FILED
                                                             United States Court of Appeals
                                                                     Tenth Circuit

                                                                  February 1, 2011
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                  Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                     Clerk of Court
                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT


    MILOSLAV MULLER,

                Plaintiff-Appellant,

    v.                                                    No. 10-2144
                                               (D.C. No. 1:09-CV-00500-JB-ACT)
    MYLES CULBERTSON, DIRECTOR                              (D. N.M.)
    NEW MEXICO LIVESTOCK BOARD
    (AGENCY),

                Defendant-Appellee.


                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before KELLY and BALDOCK, Circuit Judges, BRORBY, Senior
Circuit Judge.



         Appearing pro se, as he did in the district court, Miloslav Muller appeals

from the court’s order dismissing with prejudice his Title VII and § 1983 claims

against the New Mexico Livestock Board (NMLB), and dismissing without

prejudice his state law defamation claim. He also appeals the court’s order


*
       After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is
not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata,
and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value
consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
denying his motions to file first and second amended complaints. We have

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Affording Mr. Muller’s pro se papers a

solicitous construction, Van Deelen v. Johnson, 

, 1153 n.1

(10th Cir. 2007), we nonetheless find his arguments without merit, and we affirm.

       The facts are straightforward. In his complaint, Mr. Muller alleged that he

was “employed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) as a

Veterinary Medical Officer [] from April 1992 until August of 2008, when he was

wrongfully terminated.” R. Vol. 1 at 5. Beginning in 2001, Mr. Muller worked

for the USDA as an epidemiologist in New Mexico, which required him to work

along side the NMLB. The gravamen of his complaint was an alleged

       conspiracy among current and former officials in the New Mexico
       Livestock Board (NMLB) and actions taken by and on behalf of
       those officials in 2007 and in 2008 to violate [my] constitutional
       rights[.] Those officials retaliated against [me] for [my] lawful
       opposition to the NMLB’s and USDA’s discriminatory treatment of
       American Indians via allowing scrapie prion infected mutton
       (infection agent similar to Mad Cow Disease) to enter the human
       food chain on the Nava[j]o Reservation in New Mexico. Following
       [my] lawful opposition to this discrimination, as their chief method
       of punishment, the NMLB officials falsely accused [me] of
       wrongdoing.

       Two of Mr. Muller’s claims were for retaliation under Title VII. The

district court’s order, which adopted the magistrate judge’s recommendation,

correctly held that these claims failed as a matter of law. They fail for the simple




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reason that Title VII claims lie against an “employer,” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a),

and Mr. Muller was not an employee of the NMLB.

      Another of Mr. Muller’s claims was for the alleged violation of his

Fourteenth Amendment rights. According to his complaint, various employees of

the NMLB sent the USDA some emails and letters concerning his poor job

performance, which resulted in the termination of his employment, and thus

“depriv[ed] [him] . . . of [his] property interest in employment without due

process[.]” R. Vol. 1 at 11. He also claimed that the NMLB’s “actions impaired

[his] ability to obtain other employment,” 

and that he was denied

“equal protection of law,” 

      We agree with the district court, which agreed with the magistrate judge,

that Mr. Muller fails to state a claim for the denial of his equal protection rights

because there is no allegation that he was treated differently than any other

similarly situated person. See Price-Cornelison v. Brooks, 

, 1109

(10th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted) (recognizing that “[e]qual

protection is essentially a direction that all persons similarly situated should be

treated alike”). We likewise agree that Mr. Muller cannot state a claim for the

denial of his procedural due process rights. “We examine procedural due process

questions in two steps: the first asks whether there exists a liberty or property

interest which has been interfered with by the State; the second examines whether

the procedures attendant upon that deprivation were constitutionally sufficient[.]”

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Ky. Dep’t of Corr. v. Thompson, 

, 460 (1989) (internal citations

omitted). We need not decide whether or not Mr. Muller had liberty or property

interests in his job, because even if he did, he cannot state a claim for relief

against the NMLB for the violation of those rights. His claim, if any, was against

his employer, the USDA.

