United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 13-2650
                        ___________________________

                             United States of America

                        lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                           v.

                                    Dion Thomas

                      lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
                                      ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                    for the Northern District of Iowa, Waterloo
                                  ____________

                             Submitted: April 17, 2014
                               Filed: July 28, 2014
                                 ____________

Before SMITH, COLLOTON, and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.
                           ____________

SMITH, Circuit Judge.

       A jury convicted Dion Thomas of two heroin-related offenses. The district
court1 sentenced him to 240 months' imprisonment and eight years of supervised
release. On appeal, he challenges the district court's (1) grant of the government's

      1
      The Honorable Linda R. Reade, Chief Judge, United States District Court for
the Northern District of Iowa.
motion in limine over his Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b) objection, which allowed
witnesses to testify about Thomas's alleged crack distribution, and denial of Thomas's
objection to testimony about money laundering; (2) denial of Thomas's motions for
new counsel; (3) calculation of Thomas's offense level by considering uncharged,
crack-distribution conduct; and (4) calculation of Thomas's criminal history score that
contemplated Thomas's state-court conviction for cocaine possession. We affirm.

                                    I. Background
       Thomas, a resident of Chicago, Illinois, began visiting relatives periodically in
Waterloo, Iowa, as early as the fall of 2009. He visited two of his mother's
siblings—Katina McKenzie Jackson ("Katina") and Essex McKenzie ("Essex").
During these visits, Thomas supplied Katina and Essex with crack and heroin for their
personal use as well as for redistribution. Katina and Essex introduced Thomas to
some of their drug acquaintances. They identified Thomas to these acquaintances as
their drug source. Thomas began supplying one of these individuals, Arthur Scott,
with up to 250 grams of heroin each month. The government intercepted phone
conversations between Thomas and Scott, several of which involved heroin
transactions.

       Thomas also "fronted"2 heroin to several other individuals in Waterloo who
then redistributed to customers. Some of these customers knew Thomas because they
observed Thomas distribute large quantities of heroin to redistributors like Scott,
Katina, or Essex. Additionally, law enforcement purchased 0.54 grams of heroin from
Thomas during a controlled buy. The purchaser's hidden audio transmitter failed to
capture the contents of the conversation between Thomas and the purchaser.




      2
       "'Fronting' denotes a transaction in which the buyer receives drugs on credit
and repays the seller from the resale proceeds." United States v. Slagg, 

,
841 n.3 (8th Cir. 2011) (citation omitted).

                                          -2-
However, law enforcement observed Thomas actually consummate the transfer of the
heroin.

       Other evidence against Thomas included a jailhouse informant who testified
that Thomas told him of the controlled heroin purchase. Thomas told the informant
that Thomas hoped that the controlled purchase would be useless as evidence against
him because of the failed audio recording. The informant also testified that Thomas
informed him about Katina's and Essex's involvement, as well as the typical prices
and quantities at which Thomas sold heroin. Thomas also told the informant about
Thomas's heroin purchases in Chicago.

       In December 2011, a federal grand jury indicted Thomas and five others with
heroin-related offenses. Thomas was charged with one count of conspiracy to
distribute and possess with intent to distribute 100 grams or more of heroin, in
violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(B), 846, and 851, and one count of
distribution of 0.54 grams of heroin, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1),
841(b)(1)(C), and 851. Authorities arrested Thomas in March 2012. He pleaded not
guilty to the charges and was appointed counsel. He proceeded to trial in August
2012.

       A jury convicted Thomas of both of the charged counts. The presentence report
(PSR) calculated Thomas's base offense level as 34 and his criminal history category
as IV. The PSR enhanced Thomas's offense level by three levels because he was a
manager or supervisor of the conspiracy. Thus, with an offense level of 37 and a
criminal history category of IV, the Guidelines range was 292–365 months'
imprisonment. The district court granted Thomas's motion for downward variance and
sentenced him to concurrent 240-month sentences with eight years of supervised
release.




