United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 14-3256
                        ___________________________

                             United States of America

                       lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                          v.

                               Jeffrey Charles Rodd

                      lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
                                      ____________

                   Appeal from United States District Court
                    for the District of Minnesota - St. Paul
                                ____________

                             Submitted: May 15, 2015
                               Filed: June 26, 2015
                                 ____________

Before RILEY, Chief Judge, BRIGHT and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
                              ____________

RILEY, Chief Judge.

      A jury convicted Jeffrey Charles Rodd, an investment advisor who produced
and was regularly featured on a Minnesota local radio show, “Safe Money Radio,”
of four counts of wire fraud under 18 U.S.C. § 1343 and one count of mail fraud
under 18 U.S.C. § 1341, for swindling twenty-three investors out of over $1.8
million. As the owner and operator of his own investment company, Rodd used the
radio show to market low-risk investment products—such as annuities of certain
insurance companies—to customers to gain their trust and maintain a client base for
soliciting participants in a fraudulent investment scheme. Rodd solicited money for
the scheme by enticing prospective investors with promises of liquidity, safety, and
a 60% six-month return. Rodd instead used the money for personal and business
expenses, hiding behind false assurances of security and payouts to his early
investors.

       Finding an advisory United States Sentencing Guidelines (guidelines or
U.S.S.G.) range of 70 to 87 months (level 27, category I), the district court1 sentenced
Rodd to 87 months in prison. The district court applied a two-level enhancement for
abusing a position of trust, see U.S.S.G. § 3B1.3, reasoning Rodd’s position as an
investment advisor, enhanced by the radio program and (to a lesser extent) his general
reputation and his solicitation of his family, put Rodd in a position of trust with his
victims. Rodd appeals, challenging the position-of-trust enhancement and arguing,
for the first time, that the district court should have reduced his offense level for
acceptance of responsibility, see U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(a).

       First, the district court did not clearly err in finding Rodd occupied a position
of trust. See United States v. Anderson, 

, 573 (8th Cir. 2003) (standard
of review). As a self-employed investment advisor, Rodd was subject to no oversight
except by his investors. See U.S.S.G. § 3B1.3, cmt. 1 (“[A] position of . . . private
trust [is] characterized by professional or managerial discretion (i.e., substantial
discretionary judgment that is ordinarily given considerable deference). Persons
holding such positions ordinarily are subject to significantly less supervision than
employees whose responsibilities are primarily non-discretionary in nature.”). Rodd
solicited money from investors, many of whom were existing clients, claiming he
would use the funds to purchase discounted annuities for resale to insurance


      1
       The Honorable Ann D. Montgomery, United States District Judge for the
District of Minnesota.

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companies at a sizable profit. The discretion and control he possessed over client
funds adequately support the district court’s finding. See, e.g., 

(affirming the application of the enhancement to an investment advisor who
“persuaded . . . clients to exchange [their] investments for ‘private tender offers’” in
the advisor’s company, giving “him complete discretion over client funds”); United
States v. Shevi, 

, 680 (8th Cir. 2003) (finding no clear error where
defendant, “as trustee of social security benefits received by his minor niece and
nephew,” “had substantial discretion to invest or spend those funds, much like . . . a
financial adviser with discretion to invest,” making his embezzlement difficult to
detect); United States v. Baker, 

, 564 (8th Cir. 2000) (concluding the
sentencing court did not clearly err in applying the enhancement where an insurance
agent acquired “personal control over the[] premium payments” of elderly clients).

       Second, the district court did not plainly err in failing to apply a two-level
acceptance-of-responsibility reduction. See United States v. Wanna, 

,
588 (8th Cir. 2014) (standard of review). Rodd took his case to trial and denied his
guilt to the end, maintaining he had told no lies and misrepresented no facts.
Although Rodd voiced remorse at sentencing and wanted to repay his victims’ losses,
the district court described his expressions as “more like . . . remorse that [he] got
caught . . . and that [his] life has been ruined.” The acceptance-of-responsibility
reduction “is not intended to apply to a defendant” like Rodd, one “who puts the
government to its burden of proof at trial by denying the essential factual elements
of guilt, is convicted, and only then admits guilt and expresses remorse.” U.S.S.G.
§ 3E1.1, cmt. 2; see also, e.g., United States v. Roggy, 

, 194 (8th Cir.
1996) (affirming the denial of a reduction for fraudster who continued to deny having
committed the fraud, despite his “expression of remorse”). Nor is this the “rare” case
in which the “defendant clearly demonstrate[s] an acceptance of responsibility . . .
even though he exercises his constitutional right to a trial.” U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1, cmt.
2 (explaining the reduction can be appropriate, for instance, where the trial is to



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preserve issues unrelated “to factual guilt (e.g., to make a constitutional challenge to
a statute . . .)”).

      We affirm.
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