United States Court of Appeals
                       For the Eighth Circuit
                   ___________________________

                           No. 14-1514
                   ___________________________

                   The Stonebridge Collection, Inc.

                  lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellant

                                      v.

Keith Carmichael; Glenna Carmichael; Steven Massey; John Mark Taylor;
         Cutting-Edge USA, LLC; Taylormade Unlimited, LLC

                lllllllllllllllllllll Defendants - Appellees
                   ___________________________

                           No. 14-1601
                   ___________________________

                   The Stonebridge Collection, Inc.

                   lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                      v.

Keith Carmichael; Glenna Carmichael; Steven Massey; John Mark Taylor;
         Cutting-Edge USA, LLC; Taylormade Unlimited, LLC

                lllllllllllllllllllll Defendants - Appellants
                                 ____________

               Appeals from United States District Court
           for the Western District of Arkansas - Hot Springs
                            ____________
                           Submitted: February 12, 2015
                              Filed: June 26, 2015
                                 ____________

Before RILEY, Chief Judge, LOKEN and SMITH, Circuit Judges.
                              ____________

RILEY, Chief Judge.

        The Stonebridge Collection, Inc., an engraver of promotional pocket knives,
sued (1) former distributor Cutting-Edge USA, LLC and its members, Keith and
Glenna Carmichael; (2) competitor knife engraver Taylormade Unlimited, LLC
(TaylorMade) and its sole member and manager John Mark Taylor, a former
Stonebridge employee; and (3) Steven Massey, a TaylorMade employee and former
Stonebridge employee (collectively, defendants), on ten counts arising from Massey’s
copying Stonebridge’s computer files. Relevant to this appeal, Stonebridge brought
claims under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO),
18 U.S.C. §§ 1961-1968; the Arkansas Deceptive Trade Practices Act (ADTPA), Ark.
Code Ann. §§ 4-88-101 et seq.; and Arkansas common law. After a four-day bench
trial, the district court1 partially found for Stonebridge on its fraud and conversion
claims, dismissed the remaining eight claims, and denied the parties’ motions for
attorney fees. Having appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm in part
and remand for further proceedings.




      1
        The Honorable Robert T. Dawson, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Arkansas.


                                         -2-
I.    BACKGROUND
      A.     Facts
      Stonebridge2 engraves and sells personalized pocket knives, both directly to
end-use customers and to distributors. End-use customers who order directly from
Stonebridge are referred to as “inside” customers—over 50% of Stonebridge’s inside-
customer orders are reorders. End-use customers who order knives from a distributor
like Cutting-Edge are “outside” customers.

       From late 2004 through January 2011, Cutting-Edge distributed Stonebridge’s
engraved knives to outside customers, who paid Cutting-Edge directly. From late
2004 through March 2010, Stonebridge provided Cutting-Edge free engraved knife
samples. Stonebridge delivered over 125,000 sample knives to Cutting-Edge and over
8,000 sample knives to Cutting-Edge’s distributors. Stonebridge delivered 6,476 of
these sample knives after July 2009.

       Once Cutting-Edge represented to Stonebridge it had received an order,
Stonebridge provided Cutting-Edge free “proofs,” which included the customer’s
logos and computer generated art depicting the customer’s logo to be placed on the
customer’s knives. Stonebridge sent to Cutting-Edge the proofs, contained on “proof
selection forms,” and “final proof pages,” used for final proof approval and ordering.
Both the proof selection forms and the final proof pages generally included an order
number, customer contact information, and, if applicable, a note indicating the order
was a reorder. Stonebridge also sent proof selection forms and final proof pages
directly to inside customers. Stonebridge created the art in Corel Draw (CDR) file
format and converted it to Adobe PDF file format for customer approval. Defendants
claim Stonebridge’s proof selection forms and final proof pages usually were sent to
customers in PDF format and rarely in CDR format.