                                        -3-
                                    II. Discussion
      On appeal, Thomas challenges the district court's (1) grant of the government's
motion in limine over his Rule 404(b) objection, which allowed witnesses to testify
about Thomas's alleged crack distribution, and denial of Thomas's objection to
testimony about money laundering; (2) denial of Thomas's motions for new counsel;
(3) consideration of Thomas's uncharged, crack-distribution conduct in calculating
Thomas's offense level; and (4) including Thomas's state-court conviction for cocaine
possession in calculating Thomas's criminal history score.

                                   A. Rule 404(b)
      Thomas contends that the district court violated Federal Rule of Evidence
404(b) by allowing testimony regarding Thomas's alleged crack distribution and
alleged money laundering. "We review the admissibility of evidence under Rule
404(b) for abuse of discretion." United States v. Katz, 

, 1029 (8th Cir.
2006) (quotation and citations omitted). District courts have "broad discretion in
admitting such evidence and will be reversed only if such evidence clearly had no
bearing on the case and was introduced solely to prove the defendant's propensity to
commit criminal acts." 

citations omitted).

       Rule 404(b) states that "[e]vidence of a crime, wrong, or other act is not
admissible to prove a person's character in order to show that on a particular occasion
the person acted in accordance with the character." However, such evidence may be
admitted "for another purpose, such as proving motive, opportunity, intent,
preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake, or lack of accident." Fed.
R. Evid. 404(b)(2) (emphases added). We have recognized that "Rule 404(b) is a rule
of inclusion, prohibiting only evidence that tends solely to prove the defendant's
criminal disposition." United States v. Young, Nos. 12-2527, 12-2593, 

, at *4 (8th Cir. May 23, 2014) (quotation and citation omitted). Thus, Rule
404(b) does not exclude evidence of prior bad acts that are probative of the charged
crime. United States v. Heidebur, 

, 579 (8th Cir. 1997).

                                         -4-
      We recently explained in Young:

             Rule 404(b) applies only to extrinsic, not intrinsic, evidence.
      United States v. Johnson, 

, 808 (8th Cir. 2006). "Evidence
      of other wrongful conduct is considered intrinsic when it is offered for
      the purpose of providing the context in which the charged crime
      occurred." 

is admitted because the other crime
      evidence 'completes the story' or provides a 'total picture' of the charged
      crime." 

. . . Intrinsic evidence may help to fill the
      gaps in the jury's understanding of the crime charged. See [United States
      v.] Hall, 604 F.3d [539,] 543–44 [(8th Cir. 2010)].

Additionally, "[a] jury is entitled to know the circumstances and background
of a criminal charge. It cannot be expected to make its decision in a void—without
knowledge of the time, place, and circumstances of the acts which form the basis of
the charge." United States v. Fleck, 

, 890 (8th Cir. 2005) (quotation and
citation omitted).

      [W]hen evidence of other crimes is so blended or connected, with the
      one on trial as that proof of one incidentally involves the other; or
      explains the circumstances thereof; or tends logically to prove any
      element of the crime charged, it is admissible as an integral part of the
      immediate context of the crime charged.

citation omitted). Thus, intrinsic, or res gestae, evidence may
implicate the defendant in other acts or crimes. United States v. LaDue, 

,
858 (8th Cir. 2009).

                            1. Crack-Distribution Testimony
      Prior to trial, the government filed a motion in limine asking the district court
to "enter a pretrial order admitting into evidence testimony regarding defendant's
crack cocaine distribution." The government argued:


                                          -5-
      The evidence as to the defendant's distribution of, and transport of, crack
      cocaine along with heroin, is part and parcel of the crime with the
      charged crime of conspiracy to distribute heroin. The United States
      anticipates that several witnesses will testify that they received both
      crack cocaine and heroin from the defendant, and that the defendant
      brought both crack cocaine and heroin with him to Waterloo from
      Chicago. The United States anticipates that an additional witness will
      testify that he received large quantities of crack cocaine from the
      defendant. These activities occurred during the same time period as the
      charged conspiracy, involved the same group of people, and trips from
      Chicago to Waterloo. The evidence, therefore, is appropriate evidence
      of the activities of the charged conspiracy.

