOHSIN and MOHAMMAD KHAN, Defendants-Appellants. _ Appeals from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 1:15-cr-00217 — Charles R. Norgle, Judge. _ ARGUED SEPTEMBER 20, 2018 — DECIDED SEPTEMBER 25, 2018 _ Before MANION, HAMILTON, and SCUDDER, Circuit Judges. SCUDDER, Circuit Judge. Ruby Mohsin and Moham..
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In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
Nos. 18‐1275 and 18‐1598
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff‐Appellee,
v.
RUBY MOHSIN and
MOHAMMAD KHAN,
Defendants‐Appellants.
____________________
Appeals from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 1:15‐cr‐00217 — Charles R. Norgle, Judge.
____________________
ARGUED SEPTEMBER 20, 2018 — DECIDED SEPTEMBER 25, 2018
____________________
Before MANION, HAMILTON, and SCUDDER, Circuit Judges.
SCUDDER, Circuit Judge. Ruby Mohsin and Mohammad
Khan pleaded guilty to conspiring to sell drugs misbranded
as incense or potpourri. The conduct occurred over
approximately eight months in 2011 from a store Mohsin
owned in the Fox Valley Mall in Aurora, Illinois. At
sentencing the district court found that Mohsin and Khan
consciously or recklessly disregarded the risk that the
2 Nos. 18‐1275 and 18‐1598
mislabeled products could cause death or serious injury. This
finding had the effect of significantly increasing Mohsin and
Khan’s advisory ranges under the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines.
The finding reflected clear error, however, as the record
before the district court, while supporting a conclusion that
Mohsin and Khan knew customers (and perhaps teenagers)
were smoking the products to obtain marijuana‐like highs,
did not support a determination that either Mohsin or Khan
knew the products presented lethal risks to users.*
I
Ruby Mohsin owned and operated the Cigar Box in the
Fox Valley Mall where she employed Khan as a cashier. In
addition to tobacco, the store sold products labeled as incense
and potpourri under names like iAroma, Zero Gravity, and
Head Trip. Mohsin and Khan knew customers were buying
these products—commonly known as synthetic marijuana—
to smoke or ingest.
In June 2011, Mohsin sold nineteen‐year‐old Max Dobner
and another teenager three packages of iAroma. Dobner and
his friend then smoked the substance in the mall’s parking lot.
Two hours later Dobner crashed his vehicle into a house in
North Aurora, Illinois. The accident killed Dobner and in time
brought significant attention to the products Mohsin and
Khan were selling out of the Cigar Box.
Mohsin and Khan ultimately were indicted and each later
pleaded guilty to a single count of conspiring to distribute
misbranded drugs, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371 and
* Following oral argument, we issued an order directing Khan’s im‐
mediate release from prison on supervised release. This opinion explains
the basis for that decision.
Nos. 18‐1275 and 18‐1598 3
21 U.S.C. §§ 331(c) and 333(a)(2). In their plea agreements,
Mohsin and Khan admitted that the synthetic marijuana
products they sold contained inadequate consumer warnings,
failed to identify the products’ active ingredients, and were
mislabeled in an effort to mislead regulators regarding the
products’ status as drugs—all in violation of the Federal
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act.
In its Presentence Investigation Reports, the Probation
Office recommended that both Mohsin and Khan’s advisory
Guidelines ranges reflect enhancements for engaging in
offense conduct entailing “the conscious or reckless risk of
death or serious bodily injury.” U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(15)(A).
The proposed enhancements were significant because of their
impact on the resulting advisory ranges. Section
2B1.1(b)(15)(A) calls for a two‐level enhancement to a
defendant’s offense level, unless the resulting offense level is
less than 14, in which case the offense level is increased to 14.
Under the Probation Office’s calculations, Mohsin’s total
offense level included a two‐level enhancement under
§ 2B1.1(b)(15)(A), resulting in an advisory range of 12 to 18
months’ imprisonment. (This range also reflected an
enhancement pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(c) for Mohsin’s role
as a manager in the offense conduct.) As for Khan’s total
offense level, the Probation Office included a four‐level
enhancement under § 2B1.1(b)(15)(A), resulting in an
advisory range of 10 to 16 months’ imprisonment.