      2
       Stonebridge’s only shareholders are Mickey and Susan Gates.


                                         -3-
      From 2005 until he quit on July 23, 2009, Taylor was Stonebridge’s general
manager. Five days after quitting his job with Stonebridge, Taylor formed
TaylorMade, a knife engraver. Around this time, the Carmichaels purchased two laser
engraving machines for TaylorMade and loaned TaylorMade $25,000. Like
Stonebridge’s machines, TaylorMade’s machines used computer generated art stored
in CDR files. Around September 2009, Cutting-Edge started placing some of its
engraved knife orders with TaylorMade. After that time, Cutting-Edge continued to
place orders with Stonebridge, paying Stonebridge over $165,000. Cutting-Edge
placed its last order with Stonebridge in January 2011.

        From 2005 through September 14, 2009, Massey was Stonebridge’s graphic
artist, creating art for the engraving machines. Around September 9, 2009,
unbeknownst to Stonebridge, Massey downloaded from Stonebridge’s computer
system, onto a flashdrive, (1) forms and templates; (2) more than 20,000 CDRs and
PDFs with proof selection forms, final proof pages, and art for Cutting-Edge outside
customers; and (3) more than 2,000 CDRs and PDFs with proof selection forms, final
proof pages, and art for other customers, including inside customers.

       By September 18, 2009, four days after Massey quit Stonebridge, Massey
started working for TaylorMade. Massey uploaded the Stonebridge files from the
flashdrive to his home computer and his TaylorMade work computer. TaylorMade
and Cutting-Edge consulted these files to solicit Stonebridge customers. From
November 2010 through March 2011, Massey sent Carmichael emails with attached
images of Stonebridge proof pages for Stonebridge customers who were not yet
Cutting-Edge’s or TaylorMade’s customers. TaylorMade modeled its proof selection,
final proof approval, and ordering forms on Stonebridge’s.

       The parties stipulated neither Stonebridge’s documents used to send proposed
art to end-use customers nor its sales invoices were trademarked or copyrighted.



                                        -4-
Stonebridge claims it had an unwritten policy—communicated to Taylor and
Massey—that “no artwork, no files [were] ever to leave Stonebridge property.” But
Stonebridge admits it had no agreement with any defendant prohibiting them from
using Stonebridge’s art or forms.

      Cutting-Edge’s knife shipments for outside customers identified only Cutting-
Edge as the shipper—Cutting Edge’s customers did not know the identity of the
engraver. Around September 18, 2009, four engraving orders originally placed with
Stonebridge—for which Stonebridge developed art free of charge at Keith
Carmichael’s request—were instead engraved by TaylorMade. In early 2010,
Stonebridge discovered Cutting-Edge was filling engraving orders with another
engraver, so Stonebridge stopped sending free sample knives to Cutting-Edge.

       In early 2011, Keith Carmichael used the information Massey downloaded
about Stonebridge’s inside customers to create a mailing list. Carmichael transferred
the list to a marketing company, who sent advertising postcards to the inside
customers in May 2011, November 2011, and April 2012, which resulted in sales to
Cutting-Edge.

       B.     Procedural History
       Stonebridge filed a complaint asserting both federal and Arkansas state law
claims, invoking federal question and supplemental jurisdiction, see 28 U.S.C.
§§ 1331, 1367(a). After a four-day bench trial, the district court issued findings of fact
and conclusions of law, dismissing eight of the ten claims and partially ruling in favor
of Stonebridge on its fraud and conversion claims. The district court then denied the
parties’ motions for attorney fees. Stonebridge appeals the partial dismissal of and
damages award on the conversion claim, the dismissal of its RICO, ADTPA, and
tortious interference claims, and the denial of attorney fees. Defendants cross-appeal




                                           -5-
the fraud and conversion judgments on the merits, each damages award, and the
district court’s attorney fee order.

II.   DISCUSSION
      “‘In reviewing a judgment after a bench trial, this court reviews the court’s
factual findings for clear error and its legal conclusions de novo.’” Tussey v. ABB,
Inc., 

, 333 (8th Cir. 2014) (quoting Outdoor Cent., Inc. v.
GreatLodge.com, Inc., 

, 941 (8th Cir. 2012)).

