FILED
                                                           United States Court of Appeals
                                                                   Tenth Circuit

                                                                December 10, 2009
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                 Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                    Clerk of Court
                                 TENTH CIRCUIT



 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

               Plaintiff-Appellee,                       No. 08-5184
          v.                                             N.D. of Okla.
 RENE JOSEPH GORMAN,                             (D.C. No. CR-08-147-CVE)

               Defendant-Appellant.


                           ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before KELLY, BRISCOE, and TYMKOVICH, Circuit Judges. **


      In this direct criminal appeal, Rene Joseph Gorman challenges the

sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction for possession of a firearm

in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§ 924(c)(1)(A)(i). Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we find the




      *
         This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
      **
         After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this three-judge
panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of material
assistance in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th
Cir. R. 34.1(G). By the court’s Order of October 13, 2009, the cause therefore
was ordered to be submitted without oral argument.
government presented sufficient evidence at trial to support Gorman’s conviction.

We therefore AFFIRM.

                               I. BACKGROUND

       Acting on information developed in a drug investigation, Tulsa police

executed a search warrant at Gorman’s residence. During the search, police

recovered from the common living area approximately 13 ounces of marijuana,

over 11 ounces of which was in “brick” form. On the floor, next to a box

containing the brick of marijuana, police found a set of digital scales with

marijuana residue on them. Police also recovered various implements for

marijuana consumption, including a pipe, a blunt roller, and a potency

heightening device.

       Near a couch in the living area where the marijuana and drug-related items

were located, police found a loaded handgun and a box containing ammunition

matching the gun’s caliber. The ammunition was found on the floor, next to the

marijuana. The handgun was recovered on top of a stereo speaker located at the

other end of the couch. Approximately eight feet separated the loaded gun from

the drugs. 1




       1
          Gorman testified the distance was twelve feet, but we view the evidence
in the light most favorable to the government. In any event, it is undisputed that
the gun was in the same room as the drugs, and the precise distance does not bear
on our analysis.

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      Gorman was placed under arrest. After being given a Miranda warning, he

made several statements to police. First, he claimed the marijuana and the gun

were his. He also indicated he had obtained the gun to protect himself and his

family. 2 He conceded he sometimes sold marijuana to his friends “at cost” but

denied being a major distributor. Finally, he admitted he was a convicted felon,

and that he knew he was not supposed to have a gun.

      The government brought a three-count indictment against Gorman: (1)

possession of marijuana with intent to distribute in violation of 21 U.S.C.

§§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(D); (2) possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug

trafficking crime in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(i); and (3) being a felon

in possession of a firearm and ammunition in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1)

and 924(a)(2). A jury convicted him on all three counts, and he was sentenced to

a total of 101 months of imprisonment—41 months for both counts (1) and (3), to

run concurrently, and 60 months for count (2), to run consecutively.

      He appeals only his conviction on count (2), arguing that the government

did not present sufficient evidence that he possessed the firearm “in furtherance

of” a drug trafficking crime.




      2
        At trial, Gorman testified that a friend had brought the gun to his house
the night before the search and had accidentally left it behind when he
unexpectedly had to leave.

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                                  II. ANALYSIS

      In a sufficiency of the evidence challenge, while we review the evidence de

novo, we must view it “in the light most favorable to the Government.” United

States v. Delgado-Uribe, 

, 1081 (10th Cir. 2004). The conviction

must be affirmed if a reasonable jury could have found the defendant guilty

beyond a reasonable doubt. 

“whether [the] evidence, if believed,

would establish each element of the crime.” 

States v. Vallo,

, 1247 (10th Cir. 2001)).

      To sustain the conviction for possession of a firearm in furtherance of a

drug trafficking crime, the government must prove that (1) Gorman possessed a

firearm, and (2) this possession was in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime.

See United States v. Poe, 

, 1127 (10th Cir. 2009). On appeal,

Gorman does not deny that he possessed the firearm. Our analysis, therefore,

focuses only on the second element.