      Mr. Muller also pleaded a state-law claim for defamation. Having

dismissed the Title VII and § 1983 claims over which it had original jurisdiction,

the district court adopted the magistrate judge’s recommendation that it decline to

exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the state claim. “We review a denial of

supplemental jurisdiction for abuse of discretion.” Nielander v. Bd. of Cnty.

Comm’rs, 

, 1172 (10th Cir. 2009). There is no abuse of discretion

here, because under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3), a district court may decline to

exercise supplemental jurisdiction where it “has dismissed all claims over which

it has original jurisdiction[.]”

      We next address Mr. Muller’s arguments that the district court erred in

denying his motions to amend the complaint. We find no error in the court’s

order, which adopted the magistrate judge’s recommendation to deny his request

to file a first amended complaint, and denied the motion to file a second amended

complaint.

      “The decision to grant leave to amend a complaint, after the permissive

period, is within the trial court’s discretion [] and will not be disturbed absent an

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abuse of that discretion.” Woolsey v. Marion Labs., Inc., 

, 1462

(10th Cir. 1991) (citation omitted). “Refusing leave to amend is generally only

justified upon a showing of undue delay, undue prejudice to the opposing party,

bad faith or dilatory motive, failure to cure deficiencies by amendments

previously allowed, or futility of amendment.” Frank v. U.S. West, Inc., 

, 1365 (10th Cir. 1993). “Furthermore, where the party seeking amendment

knows or should have known of the facts upon which the proposed amendment is

based but fails to include them in the original complaint, the motion to amend is

subject to denial.” 

(internal quotation marks and brackets omitted).

      After the NMLB filed its motion to dismiss, but before the magistrate judge

entered his recommendation, Mr. Muller filed a motion to file a first amended

complaint. Following his recommendation that the complaint be dismissed, the

magistrate issued a separate recommendation that Mr. Muller not be allowed to

file his first amended complaint for three reasons. First, he found that the

proposed amendment was futile. Second, he expressed concern about

Mr. Muller’s bad faith. Third, he found that “the new allegations . . . are facts

that [Mr. Muller] should have known about and should have included in the

original Complaint or subsequent filings prior to the [defendant filing] the Motion

[to dismiss].” R. Vol. 1 at 191. We agree with the district court, which adopted

the magistrate’s recommendation, that the motion was properly denied because

Mr. Muller knew or should have known the facts upon which the proposed

                                         -5-
amendment was based but failed to include them in his original complaint. As

one example, once the NMLB raised the fact that it was not Mr. Muller’s

employer, he turned around and filed a proposed first amended complaint in

which he alleged that the USDA and NMLB were his joint employers. Certainly

Mr. Muller knew or should have known who was his employer at the time he filed

his complaint. The same is true with the other “new” allegations in his proposed

first amended complaint – they were not new at all. Rather, the amendment

proposed theories that Mr. Muller choose not to advance until after the NMLB

argued in its motion to dismiss that his original claims were fatally flawed.

      After the magistrate judge recommended that Mr. Muller’s complaint be

dismissed and his request to file the first amended complaint be denied, but

before the district court ruled on his objections to both recommendations,

Mr. Muller filed a proposed second amended complaint. Noting its “concern[]

that Muller continues to file motions to amend after [the magistrate judge]

carefully reviewed his claim and found that the amendments to his federal claims

would be futile,” 

the court denied the motion because “he has not

asserted additional facts or allegations which establish federal claims for which

he is entitled to relief[,]” 

Mr. Muller does not explain why the

court’s conclusion that it would be futile to amend was error; instead, he argues

that there was no “prejudice, waste of time, or any other detrimental outcome as




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erroneously claimed by Defendant,” Aplt. Opening Br. at 7, which is not the

ground on which the court denied the request.

      The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.


                                                  Entered for the Court



                                                  Paul J. Kelly, Jr.
                                                  Circuit Judge




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