       A.     Conversion
        In Arkansas, “[t]o establish liability for the tort of conversion, a plaintiff must
prove that the defendant wrongfully committed a distinct act of dominion over the
property of another, which is a denial of or is inconsistent with the owner’s rights.”
Hatchell v. Wren, 

, 521 (Ark. 2005). We review this factual question,
see, e.g., Ford Motor Credit Co. v. Herring, 

, 586 (Ark. 1979), for
clear error.

             1.    Inside Customers
                   a.     Merits
      Defendants contend the district court erred by “[s]pecifically” finding
defendants converted Stonebridge’s inside customer files.3 Looking primarily to
copyright law from other jurisdictions, defendants argue Stonebridge had no
possessory interest in copies of the art it created for its customers. We need not
venture outside Arkansas tort law to resolve this issue. In Godwin v. Churchman, 

(Ark. 1991), a solo accountant, Godwin, joined three other accountants to
form their own firm. See 

After the business relationship turned sour and

      3
        Despite maintaining their innocence as to conversion, at oral argument, counsel
for defendants acknowledged Massey’s act was “theft” and Massey “wrongfully took”
the files.


                                           -6-
Godwin rejected the others’ effort to buy him out, the other three accountants
resigned. See 

weekend, the three “took furniture, client files in progress,
computer diskettes with client information, and financial data including accounts
receivable from the office, without giving prior notice.” 

Supreme Court held Godwin sufficiently alleged a claim of
conversion. See 

The court reasoned Godwin had alleged the other three
accountants had “exercised dominion over property in violation of the rights of the
owners” where the complaint stated, “the Defendants removed the files, including
those originally brought into the practice by Plaintiff Godwin, copied the computer
diskettes which were the property of Plaintiffs, took the furniture which was the
property of Plaintiffs and took over the Plaintiffs’ accounting practice which he had
brought into the group.” 

the Arkansas Supreme Court might have considered only
the taking of files and furniture, not the copying of the computer diskettes, to
constitute an allegation of conversion. But the court did not single out the diskette
copying as any less a conversion than the physical removal of the files and furniture,
and we have no reason to assume otherwise. See Holland v. Walls, 

,
497-98 (Ark. Ct. App. 1981) (finding appellee converted appellant’s tract books when
she made microfilm copies of the books, “exercis[ing] dominion over the property in
violation of appellant’s right to possession”). Following Godwin and Holland, the
district court did not err in concluding defendants converted the copies of inside-
customer files created by Stonebridge.

                   b.     Damages
       Stonebridge alleges the district court erred in assessing damages for defendants’
inside-customer files conversion. “[T]he amount of damages in a nonjury case is
within the discretion of the trial court and cannot be overturned unless clearly



                                          -7-
erroneous.” Taylor v. Pre-Fab Transit Co., 

, 375 (8th Cir. 1980). The
district court awarded Stonebridge recovery based on defendants’ unjust enrichment.
See, e.g., 

(remanding to the trial court to calculate
damages based on unjust enrichment to the conversion tortfeasor).

       Cutting-Edge took inside-customer contact information from the files Massey
copied and arranged for solicitation postcards to be sent to Stonebridge’s inside
customers. The parties stipulated these postcard solicitations resulted in at least
$27,300 in sales for Cutting-Edge. Stonebridge argues the number should be
increased by about $10,000 for ostensible sales by Cutting-Edge to inside customers
before the postcard solicitations. The district court did not include Stonebridge’s
additional $10,000 because there was “no reliable evidence . . . to support [it].” The
district court found Cutting-Edge “earned a 61% net profit of the price of the main
knife sold to their end use customers.” The district court awarded damages of 61%,
which it calculated as $16,380,4 representing Cutting-Edge’s unjust enrichment.