Neither defendant’s plea agreement contemplated an
enhancement under § 2B1.1(b)(15)(A). Accordingly, the
Probation Office’s recommendation that the facts warranted
the enhancement for both Mohsin and Khan became the focus
of the ensuing sentencing proceedings.
4 Nos. 18‐1275 and 18‐1598
The district court sentenced Mohsin first, and, in doing so,
held a hearing and received testimony from several witnesses.
Dr. Jordan Trecki, a pharmacologist with the Drug
Enforcement Administration, testified that synthetic
marijuana had more severe effects on consumers than
traditional marijuana. A customer of the Cigar Box, Janus
Smith, testified that she observed her son experience a severe
physical reaction to one of the synthetic marijuana products
he had purchased from Mohsin. Smith further testified that
she visited the Cigar Box and warned Mohsin of her son’s
“bad reaction,” explaining that it landed him in the
“hospital.”
Mohsin’s counsel attempted to cross‐examine Smith, but
the district court substantially curtailed that effort, stating
that Smith was a credible witness and that the court had heard
everything it needed for sentencing purposes. Had Mohsin’s
counsel been permitted to continue, Smith’s testimony was
vulnerable to meaningful impeachment, as there were
significant inconsistencies between her account at Mohsin’s
hearing and her prior deposition testimony. For example,
Smith stated at her deposition that she never told the hospital
doctors that synthetic marijuana had anything to do with her
son’s visit to the emergency room. Smith also contradicted
herself in describing what, if anything, she observed of her
son’s reaction to smoking synthetic marijuana.
Mohsin’s sentencing hearing further included testimony
from other witnesses. For example, Brycen Rodriguez, a
customer of the Cigar Box, testified about an occasion on
which he bought and smoked synthetic marijuana and
experienced paranoia, extreme anxiety, and difficulty
breathing. The district court also heard testimony from Max
Nos. 18‐1275 and 18‐1598 5
Dobner’s mother and grandmother about Dobner’s tragic
death and its impact on their family.
After hearing this testimony, the district court determined
that Mohsin’s advisory range was 21 to 27 months’
imprisonment, reflecting a total offense level of 16, which
included the two‐level enhancement under § 2B1.1(b)(15)(A)
for engaging in conduct that consciously or recklessly risked
death or serious bodily injury. The enhancement was
warranted, the district court reasoned, because Mohsin had
experience taking and administering medication (to her son)
and, as a result, knew of the dangers of abuse or misuse. Our
review of the sentencing transcript leaves us with the
impression that the district court, while not saying so
expressly, also may have placed some weight on Janus
Smith’s testimony (about her son having to go to the hospital
after having a bad reaction to synthetic marijuana he
purchased at the Cigar Box) to support the enhancement.
In calculating Mohsin’s advisory range, the district court
declined to afford Mohsin credit for acceptance of
responsibility, emphasizing not only that she had filed
multiple sentencing‐related motions, but also testified that
her offense conduct reflected a “mistake”—both of which the
district court found inconsistent with someone truly sorry for
her offense conduct. (Mohsin testified at sentencing with the
aid of an interpreter, and it appears she used an Urdu word
for “mistake” that connoted remorse but was misunderstood
by the district court.) In the end, the district court sentenced
Mohsin to 24 months’ imprisonment. Had the court not
applied the two‐level enhancement under § 2B1.1(b)(15)(A),
Mohsin’s advisory range would have been 15 to 21 months’
imprisonment.