The district court granted the motion, finding that such evidence was admissible as
intrinsic evidence and admissible under Rule 404(b).

      The crack-distribution evidence presented at trial was consistent with the
government's pretrial characterization of that evidence. For example, Essex
introduced crack customers to Thomas, who even redistributed crack in Waterloo.
Also, Katina bought crack for personal use and redistribution, much like she did with
heroin. Scott also purchased crack from Thomas. Several heroin coconspirators knew
that Thomas distributed crack as well as heroin to other coconspirators.

       On appeal, Thomas contends that crack distribution evidence was not "part and
parcel" of the heroin conspiracy. As proof, Thomas highlights that one witness who
knew of his crack distribution knew nothing of Thomas's heroin distribution. He
further avers that the crack distribution evidence violated Rule 404(b) because it was
immaterial, was not similar in kind to the heroin evidence, and produced a prejudicial
effect that substantially outweighed its probative value.

       Upon review, we hold that the district court correctly concluded that the crack-
distribution evidence constituted intrinsic evidence. The evidence of Thomas's crack

                                         -6-
distribution was "so blended or connected" with the heroin conspiracy and
distribution that it helped "explain[ ] the circumstances thereof [and] is . . . an integral
part of the immediate context of the crime charged." 

(quotation
and citation omitted). Several witnesses testified that they received both heroin and
crack from Thomas. Thomas transported both crack and heroin during his treks from
Chicago to Waterloo. Coconspirators introduced Thomas to both heroin
users/redistributors and crack users/redistributors. In one of the intercepted calls,
Thomas arranged both a heroin and a crack transaction. As the government notes in
its brief, Thomas "blended his heroin and crack cocaine business together to the
extent that it would be nearly impossible at times to separate the two." Thus, the
crack-distribution evidence here constituted intrinsic evidence that Rule 404(b) does
not prohibit.

                         2. Money Laundering Testimony
      Thomas called two witnesses at trial on his behalf, one of which was his
mother. His mother testified that Thomas was with her in Chicago on June 23,
2011—the day of the controlled buy. Based on this alibi, Thomas averred that he
could not have been involved in the controlled buy that occurred in Waterloo that
day. In rebuttal, the government presented two witnesses. One witness was the
manager of a casino in Waterloo who testified that Thomas's "Players Club" card was
used in the casino on the afternoon of the controlled buy, contradicting Thomas's
mother's testimony that he was in Chicago that day.

       The government's evidence that Thomas's Player Club card was used that day
established only that someone used the card in Waterloo, not that Thomas himself
used the card there. To further bolster its rebuttal, the government called Special
Agent Matthew Schalk with the Iowa Division of Criminal Investigations. Special
Agent Schalk was stationed at the casino on May 15, 2011, which was approximately
a month-and-a-half before the controlled buy. Special Agent Schalk saved video
surveillance of Thomas using his Player's Club card that day. Typically, however, the

                                            -7-
casino erased video footage of its gamblers after a few weeks. Thus, there was no
video footage of Thomas using the card on June 23, the day of the controlled buy.
The footage showing him using the card a month-and-a-half earlier did not fully rebut
his alibi for June 23 but was some evidence that he had used the card in the past.

       The government explained the absence of video evidence for June 23 by
offering the testimony of Special Agent Schalk. Special Agent Schalk's testimony
included his suspicions that Thomas was laundering money at the casino based on his
May15 observations. Special Agent Schalk explained that someone using Thomas's
card

      was putting a large amount of bills into 2 different slot machines on the
      gaming floor, and it was unusual because he was doing it simultaneously
      at the same time to both slot machines and wasn't playing any spins. He
      wasn't—he was just putting the money in and not playing any of the
      money off.

He then cashed out of the machines without ever playing. Special Agent Schalk later
stated that "[i]t's unusual behavior for somebody to simply put a lot of bills into 2
different slot machines at the same time and then cash them out without playing," so
he suspected Thomas engaged in "some type of money laundering." The district court
overruled Thomas's objection. The government never again mentioned money
laundering during Thomas's trial.