        Stonebridge claims the district court clearly erred by not crediting “Exhibit D”
to its post-trial brief, which Stonebridge claims supports a higher award. Stonebridge
admits it did not introduce Exhibit D at trial, but claims Exhibit D “extracted data
from defendants’ trial Exhibit 15.” Considering our deferential standard of review of
damages, see 

, we hold the district court did not clearly err by
discounting evidence compiled in a post trial brief exhibit and thereby holding
Stonebridge to the lower stipulated figure.

      Defendants assert Stonebridge is not entitled to damages because it did not
present sufficient evidence that it had been profitable. But a lost-profit analysis is


      4
      The district court clearly erred here, because 61% of $27,300 is $16,653. On
remand, the conversion award must be adjusted accordingly.


                                          -8-
irrelevant here to the district court’s calculation of unjust enrichment damages, which
may be calculated solely from defendants’ gain. See, e.g., 

. The district court did not clearly err in awarding damages based upon
defendants’ unjust enrichment.

              2.    Outside Customers
      The district court found Massey also downloaded outside-customer files, but
the district court did not “[s]pecifically” find defendants converted the outside-
customer files and did not award any remedy for these alleged losses. Stonebridge
claims this was error. Although a close question, we conclude the district court did
not clearly err in not awarding judgment to Stonebridge on the outside-customer
conversion claim. See Spirtas Co. v. Nautilus Ins. Co., 

, 670-71 (8th Cir.
2013) (“This court can affirm on any basis supported in the record.”).

       “‘Conversion is the exercise of dominion over property in violation of the rights
of the owner or person entitled to possession.’” Grayson v. Bank of Little Rock, 

, 792 (Ark. 1998) (quoting City Nat’l Bank of Fort Smith v. Goodwin,

, 337 (Ark. 1990)). The dispositive inquiry is whether defendants,
like Stonebridge, were “entitled to possess” the outside-customer files. See 

customers placed orders with Cutting-Edge, paid Cutting-Edge, received
knives shipped by Cutting-Edge, and, the district court found, “had no knowledge of
who performed the engraving work.”5 The district court further found “[t]he art, proof
pages and other items produced in connection [with Stonebridge’s] ‘outside’
customers . . . were shared and disclosed with distributors (including Cutting Edge)
and end use customers.” Stonebridge sent Cutting-Edge outside-customer art (“free
mock-ups”) with no restriction. Because Stonebridge freely gave Cutting-Edge the


      5
        Stonebridge stated at oral argument it was “not challenging the district court’s
factual findings.”


                                          -9-
outside-customer art, at least in PDF format,6 defendants’ use of the outside-customer
files was not “inconsistent with [Stonebridge’s] rights.” 

.
The outside-customer art was accessible by Cutting-Edge without restriction, and
while Stonebridge complains the Carmichaels “developed” an outside-customer list
to “servic[e] Stonebridge’s repeat customers,” the outside-customer list was merely
a list of Cutting-Edge’s own customers. Given the absence of an agreement that the
defendants could not use the proofs, we affirm the district court on Stonebridge’s
outside-customer conversion claim.7

       B.    Tortious Interference
       Stonebridge argues the district court erred by dismissing Stonebridge’s tortious
interference claim reasoning that “[t]he individuals appearing on [Stonebridge’s]
customer list were potential customers and the expectation to profit from yet-to-be
secured reorders does not constitute a valid business expectancy.” We review this
question of fact for clear error. See, e.g., Stewart Title Guar. Co. v. Am. Abstract &
Title Co., 

, 605 (Ark. 2005) (“[T]he question of whether a valid
business expectancy existed was a question for the jury to determine.”).

        “Some precise business expectancy or contractual relationship must be
obstructed in order to commit the tort of interference with a business expectancy.”
Skalla v. Canepari, 

, 81 (Ark. 2013) (emphasis added); see also Stewart

(Brown, J., concurring) (stating the “prospective relationship
must be ‘certain, concrete and definite’”) (quoting Shank v. William R. Hague, Inc.,


      6
         After observing a demonstration of the PDF-to-CDR conversion process at
trial, the district court found this reverse process was “easily” done. We find no clear
error in this factual finding.
      7
      Arguably, Massey’s copying of the outside-customer files was also a
conversion, or “theft,” as the defendants’ counsel bluntly declared.


