HUCK, District Judge:

Appellant Richard Samson — a Type-1 insulin-dependent diabetic — appeals summary judgment for Appellee Federal Express Corporation on his disability discrimination claims under the Americans with Disabilities Act ("ADA"), 42 U.S.C. § 12101, et seq., and its Florida counterpart, the Florida Civil Rights Act ("FCRA"), Fla. Stat. § 760.01, et seq. In 2009, FedEx offered Samson, an experienced vehicle mechanic, a job as a Senior Global Vehicle Technician/DOT/CDL ("Technician") at its airport facility in Fort Myers, Florida. FedEx conditioned the offer on, among other things, Samson passing a Department of Transportation ("DOT") medical examination — which the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations ("FMCSRs") require for commercial motor vehicle drivers who transport property or passengers in interstate commerce. When Samson failed his DOT medical examination due to his diabetes, FedEx withdrew Samson's job offer since he did not qualify for the Technician position. FedEx claimed that the FMCSRs required it to do so.

Samson then sued FedEx for disability discrimination. The crux of Samson's claims was that "[i]n imposing a requirement that Samson must obtain a DOT [medical] card even though he would be a mechanic and not a commercial truck driver, FedEx violated the ADA [and the FCRA], which prohibit[] an employer from using qualification standards that screen out people with disabilities." After discovery closed, FedEx moved for summary judgment. FedEx argued that Samson was not "qualified" for the Technician position because he failed his DOT medical examination; consequently, Samson could not perform the "essential function" of test-driving FedEx trucks "with or without reasonable accommodation." FedEx also contended that the FMCSRs provided a complete defense to Samson's claims because the regulations obliged FedEx to require a successful DOT medical examination as a prerequisite of the job. The district court agreed and granted summary judgment for FedEx on both grounds. However, because our de novo review of the record shows that summary judgment was improper, we reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

I. BACKGROUND

FedEx provides package delivery services nationwide. FedEx's aircraft transport packages from locations throughout the United States into and out of several Florida airports, including the Southwest Florida International Airport in Fort Myers, Florida. The packages are then unloaded from the aircraft, sorted for destination to various locations, and loaded onto FedEx tractor-trailers and straight trucks. These trucks then transport the packages to other FedEx facilities within Florida and, eventually, to recipients.

FedEx employs Technicians at its airport facilities to maintain, troubleshoot, and repair its trucks. On February 11, 2009, Samson — a vehicle mechanic with about twenty-nine years of experience — applied online for FedEx's sole Technician position at its Fort Myers airport facility. According to FedEx's online job description, "[t]he successful candidate will provide timely, quality maintenance for FedEx vehicle fleet and ground support equipment including preventative maintenance, troubleshooting, repairs modifications and documentation." The job description also listed the following requirements:

(emphasis added).

On March 10, 2009, after an interview, FedEx sent Samson — the best candidate — a letter offering him the Technician position. The letter, signed by Mahase Madoo, the District Fleet Manager, stated that "this job offer is contingent upon your successful completion of a DOT medical examination ... and upon your receiving a Florida issued class A [commercial driver's license] within 90 days of your actual starting date in this position as required for this position." Samson signed the offer letter, accepting the position and its terms. At that time, Samson already held a Florida-issued Class B commercial driver's license.1

On March 11, 2009, Samson appeared for his DOT medical examination. During the examination, Samson disclosed to the medical examiner that he is a Type-1 insulin-dependent diabetic. Because insulin-dependent diabetics are automatically disqualified from being medically certified as physically qualified to operate a commercial motor vehicle in interstate commerce under the FMCSRs, absent an exemption, Samson failed his medical examination. See 49 C.F.R. § 391.41(b)(3) ("A person is physically qualified to drive a commercial motor vehicle if that person ... [h]as no established medical history or clinical diagnosis of diabetes mellitus currently requiring insulin for control."); see also id. § 391.43(f) ("If insulin is necessary to control a diabetic driver's condition, the driver is not qualified to operate a commercial motor vehicle in interstate commerce.").