       Thomas argues on appeal that the district court erred in allowing this testimony
because it was not relevant to any element of the charged offenses and constituted a
prior bad act that unfairly prejudiced him.

      Federal Rule of Evidence 401 provides that evidence is relevant if "it has any
tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would be without the evidence"
and "the fact is of consequence in determining the action." The money-laundering

                                         -8-
evidence is relevant because it makes Thomas's mother's testimony less probable. The
government sought to connect Thomas's Player's Club card to him, and it attempted
to do so by introducing video evidence of Thomas using the card less than two
months before the controlled heroin purchase. Thus, evidence of Thomas using the
Player's Club card in the casino on May 15 is relevant.

       In addition, this testimony had probative value because it explained to the jury
why video evidence existed to demonstrate his presence at the casino in May but not
June. This is intrinsic evidence because it completes the story of the crime and
provides the necessary context. See 

. The evidence was not
unfairly prejudicial because the government only presented it as rebuttal testimony
to Thomas's alibi witness. Also, the government never again broached the issue. See
United States v. Baldenegro-Valdez, 

, 1127 (8th Cir. 2013). Thus, we
reject Thomas's evidentiary challenges.

                            B. Motion for New Attorney
       Thomas was arrested on March 8, 2012. The district court scheduled trial for
August 20, 2012. Because Thomas was indigent, the magistrate judge appointed Mark
Meyer to represent Thomas on March 28, 2012. On June 27, 2012, Thomas filed a pro
se motion for a new attorney. Thomas argued that Meyer had "not filed anything on
[his] behalf." Thomas was "constantly asking [Meyer] to file motions on [his] behalf,"
but Meyer failed to do so. Thomas argued that Meyer did "not have [his] best
interest."

      The magistrate judge conducted a hearing on the motion on July 2, 2012.
Thomas reiterated his concerns and noted that Meyer was not defending him but had
merely advised him to accept a guilty plea. He also complained that Meyer did not
show him any statements from witnesses that implicated Thomas. When asked what
motion he wished Meyer to file, Thomas responded:



                                         -9-
      I mean, I'm not a lawyer, but I'm pretty sure he can find me—if I'm
      charged with something, I'm pretty sure there is a motion that can be
      filed as far as this case is. I feel like I'm just sitting here and I'm at the
      same stage I was at, and all he wants me to do is just take a plea
      agreement.

Meyer then informed the magistrate judge that he and Thomas

      have discussed the evidence many times. I've even reserved a room at
      the jail where he could—part of the evidence in the case—this was a
      case where there was wiretaps. And so I reserved a room where he could
      actually listen to the recorded conversations, which he's done. And then
      I've discussed the other evidence in the case again.

             So I haven't provided him copies of anything because, according
      to the discovery, standard discovery order, I can't. But I did, and I think
      he's got it with him here today, I sent him a several page letter
      summarizing what the evidence was and what my recommendation
      would be as far as whether to accept a plea agreement or go to trial, and
      the pitfalls he might run into if he did go to trial. So he knows as much
      about the case as I do.

In addition to the testimony at the hearing, The magistrate judge noted counsel's
experience and history before the court in other cases. The magistrate judge denied
Thomas's motion for new counsel.

       After trial, Thomas again filed a pro se motion for new counsel based on the
same grounds. Thomas complained that Meyer never met with him prior to trial as the
magistrate judge ordered him to do at the previous hearing. The magistrate judge
again denied Thomas's motion for new counsel on January 3, 2013. Thomas then
retained private counsel on January 25, 2013, with the help of his mother.




                                          -10-
       On appeal, Thomas argues that the magistrate judge "erred when he denied
[Thomas's] pretrial motion for different court appointed counsel. There was a
significant lack of communication between [Thomas and Meyer] to the point where
[Thomas] did not receive adequate legal counsel."