                                         -10-


, 689 (7th Cir. 1999)); cf. Stewart 

(“Conclusions without the necessary factual underpinnings to support them are not
enough to state a cause of action.”).

       Stonebridge claimed it had a “valid business expectancy” that over half its
inside customers, statistically, would place reorders, and that the defendants were
aware of this fact. Other than the statistical evidence, Stonebridge does not provide
us with “the necessary factual underpinnings to support,” 

and does not
describe a precise, certain, concrete, or definite business expectancy.8 See, e.g., 

(explaining there was “substantial evidence . . . regarding the existence of a valid
business expectancy based on the numerous witnesses who testified at trial”); cf.
Baptist Health v. Murphy, 

, 282-83 (Ark. 2010) (affirming the trial
judge’s “specific findings, based on witness testimony, that there were contractual
relationships between the appellee physicians and their patients and that these
relationships were long term”). For example, Stonebridge does not state how many
reorders a customer typically would place, nor whether its relationship with the
reordering customers was long-term. Given our deferential standard of review, we
find the district court did not clearly err in finding Stonebridge did not establish the
existence of a business expectancy under Arkansas law.




      8
        See Johnson v. City of Shorewood, Minn., 

, 817-18 (8th Cir.
2004) (“It is not a court’s obligation to search the record for specific facts that might
support a litigant’s claim, and we are not disposed to undertake such a task in this
case.” (internal citation omitted)).


                                          -11-
       C.    Fraud
       The Carmichaels and Cutting-Edge argue the district court erred in finding they
fraudulently induced Stonebridge to continue sending sample knives after they started
filling some of their engraving orders with TaylorMade.

      The tort of fraud or deceit consists of five elements that the plaintiff must
      prove by a preponderance of the evidence: (1) a false representation of
      a material fact; (2) knowledge that the representation is false or that there
      is insufficient evidence upon which to make the representation; (3) intent
      to induce action or inaction in reliance upon the representation; (4)
      justifiable reliance on the representation; and (5) damage suffered as a
      result of the reliance.

Tyson Foods, Inc. v. Davis, 

, 577 (Ark. 2002).

       The parties stipulated Stonebridge and Cutting-Edge had no agreement “as to
how many or when sample knives would be delivered [or that the sample knives]
should be returned.” But Mickey Gates testified he and Keith Carmichael had a
“mutual agreement” that Stonebridge would provide free samples to Carmichael as an
“investment” to secure customer orders for Stonebridge. Stonebridge alleges—and
Cutting-Edge disputes—Stonebridge had an “agreement” with Cutting-Edge that
“amounted to a ‘requirement contract’ relationship.” But Cutting-Edge stipulates
Stonebridge provided the sample knives “for the purpose of solicitation of sales of
personalized knives etched by Stonebridge.” (Emphasis added). The district court
found “[t]he Carmichaels and Cutting Edge induced [Stonebridge] to send sample
knives to them from the period following July 2009 and did so with little to no
intention of using [Stonebridge] as its primary engraver but rather with the intention
to switch to using Taylor Made exclusively,” and that amounted to fraudulent
inducement. Cutting-Edge states the district court erred in its factual finding
regarding Cutting-Edge’s intent, which we review for clear error.




                                          -12-
       Although another close question, we conclude the district court did not clearly
err. Cutting-Edge made substantial investments in TaylorMade, “fund[ing] the start-
up of TaylorMade,” suggesting Cutting-Edge would want to ensure itself of a return
on its investment by sending as much business as possible to TaylorMade. After
September 2009 when TaylorMade started engraving knives, Cutting-Edge’s orders
placed with Stonebridge rapidly decreased. Mickey Gates testified, “Every year was
an increase until 2008. 2008 it started going down, 2009 it took a sharp nosedive, and
2010 it was even to non-existent, to the last order being in December of 2010.” Gates
further testified, “[T]he problem is Mr. Carmichael never informed us that he had
ended the agreement. He just started – he was asking for more samples and then
started diverting those samples away.” Keith Carmichael responded at trial his “intent
was to have two possible suppliers.” But Stonebridge emphasizes in its brief, citing
the testimony, “Cutting-Edge inadvertently sent proof pages to Stonebridge that were
intended for TaylorMade, but when Gates asked about the knives, Carmichael assured
Stonebridge repeatedly that the forms in question were for different knives that
Stonebridge did not handle. Those assurances were lies, as Gates later figured out.”
At trial, Gates explained, “[W]e had an investment and expected return on those
investment knives. At that point, I knew that [Keith Carmichael] was no longer
turning those orders in to us that our samples were providing.”