On March 16, 2009, Janet Johnson, a FedEx recruiter, emailed Madoo and others at FedEx asking whether they were legally obligated to inform Samson of the Federal Diabetes Exemption Program, see U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY ADMINISTRATION. http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/rules-regulations/topics/medical/exemptions.htm (last visited Jan. 3, 2014):

Two days later, FedEx sent Samson a letter withdrawing his job offer solely because he had failed his DOT medical examination. The next day, Samson emailed Madoo and John Durr, a FedEx Senior Manager, asking them to reconsider their decision. Samson wrote that he felt "discriminated against for being a diabetic" because he applied for a job as a Technician, not as an interstate truck driver. Samson also claims that he spoke with Madoo, who told him "we don't hire diabetics." Madoo himself, however, is a Type-2 diabetic who treats his condition with insulin.

On April 2, 2009, Durr replied to Samson's email by explaining FedEx's belief that the FMCSRs required it to withdraw Samson's job offer after he failed his DOT medical examination:

FedEx eventually hired John Rotundo — the second best candidate — for the Technician position. During his approximately three years on the job, Rotundo has only test-driven FedEx trucks three times. He has never driven one across state lines. Nor has he ever driven one carrying cargo. On one additional occasion, another FedEx employee drove while Rotundo sat in the passenger seat diagnosing the reported mechanical problem.

II. ANALYSIS

Before us, Samson challenges the district court's grant of summary judgment for FedEx. Samson first argues that the district court erred in concluding as a matter of law that he was not "qualified" for the Technician position because he could not perform the alleged "essential function" of occasionally test-driving empty FedEx trucks in the Fort Myers area "with or without reasonable accommodation."

A. Does a genuine factual dispute exist as to whether Samson was "qualified" for the Technician position?2

Under the ADA, no employer "shall discriminate against a qualified individual on the basis of disability in regard to job application procedures, the hiring, advancement, or discharge of employees, employee compensation, job training, and other terms, conditions, and privileges of employment." 42 U.S.C. § 12112(a) (emphasis added); see also 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(m). To establish a prima facie case of disability discrimination, a plaintiff must show that he (1) is disabled,3 (2) is a "qualified" individual, and (3) was subjected to unlawful discrimination because of his disability. Greenberg v. BellSouth Telecomms., Inc., 498 F.3d 1258, 1263 (11th Cir.2007) (citation omitted). Turning to the second element, a "qualified individual" is someone "who, with or without reasonable accommodation, can perform the essential functions of the employment position that such individual holds or desires." 42 U.S.C. § 12111(8) (emphasis added). "Essential functions" are "the fundamental job duties of the employment position," but do "not include the marginal functions of the position." 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(n)(1).

In reviewing the district court's summary judgment ruling de novo, the threshold issue is whether a genuine factual dispute exists as to whether test-driving FedEx trucks is an "essential function" of the Technician position. Whether a particular job function is essential is "evaluated on a case-by-case basis by examining a number of factors." D'Angelo v. ConAgra Foods, Inc., 422 F.3d 1220, 1230 (11th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also McMillan v. City of New York, 711 F.3d 120, 126 (2d Cir.2013) ("[A] court must conduct `a fact-specific inquiry into both the employer's description of a job and how the job is actually performed in practice.'") (citation omitted); Keith v. Cnty. of Oakland, 703 F.3d 918, 926 (6th Cir.2013) ("Whether a job function is essential is a question of fact that is typically not suitable for resolution on a motion for summary judgment.") (citation omitted). Among the relevant factors is "[t]he employer's judgment as to which functions are essential." 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(n)(3)(i). Although the employer's judgment is "entitled to substantial weight in the calculus," this factor alone is not conclusive. Holly, 492 F.3d at 1285 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Because if it were conclusive:

Id. (citing 42 U.S.C. § 12112(b)(5)(A)) (alteration in original).

Other relevant factors include: any written job description prepared before advertising or interviewing applicants for the job; the amount of time spent on the job performing the function; the consequences of not requiring the employee to perform the function; the terms of any collective bargaining agreement; the work experience of past employees in the job; and the current work experience of employees in similar jobs. 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(n)(3)(ii)(vii). There are also three non-exclusive bases on which a particular job function may be deemed essential: (1) the position exists to perform that function; (2) a limited number of employees are available among whom that job function can be distributed; and (3) the job function is "highly specialized" so that the incumbent is hired for their expertise or ability to perform that function. Id. § 1630.2(n)(2).

