FILED
                                                           United States Court of Appeals
                                                                   Tenth Circuit
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                September 28, 2010
                                   TENTH CIRCUIT               Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                   Clerk of Court

 MIKE PEAY; COLLEEN PEAY;
 MATTHEW PEAY; MEGAN PEAY,

          Plaintiffs-Appellees,
 v.                                                      No. 09-4198
 JOANN MURPHY; WADE BERRY;                      (D.C. No. 2:05-CV-01083-DB)
 ROB RIDING; DAVID SORENSEN;                              (D. Utah)
 STEVEN SHAWN CHIPMAN,

          Defendants-Appellants.



                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before BRISCOE, Chief Judge, McKAY and HARTZ, Circuit Judges.



      After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination

of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is,

therefore, ordered submitted without oral argument.

      Defendants, a group of law enforcement entities and officers from Utah


      *
        This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 (eff. Dec.
1, 2006) and 10th Cir. R. 32.1 (eff. Jan. 1, 2007).
County, Utah, have filed this interlocutory appeal seeking to challenge the district

court’s denial of summary judgment as to plaintiffs’ claim that defendants

violated their Fourth Amendment rights during the execution of a search warrant

at plaintiffs’ residence. Plaintiffs have moved to dismiss the appeal for lack of

interlocutory jurisdiction. After reviewing the matter, we agree with plaintiffs

that we lack jurisdiction over the issues presented, and we accordingly grant

plaintiffs’ motion and dismiss the appeal.

                                          I

                                 Factual background

      On December 26, 2003, Wade Berry, a deputy with the Utah County

Sheriff’s Office, prepared an affidavit in support of a search warrant for the

residence of Michael Peay and his family, located at 4624 Kestrel Way, Eagle

Mountain, Utah. Berry presented the affidavit to a Utah state district judge who

found probable cause to search the residence for a marijuana grow operation and

authorized a no-knock warrant.

      At approximately 11:00 p.m. on January 4, 2004, a group of law

enforcement officers, including a S.W.A.T. team, executed the warrant. In doing

so, the officers used a ram to break down a door and aggressively yelled as they

entered the residence. The officers forcibly removed Mrs. Peay from a couch and

placed her roughly on the floor. Mr. Peay was tackled from behind by the

officers, handcuffed, placed in leg restraints, and tasered. He was also allegedly

                                          2
punched and kicked on repeated occasions. After Mr. and Mrs. Peay were

restrained, the officers searched the residence but found no evidence of a

marijuana grow operation. According to the Peays, the officers ransacked the

residence, broke windows, smashed holes in walls, smashed at least two doors,

and ate some candy and drank a bottle of soda found in one of the bedrooms. The

Peays also alleged that they lost several pets as a result of the officers’ actions,

and that the officers damaged a dresser, the backyard fence, a water bed, and a

rocker/recliner.

                               Procedural background

      On December 29, 2005, the Peays filed this action against Utah County, the

Utah County Sheriff’s Department, the Utah County Major Crimes Task Force,

and numerous law enforcement officers involved in the search of their residence.

The complaint alleged several claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, including claims

that the Peays’ Fourth Amendment rights were violated because defendants (a)

lacked probable cause for the search, (b) executed the search warrant in an

improper, unreasonable and excessive manner (the unreasonable execution claim),

and (c) used excessive force in restraining Mr. and Mrs. Peay.

      On March 27, 2009, defendants moved for summary judgment, purportedly

“on all of the Plaintiffs’ claims.” Memorandum in Support of Summary Judgment

Motion at 2. The introductory section of the supporting memorandum asserted, in

particular, that “[w]ith respect to the individual defendants, they [we]re all

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entitled to qualified immunity because their conduct did not violate a clearly

established constitutional right of the Plaintiffs of which a reasonable officer

would have known.” 

of the supporting memorandum, however,

addressed only the excessive force and lack of probable cause claims. No

mention was made of plaintiffs’ unreasonable execution claim.

      Plaintiffs, in their memorandum in opposition to defendants’ summary

judgment motion, noted that defendants’ motion failed to address the

unreasonable execution claim:

         Although Defendants’ Memorandum states they are seeking
      summary judgment on “all of the Plaintiffs’ claims,” it fails to
      address Plaintiffs’ Fourth Amendment claim for the unreasonable
      manner in which the search warrant was executed. The Fourth
      Amendment forbids every search that is unreasonable. Ker v.
      California, 

, 33 (1963). Destruction of property that is
      not reasonably necessary to effectively execute a search warrant may
      violate the Fourth Amendment. Tarpley v. Greens, 

, 9
      (D.C. Cir. 1982). The extensive damage to Plaintiffs’ real and
      personal property during the execution of the search warrant is
      uncontroverted. See Plaintiffs’ Fact Nos. 25, 26, 27. If Defendants
      somehow seek summary judgment on this issue, Plaintiffs seek leave
      of Court to file an additional response related thereto.

Plaintiffs’ Memorandum in Opposition at 10 n.1. Although defendants filed a

reply brief in support of their motion for summary judgment, it again failed to

mention the unreasonable execution claim.