       The district court must have given greater credence to Mickey Gates’s
testimony than to Keith Carmichael’s on this issue, and we will not usurp the fact-
finder’s superior ability to make such assessments. See Tadlock v. Powell, 

, 546 (8th Cir. 2002) (“We give due regard to the opportunity of the district court
to judge the credibility of the witnesses.”) The district court did not clearly err by
finding Cutting-Edge fraudulently induced Stonebridge to send sample knives while




                                        -13-
intending to employ TaylorMade as its engraver on the orders outside-customers
placed as a result of seeing the samples.9

       D.    ADTPA
       The district court held defendants did not violate ADTPA § 4-88-107(a)(1), (2),
or (10). Stonebridge appeals the district court’s conclusion as to subsection (10) only,
which prohibits “[e]ngaging in any . . . unconscionable, false, or deceptive act or
practice in business, commerce, or trade.” Ark. Code Ann. § 4-88-107(a)(10).
Addressing Stonebridge’s ADTPA claim, the district court stated,

      Massey, Taylor, and Taylor Made did not make any representation to the
      public concerning the goods and services of [Stonebridge] and therefore
      [Stonebridge]’s claim brought pursuant to [ADTPA] as to these
      defendants is dismissed.

      In view of the Court’s finding that [Stonebridge’s] “main” knife is the
      same as the ones offered by the Carmichaels and Cutting Edge, these
      defendants’ advertisements do not constitute false representation and,
      therefore, do not constitute a violation of ADTPA. . . . Accordingly,
      [Stonebridge’s] state deceptive trade practices claim against these
      defendants is dismissed.

Stonebridge generally argues that the district court ignored the catchall provision,
§ 4-88-107(a)(10), and, without citation to supporting legal authority, Stonebridge
alleges defendants’ acts of conversion and fraud amount to “deceptive act[s] . . . in
business.” Defendants counter they did not violate § 4-88-107(a)(10) because “there




      9
        We also reject the defendants’ arguments suggesting the district court erred in
awarding Stonebridge $849.60 in damages for four fraudulently diverted engraving
orders.


                                         -14-
was no deception, fraud or false pretense concerning the knives being sold.”10 We
review the district court’s interpretation of the ADTPA de novo. See 

; see also Baptist 

(“Our review of this point on
appeal requires interpretation of the ADTPA; accordingly, the standard of review is
de novo.”).

       “The elements of . . . a cause of action [under § 4-88-107(a)(10)] are (1) a
deceptive consumer-oriented act or practice which is misleading in a material respect,
and (2) injury resulting from such act.” 

(emphasis added);
see also Forever Green Athletic Fields, Inc. v. Lasiter Constr., Inc., 

,
552 (Ark. Ct. App. 2011) (concluding a party’s counterclaim under § 4-88-107(a)(10)
“fail[ed] to assert that [defendant] engaged in any type of consumer-oriented act or
practice”); cf. Wallis v. Ford Motor Co., 

, 161 (Ark. 2005) (explaining
that the ADTPA provided the Arkansas Attorney General remedial powers “in order
to protect consumers”). Stonebridge has failed to establish that defendants’ acts of
conversion and fraud were consumer-oriented or impacted consumers in any way.
The ADTPA, as interpreted by the Arkansas courts, does not apply to deception and
fraud claims regarding business between a manufacturer and its distributor when
consumers are not deceived or defrauded. Stonebridge does not show or argue a
“consumer-oriented,” 

, “unconscionable, false, or deceptive
act or practice,” § 4-88-107(a)(10). Accordingly, the district court did not err in
dismissing Stonebridge’s ADTPA claim.