Applied here, some of these factors support a finding that test-driving is an essential function of the Technician position.4 First, FedEx's judgment — which carries substantial weight — is that test-driving is an essential function of the job. Second, according to FedEx's written job description, Technicians maintain, troubleshoot, and repair FedEx trucks — responsibilities that conceivably could involve test-driving. The job description also requires Technicians to possess a commercial driver's license and "have light to heavy truck experience." Third, if Technicians did not conduct test-drives, it is reasonable to infer that there may be adverse consequences, such as failing to correctly diagnose a problem or assuming a problem was fixed when it was not. This could lead FedEx to operating unroadworthy trucks, thereby endangering the public. Fourth, the record suggests that test-driving may be a "highly specialized" job function, given that FedEx requires its Technicians to hold commercial driver's licenses and both federal and Florida law require commercial motor vehicle drivers to be licensed.

The remaining factors, however, weigh in favor of finding that test-driving is not an essential function of the Technician position. First, although FedEx employs only one Technician at its airport facility in Fort Myers, there are nine other licensed truck drivers at that facility among whom the test-driving could be distributed. In fact, Rotundo — the Technician hired instead of Samson — testified that, at least on one occasion, another employee test-drove while he sat in the passenger seat diagnosing the reported mechanical problem. Second, the amount of time that the incumbent Technician at the Fort Myers facility actually spends test-driving is miniscule. Indeed, Rotundo further testified that in the approximately three years he has been on the job, he has only test-driven FedEx trucks three times. If test-driving were such an essential function, as FedEx contends, one would expect it to be performed with regularity. Third, with respect to the current work experience of employees in similar jobs, the record shows that other FedEx Technicians throughout Florida generally test-drive an average of about 3.71 hours per year — an insignificant portion of their total time on the job.5

In sum, viewing all the record evidence and reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to Samson, as required, we conclude that reasonable jurors could differ as to whether test-driving FedEx trucks is an essential function of the Technician position.6 See Henschel v. Clare Cnty. Road Comm'n, 737 F.3d 1017, 1024 (6th Cir. 2013) (reversing summary judgment because genuine factual dispute existed as to whether hauling an excavator to the job site was an essential function of the excavator operator position where the relevant factors were in conflict). This issue, therefore, should not have been taken away from the jury and resolved as a matter of law.

B. Do the FMCSRs afford FedEx a complete defense?

Assuming that test-driving is an essential function of the Technician position, Samson next challenges the district court's conclusion that the FMCSRs afforded FedEx a complete defense to his claims. As relevant here, disability discrimination includes when an employer uses "qualification standards ... that screen out or tend to screen out an individual with a disability... unless the standard ... is shown to be job-related for the position in question and is consistent with business necessity." 42 U.S.C. § 12112(b)(6). In addition, an employer may also have a defense to such a claim if it can show that the challenged qualification standard was "required or necessitated by another Federal law or regulation." 29 C.F.R. § 1630.15(e).

In this case, Samson claims that FedEx's medical examination requirement is an impermissible "qualification standard" because it screens out insulin-dependent diabetics. FedEx, however, maintains that it did not choose to impose the DOT medical examination requirement. Rather, FedEx insists that the FMCSRs required it to make DOT medical certification a prerequisite to holding the Technician position. This is so, according to FedEx, because: (a) the test-driving at issue here constitutes driving commercial motor vehicles over 26,001 pounds in interstate commerce under the FMCSRs; (b) the FMCSRs require employees who drive in interstate commerce, or who drive commercial motor vehicles over 26,001 pounds in either interstate or intrastate commerce, to obtain DOT medical certification; and (c) insulin-dependent diabetics are automatically disqualified from obtaining DOT medical certification under the FMCSRs, absent an exemption. Because FedEx justifies the DOT medical examination requirement solely on the ground that the FMCSRs mandate it — not that it was job-related or consistent with business necessity — we look to the FMCSRs to resolve this issue.

The FMCSRs — including the DOT medical examination requirement7 — apply to "employers, employees, and commercial motor vehicles, which transport property or passengers in interstate commerce."8 49 C.F.R. § 390.3(a) (emphasis added). In concluding that the medical examination requirement applies to Samson, both the district court and our dissenting colleague emphasize that FedEx is an employer operating in interstate commerce. However, the Federal Highway Administration's guidelines interpreting § 390.3 make the important distinction that "intrastate drivers of an interstate motor carrier" are not subject to the FMCSRs except in one circumstance not applicable here. Regulatory Guidance for the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations, 58 Fed.Reg. 60,734, 60,743 (Nov. 17, 1993); see also Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 844-45, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 2782-83, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984) (noting that courts should generally defer to an agency's interpretations of the regulations it promulgates). In other words, our focus in this analysis must be on the particular position for which Samson applied, not on the nature of the employer's whole business.