      The district court held a hearing on defendants’ summary judgment motion

on July 31, 2009. At the outset, the district court asked defense counsel to outline

the specific claims that were being asserted by plaintiffs. When asked by the

                                          4
district court whether he agreed with defense counsel’s outline of the claims,

plaintiffs’ counsel stated:

         I agree with everything except they are missing a major element
         [because] . . . they have not included in any of their briefs – and they
         have not responded to my brief – the manner in which the search
         warrant was executed, meaning breaking windows, breaking
         materials. They have never briefed that. That is an issue for all four
         of the plaintiffs, so that’s a still pending claim. It’s a Fourth
         Amendment claim for unreasonable execution of the search warrant.

Hearing Tr. at 6-7. Defense counsel responded that he “did not, quite frankly,”

recognize that as a separate claim. 

Defense counsel made no attempt

thereafter to argue that the individual defendants were entitled to qualified

immunity on the claim. After hearing additional argument from plaintiffs’

counsel regarding the unreasonable execution claim, the district court ultimately

ruled:

            As to the claim for destruction of property to the house, I find
         that [plaintiffs’ counsel] has persuaded me that is an issue. If all of
         his facts are taken as true, the breaking of personal property in the
         house, and the breaking of the windows into the camper when they
         knew they had keys they could try, I suppose in taking those in the
         light most favorable to the plaintiff at this juncture, which I must,
         and recognizing there will no doubt be actual disputes about what
         happened inside the house, taking it all in favor of the plaintiff, I will
         find there is a sufficient case to go to the jury and whether there was
         excessive force used on the house.

         On September 24, 2009, the district court issued a memorandum decision

and order memorializing its rulings from the summary judgment hearing. App. at



                                              5
34. The only mention of the unreasonable execution claim was the following:

“concerning the Peays’ claim that the search was unreasonable due to law

enforcement’s destruction of property, the Court denied the defendants’ motion . .

. .” 

       On October 23, 2009, defendants filed a notice of appeal from the district

court’s September 24, 2009 memorandum decision and order.

       On February 11, 2010, approximately three days after receiving a copy of

defendants’ opening appellate brief, plaintiffs moved to dismiss the appeal for

lack of jurisdiction.

                                           II

       Our jurisdiction generally extends only to “appeals from . . . final decisions

of the district courts.” 28 U.S.C. § 1291. “While a denial of summary judgment

is not the type of order immediately appealable to this court, we do have

interlocutory jurisdiction over denials of qualified immunity at the summary

judgment stage to the extent that they turn on an issue of law.” Zia Trust Co. ex

rel. Causey v. Montoya, 

, 1152 (10th Cir. 2010) (internal quotation

marks and brackets omitted). In other words, “a district court’s denial of a claim

of qualified immunity, to the extent that it turns on an issue of law, is an

appealable ‘final decision’ within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 1291

notwithstanding the absence of a final judgment.” Mitchell v. Forsyth, 

, 530 (1985).


                                           6
      Given these jurisdictional principles, the threshold question in resolving

plaintiffs’ motion to dismiss is whether the district court’s summary judgment

ruling constituted a denial of qualified immunity from plaintiffs’ unreasonable

execution claim. After examining the record in this case, we are persuaded the

district court did not address whether defendants were entitled to qualified

immunity from this claim; indeed, defendants made no cognizable arguments,

either in their pleadings or at the summary judgment hearing, that would have

squarely presented that issue to the district court. Instead, the district court

denied summary judgment on the unreasonable execution claim for two basic

reasons: (1) because of defendants’ failure to recognize and address the claim in

their summary judgment pleadings and related oral arguments; and (2) because

plaintiffs presented sufficient evidence from which a jury could find in their favor

on that claim. As a result, we conclude the district court’s denial of summary

judgment on the unreasonable execution claim is not an appealable final decision

under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we therefore lack jurisdiction to entertain

defendants’ appeal.

      Plaintiffs’ motion to dismiss the appeal for lack of interlocutory

jurisdiction is GRANTED and the appeal is DISMISSED.

                                               Entered for the Court


                                               Mary Beck Briscoe
                                               Chief Judge


                                           7
09-4198, Peay v. Murphy

HARTZ, Circuit Judge, concurring:

      I am not convinced that we lack jurisdiction to hear this appeal. The

defendants moved for summary judgment on all claims on the ground of qualified

immunity. The district court granted summary judgment on all but one claim.

The defendants now appeal the denial of summary judgment on that claim. The

ground for the denial is irrelevant. Indeed, the defendants could appeal even if

the district court simply held its decision in abeyance while the case proceeded.

See Workman v. Jordan, 

, 335–36 (10th Cir. 1992). We have

jurisdiction to the extent that the defendants raise abstract issues of law in support

of reversal.

      But jurisdiction does not get the defendants very far. We rarely consider an

issue on appeal that was not presented to the district court. In this case, the

defendants raised not a single argument in district court in favor of qualified

immunity on the remaining claim. We should therefore affirm the decision

below.