      To demonstrate possession of a firearm “in furtherance of” a drug

trafficking crime, it is not enough simply to show that a drug trafficker merely

possessed a gun. United States v. Avery, 

, 1180 (10th Cir. 2002)

(quoting United States v. Iiland, 

, 1274 (10th Cir. 2001)). Instead,

“a firearm that is kept available for use if needed during a drug transaction, is

[only] ‘possessed in furtherance of’ drug trafficking . . . so long as such

possession ‘in furtherance of’ is the intent of the drug trafficker.” Avery, 295

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F.3d at 1180 (quoting United States v. Basham, 

, 1208 (10th Cir.

2001)). Circumstantial evidence may be used to prove intent, and our cases

suggest a number of non-exclusive factors to consider in evaluating the evidence,

including:

      (1) the type of drug activity conducted, (2) the accessibility of the
      firearm, (3) the type of firearm, (4) the legal status of the firearm,
      (5) whether the firearm was loaded, (6) the proximity of the firearm
      to drugs or drug profits, and (7) the time and circumstances under
      which the firearm was found.

(citing United States v. McCullough, 

, 1170

(10th Cir. 2006)).

      Taken together, those factors support the jury’s conclusion that Gorman

possessed the firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking scheme.

      First, the jury knew Gorman sold drugs, since he admitted that at the very

least he sold marijuana at cost to friends. The drug paraphernalia and firearm

suggest ongoing drug activity.

      Second, the firearm and ammunition were easily accessible and in close

proximity to illegal drugs. According to testimony at trial, the gun was “just

setting [sic] out in the open on top of the speaker where, if needed, it could be

easily accessed.” The ammunition was on the floor next to the box containing

marijuana.

      Third, the gun was a .45 caliber semi-automatic pistol—a type of firearm

that is both powerful and easily concealed. Our cases confirm that handguns such

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as these are common “tools of the trade” among drug traffickers. See, e.g.,

United States v. Roach, 

, 1198–99 (10th Cir. 2009) (semi-automatic

handgun is an example of “tools of the trade” used to protect drugs); United

States v. Jenkins, 

(10th Cir. 2002) (loaded .45 caliber semi-

automatic handgun was possessed in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime).

      Fourth, because Gorman had a prior felony conviction, he possessed the

gun illegally, which he freely admitted to an officer who executed the search.

      Fifth, the gun was loaded—not only with a full magazine, but also

chamber-loaded, meaning that it was set to fire as soon as the trigger was pulled.

This fact belies Gorman’s alibi evidence that the gun was inadvertently left in the

home by a friend.

      In response to this evidence, Gorman points to our decision in Iiland where

we reversed an “in furtherance of” conviction because there was “no evidence that

the gun and drugs were ever kept in the same place or that [the defendant] ever

kept the gun accessible when conducting drug transactions.” 

. But the facts of that case are far different than the evidence we have

described here.

      Gorman’s conduct fits squarely among recent cases where we affirmed

convictions. For example, we have upheld convictions where, among other

instances, (1) the gun was “easily within reach” of the defendant, United States v.

Robinson, 

, 1251 (10th Cir. 2006), (2) the guns and drugs were

                                         -6-
found “within close proximity of one another,” United States v. Garza, 

, 1201 (10th Cir. 2009), and (3) the guns were found inside a “nightstand

only five feet” away from a box containing drugs, United States v. Rogers, 

, 1140 (10th Cir. 2009). Similarly, here, the firearm, ammunition, and

drugs were found in the same common living area, with the gun in easy access.

The proximity of the gun to the drugs thus lends strong support to the conclusion

that Gorman possessed the firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking offense.

      As a final point, Gorman points out that he sold only small amounts to

friends “at cost” and was thus not a major distributor of drugs. Nor did the police

find quantities of money or baggies associated with packaging drugs. But the jury

convicted him on the count of possession with intent to distribute, and obviously

could have believed he engaged in more drug activity than he confessed. In any

event, even small time drug transactions run the risk of confrontation, and

Congress has not carved out an exception to the “possession in furtherance of”

statute for friendly or small scale distribution.

                                 III. CONCLUSION

      Because we find the government presented sufficient evidence for a jury to

conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that Gorman possessed a firearm in




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furtherance of a drug trafficking crime, we AFFIRM.


                                                 Entered for the Court

                                                 Timothy M. Tymkovich
                                                 Circuit Judge




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