FILED
                                                 United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS     Tenth Circuit

                                                                   January 13, 2011
                                    TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                 Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                     Clerk of Court
 PATRICK WOOD,

          Plaintiff - Appellant,
                                                        No. 10-1169
 v.                                         (D.C. No. 09-CV-00806-WYD-MJW)
                                                         (D. Colo.)
 KEVIN MILYARD,
 Assistant/Associate Warden;
 REBECCA RODENBECK,
 Administrative Head; LT. THOMAS
 BENEZE, Intelligence Officer; LT.
 KEN TOPLISS, Hearing Officer;
 OLATHE MURPHY, Case Manager;
 RANDY FOSHEE, Associate Warden;
 MAJOR LINDA MAIFELD,
 Administrative Head or Designee;
 CUSTODY/CONTROL MANAGER;
 MAJOR TERRY BARTRUFF,
 Administrative Manager;
 LIEUTENANT ROBERT FAZZINO,
 Disciplinary Officer or Shift
 Commander; COLORADO
 DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS;
 COLORADO TERRITORIAL
 CORRECTIONAL FACILITY;
 STERLING CORRECTIONAL
 FACILITY,

          Defendants - Appellees.


                              ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

      *
        This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
Before KELLY, McKAY, and LUCERO, Circuit Judges. **


      Plaintiff-Appellant Patrick Wood, an inmate appearing pro se, appeals from

the district court’s dismissal of his civil rights complaint and action with

prejudice. The complaint, brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleges that various

Defendants, including several employees of the Colorado Department of

Corrections (“CDOC”) and the CDOC itself, violated Mr. Wood’s constitutional

rights. 

. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.



                                    Background

      The parties are familiar with the facts so we need not restate them here.

Suffice it to say that Mr. Wood was convicted of fraud in a prison disciplinary

proceeding in connection with the validity of a marriage certificate. 1 R. He

successfully appealed to the Colorado Court of Appeals, and upon remand, he was

found not guilty. 

sought reimbursement of fees and costs and

restoration of privileges lost. 

trial court ordered the warden to comply

with an administrative regulation concerning restoration, and Mr. Wood was



      **
         After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this three-judge
panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of material
assistance in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th
Cir. R. 34.1(G). The cause is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

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awarded some fees and costs, though not all he requested. 

      On April 8, 2009, Mr. Wood filed his complaint against the CDOC and

various employees of the CDOC. 

contends that various Defendants

violated his right to due process and equal protection and to be free from

harassment (retaliation). 

complaint did not specify whether the

individual Defendants were sued in their official or individual capacities. 

Wood sought monetary damages, reimbursement for various fees and costs,

reinstatement of privileges in accordance with Colorado administrative regulation

and the Colorado Court of Appeals decision, and “any other relief allowable

under law.” 

latest of the allegedly retaliatory actions identified in the

complaint occurred on January 20, 2006. 

magistrate judge recommended that the complaint be dismissed

because claims against the CDOC and individual Defendants in their official

capacities are barred by Eleventh Amendment immunity and because all other

claims were barred by the applicable two-year statute of limitations. Wood v.

Milyard, 

, at *5-9 (D. Colo. Jan. 6, 2010). Over Plaintiff’s

objections, the district court adopted the recommendation and dismissed the

complaint and action for substantially the same reasons. Wood v. Milyard, 

, *2-4 (D. Colo. Mar. 19, 2010).

      We review de novo the district court’s decision to dismiss the complaint.

Butler v. Kempthorne, 

, 1110 (10th Cir. 2008) (dismissals under

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Rule 12(b)(1)); United States ex rel. Lemmon v. Envirocare of Utah, Inc., 

, 1167 (10th Cir. 2010) (dismissals under Rule 12(b)(6)).



                                      Discussion

A.    Sovereign Immunity

      The Eleventh Amendment, and the concept of sovereign immunity it

embodies, bars suits against states absent an express and unambiguous waiver or

abrogation by Congress. See, e.g., Edelman v. Jordan, 

, 662-63

(1974). State sovereign immunity is more than immunity from liability—it

actually deprives federal courts of subject-matter jurisdiction. 

The

Eleventh Amendment does permit suits for prospective injunctive relief against

state officials for violations of federal law, but not for retrospective relief such as

money damages. Frew ex rel. Frew v. Hawkins, 

, 437 (2004).