6 Nos. 18‐1275 and 18‐1598
As for Khan, the district court found his advisory
Guidelines range to be 10 to 16 months’ imprisonment based
on a total offense level of 12. While affording Khan two levels
of credit for having accepted responsibility for his offense
conduct (see U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(a)), the district court found that
Khan’s conduct warranted a four‐level enhancement under
§ 2B1.1(b)(15)(A) for entailing a conscious or reckless risk of
death or serious bodily injury. (Khan’s enhancement was four
levels because it took four levels to raise his total offense level,
before receiving acceptance‐of‐responsibility credit, to 14, as
required by the terms and operation of § 2B1.1(b)(15)(A).) The
district court stated that the enhancement was warranted
because “[Khan] recklessly disregarded the risk [of death or
serious bodily injury] when he sold these products to the
various purchasers not knowing what the effect ultimately
would be on them one way or another.” Or, as the district
court similarly reasoned, Khan “consciously disregarded
what he might have learned if he had looked further into what
he was selling.”
Mohsin and Khan appeal their sentences, focusing on the
error they believe the district court made in finding that their
offense conduct reflected knowledge or awareness that
consumers who smoked or ingested the misbranded incense
or potpourri faced a risk of death or serious bodily injury,
thereby warranting the enhancements under
§ 2B1.1(b)(15)(A).
II
Whether a defendant qualifies for an enhancement is an
issue of fact we review for clear error. United States v. Vivit,
214 F.3d 908, 920 (7th Cir. 2000). Based upon our review of the
sentencing record, we conclude that Mohsin and Khan have
Nos. 18‐1275 and 18‐1598 7
satisfied this standard. The district court’s error was the
product of equating Mohsin and Khan’s knowledge that
customers were using the misbranded incense or potpourri to
achieve a marijuana‐like high with Mohsin and Khan
consciously or recklessly risking that the products would
cause death or serious bodily injury.
While § 2B1.1(b)(15)(A) does not define what constitutes
“the conscious or reckless risk of death or serious bodily
injury,” other provisions of the Guidelines and our caselaw
provide important instruction. In a mail fraud case involving
false billings for medical procedures to insurance companies,
we affirmed the district court’s determination that the
defendant physician’s conduct involved “the conscious or
reckless risk of serious bodily injury” and thus warranted a
two‐level enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1(b)(6)(A), a
provision the Sentencing Commission has since consolidated
with § 2B1.1. See Vivit, 214 F.3d at 920–22. In doing so, we
explained that recklessness reflects a mental state in which a
defendant “was aware of the risk created by his conduct and
the risk was of such a nature and degree that to disregard that
risk constituted a gross deviation from the standard of care
that a reasonable person would exercise in such a situation.”
Id. at 920–21 (taking direction on the meaning of “reckless”
from the definition in Application Note 1 to U.S.S.G. § 2A1.4,
the guideline applicable to involuntary manslaughter).
So, too, did our opinion in Vivit explain that “serious
bodily injury” is a phrase of general applicability used
throughout the Guidelines to mean “‘injury involving
extreme physical pain or the protracted impairment of a
function of a bodily member, organ or mental faculty; or
requiring medical intervention such as surgery,
8 Nos. 18‐1275 and 18‐1598
hospitalization or physical rehabilitation.’” Id. at 920 (quoting
U.S.S.G. § 1B1.1 n.1(J)).
The district court’s primary reason for applying the
enhancement to Mohsin—her personal experience using and
administering medication—does not support the conclusion
that Mohsin had any awareness the synthetic marijuana
products she sold posed a risk of death or serious bodily
injury. General awareness of the health risks of taking
medications does not demonstrate a defendant’s specific
knowledge or awareness of the risks presented by a particular
substance.
To be sure, the record fully supports a finding at the heart
of Mohsin’s criminal conduct—that she knew customers were
ingesting or smoking the mislabeled incense and potpourri
products to achieve a marijuana‐like high. But knowing that
someone will smoke a product to achieve a marijuana‐like
high does not—without more—show a “conscious or reckless
risk of death or serious bodily injury.” The more was missing.
The government presented testimony, including from the
DEA pharmacologist, that the effects of synthetic marijuana
can be acute and often exceed those of traditional marijuana.