      10
        In a letter filed pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 28(j),
defendants suggest Stonebridge did not plead a claim under § 4-88-107(a)(10).
Although Stonebridge did not cite the statute by number in its complaint, after making
its factual allegations, Stonebridge asserted defendants “engaged in an
unconscionable, false, or deceptive act or practice in business, commerce, or trade,”
reciting the standard in § 4-88-107(a)(10).


                                        -15-
       E.     RICO
       RICO states, “It shall be unlawful for any person employed by or associated
with any enterprise engaged in . . . interstate . . . commerce, to conduct or participate,
directly or indirectly, in the conduct of such enterprise’s affairs through a pattern of
racketeering activity.” 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c). “Racketeering activity” includes “a host
of so-called predicate acts,” Bridge v. Phoenix Bond & Indem. Co., 

, 647
(2008), including those “indictable under [18 U.S.C.] section 1341 (relating to mail
fraud) [and] section 1343 (relating to wire fraud),” 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(B). RICO
allows a person victimized by a racketeering scheme to bring a civil action, see 

and “provides for drastic remedies”—“a person found in a private civil action
to have violated RICO is liable for treble damages, costs, and attorney’s fees.” H.J.
Inc. v. Nw. Bell Tel. Co., 

, 233 (1989).

       “[I]nherent in the statute as written” is the fact civil actions under § 1964(c) are
typically brought against “respected and legitimate enterprises” “rather than against
the archetypal, intimidating mobster.” Sedima, S.P.R.L. v. Imrex Co., 

,
499 (1985) (quotation and marks omitted). But “RICO ‘does not cover all instances
of wrongdoing. Rather, it is a unique cause of action that is concerned with
eradicating organized, long-term, habitual criminal activity.’” Crest Constr. II, Inc.
v. Doe, 

, 353 (8th Cir. 2011) (quoting Gamboa v. Velez, 

,
705 (7th Cir. 2006)). “We have in the past rejected attempts to convert ordinary civil
disputes into RICO cases. . . . RICO was not intended to apply to ‘ordinary
commercial fraud.’” Craig Outdoor Adver., Inc. v. Viacom Outdoor, Inc., 

, 1029 (8th Cir. 2008) (quoting Terry A. Lambert Plumbing, Inc. v. W. Sec.
Bank, 

, 981 (8th Cir. 1991)).

      “A violation of § 1962(c) requires appellants to show ‘(1) conduct (2) of an
enterprise (3) through a pattern (4) of racketeering activity.’” Nitro Distrib., Inc. v.
Alticor, Inc., 

, 428 (8th Cir. 2009) (quoting 

).



                                           -16-
      [T]he definition of a “pattern of racketeering activity” differs from the
      other provisions in § 1961 in that it states that a pattern “requires at least
      two acts of racketeering activity,” not that it “means” two such acts. The
      implication is that while two acts are necessary, they may not be
      sufficient. Indeed, in common parlance two of anything do not generally
      form a “pattern.”

n.14 (quoting § 1961(5)). “[T]o prove a pattern of
racketeering activity a plaintiff . . . must show that the racketeering predicates are
related, and that they amount to or pose a threat of continued criminal activity.”
H.J. 

(second emphasis added). “A party alleging a RICO
violation may demonstrate continuity over a closed period by proving a series of
related predicates extending over a substantial period of time. Predicate acts
extending over a few weeks or months and threatening no future criminal conduct do
not satisfy this requirement.” 

“Continuity can be shown by related acts
continuing over a period of time lasting at least one year (closed ended continuity),
or by acts which by their very nature threaten repetition (open ended continuity).”
United States v. Hively, 

, 761 (8th Cir. 2006) (internal citation omitted).