      Sovereign immunity is not confined to suits in which the State is named as

defendant, 

; state agencies partake in the State’s

immunity if they are “arms of the state,” Ambus v. Granite Bd. of Educ., 

, 994 (10th Cir. 1993) (en banc) (internal quotation marks and citation

omitted). The CDOC is such an agency. See Griess v. Colorado, 

,

1044-45 (10th Cir. 1988). Sovereign immunity also extends to state officials sued

in their official capacities for retrospective relief. 

.

      Here, Plaintiff brought suit against the CDOC itself, as well as several state

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officials. 

. The complaint does not identify whether the individual

Defendants are sued in their official or individual capacities, and it seeks

retrospective relief in the form of damages; any prospective relief sought appears

to be based upon state law (state administrative regulations and a Colorado Court

of Appeals decision) rather than federal. 

, 13. § 1983 does not abrogate

state sovereign immunity—indeed, states are not even “persons” within the

meaning of § 1983, Will v. Mich. Dep’t of State Police, 

, 71 (1989),

and Plaintiff does not argue that Colorado has consented to this suit. Therefore,

Colorado’s sovereign immunity deprives us of subject-matter jurisdiction over the

claims against the CDOC and the official-capacity claims for retrospective relief

against the individual Defendants. To the extent that Plaintiff’s claims for

prospective relief are premised on state law, they are not cognizable under

§ 1983. Jones v. City and Cnty. of Denver, Colo., 

, 1209 (10th Cir.

1988).

B.       Statute of Limitations

         The district court affirmed and adopted the magistrate judge’s

recommendation that the remaining claims be dismissed as time-barred under the

applicable two-year statute of limitations. See Milyard, 

, at *3-

4; Milyard, 

, at *6-7. In so doing, the district court noted that

“all of the specific, discrete actions detailed in the Complaint” occurred before

April 7, 2007—more than two years before this suit was commenced. Milyard,

                                          -5-


, at *3. The court noted that because Plaintiff failed to allege

any ongoing violations, his claims would be time-barred even if the “continuing

violation” doctrine—under which a claim is not time-barred if the plaintiff shows

a series of related acts, one of which occurred before the limitations period ran, or

that the defendant maintained a violative policy both during and after the

limitations period, see Davidson v. America Online, Inc., 

, 1184

(10th Cir. 2003) (citation omitted)—applied to suits brought under § 1983.

Milyard, 

, at *3.

      On appeal, Plaintiff argues that the district court made two errors: (1) in

holding that he failed to allege ongoing violations, and (2) in implying that the

continuing violation doctrine does not apply to § 1983 suits. Aplt. Br. 9-10.

These arguments are unavailing.

      Contrary to Plaintiffs’ assertions, the complaint does not allege an ongoing

conspiracy or actions that constitute continuing constitutional violations. Rather,

it identifies a series of discrete actions on the part of each Defendant, the latest of

which occurred on January 20, 2006. R. 9. Therefore, the district court was

correct in holding that Plaintiff’s cause of action accrued upon the date of the last

alleged violation—in this case, January 20, 2006. 

was commenced

on April 8, 2009, more than two years after the cause of action accrued. Because

§ 1983 claims brought in Colorado are subject to a two-year statute of limitations,

see Blake v. Dickason, 

, 750-51 (10th Cir. 1993), Plaintiff’s claims

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are time-barred.

      We do not reach the question of whether the continuing violation doctrine

applies to suits brought under § 1983. However, even if it did, it would be of no

help to Plaintiff here: “a continuing violation claim fails if the plaintiff knew, or

through the exercise of reasonable diligence would have known, [he] was being

discriminated against at the time the earlier events occurred.” 

(internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Through the exercise of

reasonable diligence, Plaintiff would have been aware at the outset that

Defendants’ actions were—in his view—retaliatory. Therefore, even if the

continuing violation doctrine were to apply to § 1983 suits, it would not be

applicable in this case.

      AFFIRMED. We GRANT leave to proceed IFP and remind Mr. Wood that

he is obligated to continue making partial payments until the entire filing fee has

been paid.
                                        Entered for the Court


                                        Paul J. Kelly, Jr.
                                        Circuit Judge




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