      "The Sixth Amendment guarantees a criminal defendant the right to counsel."
United States v. Baisden, 

, 454 (8th Cir. 2013) (citation omitted). We
have explained that "[a]ppointment of new counsel is warranted only when the
defendant demonstrates justifiable dissatisfaction with his appointed attorney."
United States v. Barrow, 

, 737 (8th Cir. 2002) (citation omitted). We
have recognized:

             When faced with a motion to appoint substitute counsel, the
      district court must balance several factors, including the need to ensure
      effective legal representation, the need to thwart abusive delay tactics,
      and the reality that a person accused of crime is often genuinely unhappy
      with an appointed counsel who is nonetheless doing a good job. The
      court must conduct an adequate inquiry into the nature and extent of an
      alleged breakdown in attorney-client communications. The focus of the
      justifiable dissatisfaction inquiry is the adequacy of counsel in the
      adversarial process, not the accused's relationship with his attorney. Last
      minute requests to substitute defense counsel are not favored.

(quotations and citations omitted). Furthermore, we have acknowledged:

      Justifiable dissatisfaction includes an irreconcilable conflict or a
      complete breakdown in communication. But it does not include a
      defendant's frustration with counsel who does not share defendant's
      tactical opinions but continues to provide zealous representation. Thus,
      a defendant has no right to an attorney who will docilely do as she is
      told or to a "meaningful relationship" with appointed counsel.

(citations omitted).

                                         -11-
       Based on our review of the record, including the testimony provided at the
hearing, Thomas has failed to demonstrate justifiable dissatisfaction with Meyer.
Although Thomas complained that Meyer did not file any motions on his behalf,
Thomas identified no motions that Meyer should have filed in his defense. Thomas's
contention that he had not met or discussed the case with Meyer boiled down to a
matter of credibility. The magistrate judge chose to believe Meyer's testimony that he
had discussed the evidence many times with Thomas and that Meyer had reserved a
room at the prison where Thomas could listen to the contents of the wiretaps. We also
conclude that Meyer's failure to move for review of Thomas's conditions of release
did not prejudice him. In fact, Meyer filed such a motion on the day of the new-
counsel hearing, and the magistrate judge denied the motion because Thomas had
already had a similar hearing in Chicago. Consequently, Thomas could demonstrate
only "frustration with counsel who d[id] not share [his] tactical opinions." See

. Because Thomas failed to show a justifiable dissatisfaction
with Meyer at the time of the motion and hearing, the magistrate judge did not abuse
his discretion in denying Thomas's motion for new attorney.

       Thomas accentuates alleged errors that Meyer made at trial. As the government
notes, however, ineffective-assistance claims are best left for collateral proceedings
like § 2255 petitions. United States v. Thompson, 

, 992 (8th Cir. 2012).
We decline to accept Thomas's invitation to address Meyer's alleged ineffective
assistance at this time.

                             C. Offense Level Calculation
       Thomas's PSR attributed 769.44 grams of heroin and 1,318 kilograms of crack
to him. Because he was not charged or tried for crack offenses, Thomas's crack
activities were treated as relevant conduct in committing the heroin offenses. When
the PSR converted these quantities to their marijuana equivalents, the heroin
converted to 769.44 kilograms of marijuana, and the crack converted to 4,706.93
kilograms of marijuana. Pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1, this amount of crack rendered

                                        -12-
an offense level of 34, whereas the heroin alone would have rendered an offense level
of 30. Thus, Thomas argues, his offense level of 34 was erroneously calculated based
on crack quantities despite the government charging him with only heroin offenses.

       The PSR recommended a criminal history category of IV. It also suggested a
three-level enhancement because he was a manager or supervisor in the offense. Thus,
his adjusted offense level was 37, and his criminal history category was IV. This
resulted in a Guidelines range of 292–365 months. If the court ignored evidence of
Thomas's crack distribution, Thomas's offense level would be a 33, resulting in a
Guidelines range of 188–235 months.