Yet there was an absence of evidence showing Mohsin knew
of these harsher effects or, more to the point, that she had any
awareness that consuming the mislabeled incense or
potpourri risked killing or seriously injuring consumers. And
it is not enough to say (at a higher level of generality) that
such risk is always present with the consumption of illegal
drugs, for § 2B1.1(b)(15)(A) required the district court to find
by a preponderance of evidence that Mohsin was conscious
of or recklessly risked that iAroma, Zero Gravity, Head Trip, or
another of the synthetic marijuana products she sold out of
Nos. 18‐1275 and 18‐1598 9
the Cigar Box would kill or seriously injure consumers. On
this record, the case stands in sharp contrast to United States
v. Johnson, where the facts showed that the defendant
continued to sell cough suppressants over the internet after
learning that two teenagers had died from overdosing on the
product. See 471 F.3d 764, 765–66 (7th Cir. 2016).
The government sought to use Janus Smith to demonstrate
that Mohsin knew that the synthetic marijuana products
posed serious health risks. Indeed, Smith testified that her son
ended up in the hospital after consuming one of the products
sold at the Cigar Box. The district court severely limited cross‐
examination of Smith, however, and as a result never
permitted Mohsin’s counsel to demonstrate that Smith’s
deposition testimony—in which Smith made statements
suggesting her son went to the hospital for reasons unrelated
to consuming synthetic marijuana—may have substantially
undermined the testimony she provided at Mohsin’s
sentencing hearing. While the full protections of due process
may be diminished at sentencing, fundamental fairness still
requires a district court to base its sentencing determination
on reliable evidence. See United States v. Ghiassi, 729 F.3d 690,
696 (7th Cir. 2013). Where, as here, a defendant possesses
information that may cast significant doubt on a material
witness’s testimony on a challenged sentencing enhancement,
a defendant has a right to reasonably cross‐examine the
witness or at least some opportunity to bring contrary
information to the district court’s attention before the court
makes pertinent sentencing findings, including findings
about the credibility of the witness. In light of the substantial
limitation placed on Mohsin’s cross‐examination of Smith, the
district court committed error to the extent, if any, it relied on
10 Nos. 18‐1275 and 18‐1598
Smith’s testimony to find that Mohsin’s offense conduct
warranted an enhancement under § 2B1.1(b)(15)(A).
The record similarly lacks sufficient evidence to support
an enhancement for Khan under § 2B1.1(b)(15)(A). The
district court’s justification—that Khan sold the products,
sometimes to teenagers, knowing they were being ingested
but not knowing what effect they may have—does not
establish that Khan was aware of, or even had reason to
suspect, that the products posed a risk of death or serious
injury. Nor was it proper for the district court to find support
for the enhancement on the basis that Khan failed to learn the
health risks of the products he sold from the Cigar Box. The
guideline enhancement speaks not in terms of negligence, but
rather conscious or reckless risk. The evidence before the
district court did not support imposition of the enhancement,
and this error had the substantial adverse effect of increasing
Khan’s advisory Guidelines range from 0 to 6 months’
imprisonment to 10 to 16 months.
We owe a word about whether Max Dobner’s death,
following his smoking of iAroma purchased from the Cigar
Box, may have supported the enhancements under
§ 2B1.1(b)(15)(A). The government did not advance this
argument, nor did the district court find that Dobner’s death
provided the factual support for enhancing either Mohsin or
Khan’s advisory range. We do not read the record to compel
a contrary conclusion, as no party has presented evidence
showing that Mohsin or Khan learned (at least during the
period of the charged conspiracy) that the mislabeled drugs
may have caused Dobner’s death.
Finally, Mohsin contends that the district court committed
errors at sentencing by denying her credit for acceptance of
Nos. 18‐1275 and 18‐1598 11
responsibility under U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1 and otherwise
inadequately considering the factors in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).
For his part, Khan advances a similar argument regarding the
district court’s consideration of the § 3553(a) factors. We need
not address these contentions, as resentencing of both Mohsin
and Khan is independently warranted as a result of the
district court’s error applying the multi‐level enhancement
under § 2B1.1(b)(15)(A). The district court will have an
opportunity to take a fresh look at these other issues at
resentencing.
For these reasons, we VACATE and REMAND for
resentencing. The resentencing of both Mohsin and Khan
shall occur on an expedited basis and without delay. Circuit
Rule 36 shall apply on remand.