      “‘The determination of a pattern of racketeering activity is a factual
determination,’” Handeen v. Lemaire, 

, 1353 (8th Cir. 1997) (quoting
Lambert 

), which we review for clear error. The district
court did not clearly err in finding Stonebridge failed to prove the RICO continuity
element.

       Stonebridge alleges defendants committed three sets of predicate acts that
violated RICO. We address each in turn. First, Stonebridge claimed defendants “used
the mails to cause advertisements and promotional materials to be sent to Plaintiff’s
customers, which contained deliberately misleading statements concerning the source
or origin of the knives they sold to such customers.” The district court found no false
representation in the defendants’ advertisements—a finding Stonebridge does not


                                          -17-
appeal. Because the advertisements “did not contain or constitute false
representations,” the district court concluded, based on Dahlgren v. First Nat’l Bank
of Holdrege, 

, 689 (8th Cir. 2008) (“‘Though mail fraud can be a
predicate act, mailings are insufficient to establish the continuity factor unless they
contain misrepresentations themselves.’” (emphasis added) (quoting Wisdom v. First
Midwest Bank of Poplar Bluff, 

, 407 (8th Cir. 1999))), Stonebridge did
not establish the RICO continuity factor.

       Stonebridge claims the district court made an error of law, quoting 

(“The gravamen of the [mail fraud] offense is the scheme to defraud,
and any mailing that is incident to an essential part of the scheme satisfies the mailing
element, even if the mailing itself contains no false information.” (emphasis added)
(internal citation and marks omitted)). But the quotation from Bridge is inapposite in
this context, because it addressed “the mailing element,” while the district court
addressed “the continuity factor.” See Primary Care Investors Seven, Inc. v. PHP
Healthcare Corp., 

, 1215 (8th Cir. 1993) (rejecting a “letter [that]
evinces no fraud” as a possible “predicate act[] purportedly marking the beginning . . .
of the alleged scheme”). The district court did not err by finding defendants’
solicitation postcards, which contained no misrepresentations, could not be used to
establish the continuity factor.

       Second, Stonebridge contends Cutting-Edge’s receipt of the sample knives it
fraudulently induced Stonebridge to send via United Parcel Service amounted to mail
fraud. The district court found Cutting-Edge fraudulently induced Stonebridge to send
the 6,476 knives from July 2009 to March 2010, a time period too short to satisfy the
continuity factor. See 

(explaining a “closed ended continuity”
claim, like the one brought here, must span “a period of time lasting at least one
year”).




                                          -18-
       Finally, Stonebridge claims Massey’s emailing Stonebridge’s converted files
from TaylorMade to Cutting-Edge between November 2010 and March 2011 and
Cutting-Edge’s emailing the customer list in May 2011 constituted wire fraud. Even
if we were to consider the two sets of actions together, we do not find “related acts
continuing over a period of time lasting at least one year,” 

nor
do we find the “‘organized, long-term, habitual criminal activity,’” Crest Constr. 

(quoting 

), over a “substantial period of
time,” H.J. 

, contemplated by RICO. See, e.g., Primary Care

(stating “[m]any cases in which courts have found a
‘substantial period of time’ have involved schemes extending for a number of years”
and deciding eleven months was not a substantial period). Stonebridge has “presented
evidence sufficient to establish violations of state law,” but it has “not presented
sufficient evidence to satisfy the more onerous requirements of RICO.” Craig

.11

       F.     Attorney Fees
       Both parties appeal the district court’s denial of attorney fees. We affirm the
district court’s denial of attorney fees to Stonebridge under RICO, see 18 U.S.C.
§ 1964(c), and the ADTPA, and to defendants on Stonebridge’s conversion and fraud
claims.




      11
         We have considered Stonebridge’s remaining RICO arguments and find them
to be without merit. See 

; Orr v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.,

, 725 (8th Cir. 2002) (stating ordinarily we do not reach issues argued
for the first time on appeal).




                                        -19-
III. CONCLUSION
     We affirm in part and remand to the district court for reassessment of the
amount of damages due for conversion of the inside-customer files.
                    ______________________________




                                     -20-