       Thomas objected to the PSR's use of crack quantities to calculate his offense
level, arguing that it violated his Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendment rights. The
district court overruled Thomas's objection, noting that "[t]he Eighth Circuit has
consistently rejected arguments that a district court's finding of sentencing facts using
a preponderance of the evidence standard violates the Fifth and Sixth Amendments."
The district court also rejected Thomas's due-process argument by noting that "given
the advisory nature of the Guidelines and the fact that a district court judge may not
exceed the statutory maximum, a district court's determination of sentencing facts
using a preponderance of the evidence standard never violates due process." The
district court varied downward from the Guidelines range and imposed a 240-month
sentence.

       On appeal, Thomas argues, "Because [his] guideline sentence was based
entirely on the crack cocaine quantity for which he was not charged, tried, or
convicted, his Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendment rights were violated." More
specifically, he contends that he was never indicted on crack charges or found guilty
by a jury for violating crack offenses. He also contends that the district court violated
his right to due process as a result.



                                          -13-
       "The base offense level for drug offenses under the Guidelines is based upon
drug quantity, which may include types and quantities of drugs not specified in the
count of conviction if they are relevant conduct." United States v. Ault, 

,
823 (8th Cir. 2006) (quotation, alteration, and citation omitted). Relevant conduct
includes "all acts and omissions of the defendant that were part of the same course of
conduct or common scheme or plan as the offense of conviction." 

and citation omitted). Factors we consider in determining whether actions
constitute "relevant conduct" include "the similarity, regularity, and temporal
proximity of the charged and uncharged conduct." 

This is a
factually intensive inquiry that is best left for district courts. 

"judicial factfinding is permissible at sentencing so long as the
district court understands that the sentencing guidelines are advisory only." United
States v. Cruz-Zuniga, 

, 726 (8th Cir. 2009) (quotation and citation
omitted). Thus, the district court may sentence a defendant based upon judge-found
facts and uncharged relevant conduct so long as the district court does not impose a
sentence above the statutory maximum for the crime of conviction. 

need be established only by a preponderance of the evidence. 

court may consider charged, uncharged, dismissed, and acquitted conduct as relevant
conduct. United States v. Whiting, 

, 850 (8th Cir. 2008).

       Here, the district court did not err by considering Thomas's crack distribution
activities. First, the district court undoubtedly considered the Guidelines range
advisory. It sentenced Thomas to only 240 months' imprisonment—well below the
calculated Guidelines range. Additionally, the district court referred to the Guidelines
as "advisory" several times throughout the sentencing hearing. Thomas's crack
distribution within Iowa constitutes relevant conduct. His crack distribution and
heroin distribution were "part of the same course of conduct." See 

          United States v. Booker, 

(2005).

                                         -14-
823. The offenses were very similar (distribution of controlled substance), proceeded
along the same channels as his heroin distribution, occurred at the same time and in
the same locations, and involved many of the same customers and redistributors. See

result, the district court did not err in considering this uncharged conduct. See

.

       Thomas argues that our cases involving the district court's consideration of
uncharged drug quantities, rather than uncharged drug types, are inapplicable. See,
e.g., 

; United States v. Davis, 

, 825 (8th
Cir. 2006). However, this circuit has also recognized that the district court may
consider uncharged offenses and not simply uncharged quantities, including other
drug offenses. See, e.g., United States v. Howell, 

, 963–64 (8th Cir.
2010) (considering robbery for a felon-in-possession charge); 

(considering other drug types). "The district court may consider as relevant conduct
all drugs that the government shows by a preponderance of the evidence were a part
of the same course of conduct or common scheme as the conspiracy, even where the
defendant was acquitted of such conduct." United States v. Gordon, 

,
817 (8th Cir. 2007) (citations omitted). Thus, relevant conduct is not limited only to
uncharged quantities but also uncharged offenses. Consequently, we reject Thomas's
indictment and jury trial arguments. We also reject Thomas's due-process challenges
because we have already determined that increasing punishment within the statutory
range based on judge-found facts does not violate a defendant's constitutional right
to due process. See, e.g., United States v. Villareal-Amarillas, 

, 898 (8th
Cir. 2009); United States v. Garcia-Gonon, 

, 593 (8th Cir. 2006).