Whether the FMCSRs obliged FedEx to require Samson to obtain DOT medical certification, therefore, hinges on whether the test-driving at issue constitutes transporting property or passengers in interstate commerce. Because if it does constitute driving in interstate commerce, as FedEx contends, then the FMCSRs would oblige FedEx to require Samson to obtain DOT medical certification to be "qualified" for the Technician position. If, however, the test-driving does not constitute driving in interstate commerce, as Samson contends, then the FMCSRs would not require FedEx to make DOT medical certification a prerequisite of the job; and, consequently, the FMCSRs would afford no defense to FedEx.9 See Cleary v. Fed. Exp. Corp., 313 F.Supp.2d 930, 939 (E.D.Wis.2004) ("If plaintiff's duties did not include driving in interstate commerce, the FMCSRs did not require [FedEx] to make DOT certification a prerequisite of his position."). Instead, FedEx's medical examination requirement would amount to an impermissible "qualification standard" that screens out insulin-dependent diabetics since FedEx has made no attempt to show that its medical examination requirement was job-related or consistent with business necessity.

Based on the record before us, we conclude that the test-driving at issue does not constitute transporting property or passengers in interstate commerce. Indeed, Rotundo — the incumbent Technician — has never test-driven any FedEx truck across state lines (not surprising given that the Fort Myers facility is located near the Florida Gulf Coast far from any state line). Nor has he ever test-driven any FedEx truck carrying cargo. What's more, the Chief Counsel for the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration issued an opinion letter based on virtually identical hypothetical facts, opining that "[a] package vehicle carrying no cargo that is test driven by a mechanic for a few miles within the State of New York is operating in intrastate, not interstate commerce." Letter from Alais L.M. Griffin, Chief Counsel for the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, to Ronald G. Dunn, Partner at Gleason, Dunn, Walsh & O'Shea (July 29, 2011). The Chief Counsel's opinion is also consistent with the district court's conclusion in Cleary v. Federal Express Corporation, a similar case on which Samson relies. There, the district court concluded that since the plaintiff mechanic "never drove across state lines and never drove a vehicle that carried cargo," a reasonable juror "could not conclude that plaintiff drove in interstate commerce."10 Cleary, 313 F.Supp.2d at 939; cf. Thoms v. ABF Freight Sys., Inc., 31 F.Supp.2d 1119, 1125 (E.D.Wis.1998) (concluding that driver/dock laborer position did involve driving in interstate commerce because the job included delivering freight originating from out-of-state).

At bottom, we conclude that the occasional test-driving of empty FedEx trucks in the Fort Myers area does not constitute transporting property or passengers in interstate commerce. The FMCSRs, therefore, did not oblige FedEx to require Samson to obtain DOT medical certification to be "qualified" for the Technician position. By the same token, the FMCSRs do not afford FedEx a defense to Samson's disability discrimination claims. For these reasons, we reverse and remand this case to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion, including determining whether summary judgment should be entered for Samson on his claims that FedEx's medical examination requirement is an impermissible qualification standard.11

REVERSED AND REMANDED.

HILL, Circuit Judge, dissenting:

Under our de novo review, the district court correctly granted FedEx's motion for summary judgment as a matter of law.

The undisputed evidence establishes that, as a matter of law, appellant must hold a commercial driver's license (in order to test drive commercial motor vehicles), and pass a DOT medical examination, as both are essential functions of the technician position for which he applied.

The majority is misplaced when it bases its analysis on the individual employee, who may or may not operate commercial motor vehicles in interstate commerce. The pertinent regulations apply to employers who operate commercial motor vehicles in interstate commerce.1

The majority errs when it relies on the fact that the technician position applied for was in Ft. Myers, far from the Georgia-Florida state line. Therefore, in all probability, no test drive would ever approach interstate commerce. But tell me, how far north must we go in the State of Florida for this line to start to blur and the possibility of interstate commercial travel to become more real?

If a technician "rarely or ever" drove across state lines, would that mean the regulation would "rarely or ever" be violated? Would the fact that a Ft. Myers technician "would likely never be" required to cross state lines, mean the regulation "would likely never be violated?"

For these reasons, the majority approach is flawed. The appellant here cannot drive because he did not pass the physical exam. FedEx correctly rescinded his conditional offer of employment.

The district court should be affirmed.