       Thomas contends that the Supreme Court's recent decision in Alleyne v. United
States calls into question these previous decisions. The Court in Alleyne held that

      [a]ny fact that, by law, increases the penalty for a crime is an "element"
      that must be submitted to the jury and found beyond a reasonable doubt.

                                          -15-
      Mandatory minimum sentences increase the penalty for a crime. It
      follows, then, that any fact that increases the mandatory minimum is an
      "element" that must be submitted to the jury.

, 2155 (2013). Thomas latches onto specific language in Alleyne
where the Court stated:

             As noted, the essential Sixth Amendment inquiry is whether a fact
      is an element of the crime. When a finding of fact alters the legally
      prescribed punishment so as to aggravate it, the fact necessarily forms
      a constituent part of a new offense and must be submitted to the jury. It
      is no answer to say that the defendant could have received the same
      sentence with or without that fact. It is obvious, for example, that a
      defendant could not be convicted and sentenced for assault, if the jury
      only finds the facts for larceny, even if the punishments prescribed for
      each crime are identical. One reason is that each crime has different
      elements and a defendant can be convicted only if the jury has found
      each element of the crime of conviction.

In applying this analogy, Thomas contends that he has been convicted for
crack crimes (assault) despite the jury finding only heroin crimes (larceny). Thus,
Thomas avers, Alleyne calls into question our previous cases, and this panel should
abandon them. See 

n.4 ("[W]e may reconsider
a prior panel's decision if a supervening Supreme Court decision undermines or casts
doubt on the earlier panel decision." (quotation and citation omitted)).

       Thomas is incorrect. First, he was never found guilty of crack crimes. The
criminal conduct associated with crack offenses increased only his advisory
Guidelines range. Second, neither his statutory minimum nor maximum punishment
changed as a result of the district court's consideration of the crack crimes, and the
district court sentenced Thomas within the statutory range for his heroin offenses. See
21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(B)(i) (statutory range for conspiracy to distribute over 100


                                         -16-
grams of heroin is 5–40 years' imprisonment; Thomas was sentenced to 20 years'
imprisonment). Third, the Alleyne Court expressly limited its holding, making it
inapplicable to this case, stating:

              In holding that facts that increase mandatory minimum sentences
      must be submitted to the jury, we take care to note what our holding
      does not entail. Our ruling today does not mean that any fact that
      influences judicial discretion must be found by a jury. We have long
      recognized that broad sentencing discretion, informed by judicial
      factfinding, does not violate the Sixth Amendment. See, e.g., Dillon v.
      United States, 560 U.S. ____, ____, 

, 2692, 

271 (2010) ("[W]ithin established limits[,] . . . the exercise of
      [sentencing] discretion does not contravene the Sixth Amendment even
      if it is informed by judge-found facts" (emphasis deleted and internal
      quotation marks omitted)); 

, 

      ("[N]othing in this history suggests that it is impermissible for judges to
      exercise discretion—taking into consideration various factors relating
      both to offense and offender—in imposing a judgment within the range
      prescribed by statute").

(footnote omitted). Thus, Alleyne is inapposite.
Consequently, the district court did not err in considering Thomas's crack-distribution
conduct when calculating his advisory guidelines offense level.

                          D. Criminal History Calculation
       In calculating Thomas's criminal history category, the PSR determined that
Thomas had eight criminal history points, placing him in category IV. The PSR
awarded two points for an August 2009 conviction from Cook County, Illinois, for
possession of between 15–100 grams of cocaine. In January 2009, police performed
a traffic stop on a vehicle that Thomas occupied. During a search of the vehicle,
police found cocaine, a small amount of cannabis, and $12,015 in U.S. currency.
Thomas objected to this portion of the PSR, arguing that this cocaine conviction
occurred during the alleged conspiracy for which he was found guilty here and thus

                                         -17-
constituted relevant conduct. Thomas noted that, if this conviction was not included
separately in his criminal history calculation, he would have a criminal history
category of only III, leading to a Guidelines range of 262–327 months. The district
court rejected Thomas's contention, concluding that the conviction was severable and
distinct from the present conspiracy. The district court noted that the evidence
presented at trial established that Thomas joined the instant conspiracy in August
2009 at the earliest, and the events giving rise to this state conviction occurred seven
months earlier in January 2009. The conviction also occurred in a different state, and
no evidence connected that conviction with the present conspiracy. Finally, the
government did not use that conviction to prove the current offense.

       On appeal, Thomas argues that the district court erred, especially where the
district court found that Thomas's crack distribution was relevant conduct that
factored into his offense level. Furthermore, the conviction occurred during the time
period stated in the indictment.

       The Guidelines define a "prior sentence" for purposes of calculating a
defendant's criminal history score as "any sentence previously imposed upon
adjudication of guilt, whether by guilty plea, trial, or plea of nolo contendere, for
conduct not part of the instant offense." U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(a)(1). "When calculating
criminal history points, a sentencing court is to consider 'any sentence previously
imposed . . . for conduct not part of the instant offense,' defined as conduct other than
'relevant conduct' under U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3." United States v. Hernandez, 

, 409 (8th Cir. 2013) (alteration in original) (quoting United States v. Pinkin, 

, 1090 (8th Cir. 2012)). This is because relevant conduct is typically
considered in calculating the defendant's base offense level. 

defer to
the district court's determination on this issue because of its "sentencing expertise and
greater familiarity with the factual record." 

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       A prior conviction is not relevant to the instant offense if the conduct
underlying the former conviction results in a "severable, distinct offense." 

we consider in making this determination include "temporal and geographical
proximity, common victims, common scheme, charge in the indictment, and whether
the prior conviction is used to prove the instant offense." 

We
also consider whether the same sovereign prosecuted the prior conviction. United
States v. Pepper, 

, 526 (8th Cir. 2014). As for temporal proximity, we
have determined that a difference in two months between the events giving rise to the
convictions does not establish relevant conduct. United States v. Davidson, 

, 409 (8th Cir. 1999). Finally, the record must demonstrate a continuity between
the two offenses. 

.

       The district court did not clearly err. Although the indictment charged six
individuals in this heroin conspiracy dating back to 2007, the evidence at trial
established that Thomas did not join the conspiracy until August 2009 at the earliest,
and the conduct leading to his prior conviction occurred seven months prior. This
does not establish temporal proximity. See 

. Furthermore,
the conviction occurred in a separate state and was prosecuted by a separate
sovereign, so geographic proximity is lacking. See 

;

. Importantly, the prior conviction was not used as proof
of the heroin conspiracy or otherwise included in the indictment. See 

. Although Thomas alleges common victims, scheme, and controlled
substance, the record does not demonstrate continuity between the two offenses. See

. Thus, the district court did not clearly err in determining that
the prior conviction was separate and distinct from the heroin conspiracy.

      It may appear incongruent for us to hold that Thomas's crack distribution is
relevant conduct for calculating his offense level and that his prior conviction for
cocaine possession is not relevant conduct. However, the district court did not



                                          -19-
consider the prior conviction in calculating his offense level, only the criminal history
category. In Hernandez, we shed some light on any perceived inconsistency:

             When the issue is whether prior conduct should increase the base
      offense level, it often involves uncharged conduct that will otherwise go
      unpunished. But when the issue is whether a prior conviction was a
      "prior sentence" for criminal history purposes, the prior conduct has
      been punished; the question is the extent of incremental punishment to
      impose in sentencing the offense of conviction.

. Here, the district court included the evidence of crack
distribution in the offense level, which was "uncharged conduct that will otherwise
go unpunished." See 

true despite Thomas's earlier conviction for cocaine
possession—conduct not connected to this conspiracy. Consequently, Thomas's
conduct has not been double counted in the calculation of his criminal history score
and offense level.

                                III. Conclusion
      Based on the foregoing, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
                      ______________________________




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